Ukuqonda Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke Nokusesikweni Kwentlalo

Inkqubo kawonke wonke ilawula imithetho, oovimba, kunye namathuba achaza ubomi bemihla ngemihla — ukusuka kwizindlu kunye nolawulo lwempilo ukuya kwimfundo kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho. Imithetho yentlalo ifuna ukuba loo mithetho ibe yeyobulungisa, ibe yeyodwa, kwaye iphendule kwiimfuno zemimandla ephantsi. Xa le mida mibini emibini idibene, imigaqo yokuziphatha iba sisiseko sokuyila nokujonga inkqubo esesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke enokuthi ixhase okanye ichithe ngayo ukulingana kwemigaqo esesikweni, nesizathu sokuba imigaqo yokuziphatha ibaluleke ekuveliseni imigaqo ekhuthaza ubulungisa bokwenyaniso.

Usukelo lwebutho elinobulungisa lufuna okungaphezulu kuneenjongo ezintle; lufuna uhlalutyo olungqongqo lomntu ongenelelayo, oziphetheyo iindleko, nendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo. Njengoko oorhulumente besenza zonke iinkcazo zemigangatho, kufuneka balinganisele amaxabiso akhuphisanayo, basebenzise iingcinezelo zobupolitika, baze bahlale benoxanduva kwezona zichaphazelekayo. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano luntsonkothileyo kujoliswe kumntu nabani na obandakanyekileyo kubomi bezentlalo-ntle — ukusuka kubenzi bezomthetho nakuxhasa abemi abaxhalabele

Ichaza uMgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke: Umda, abaLawuli, kunye neNkqubo

Umgaqo - siseko kawonke wonke uquka imithetho, imithetho, imigaqo nezenzo ezisetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ukucombulula iingxaki zikawonke wonke.

Umjikelo Womgaqo - siseko Owenziwayo

Umjikelo wenkqubo oqhelekileyo unika isilanga esiluncedo sokuqwalasela indlela imigaqo eguquka ngayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Isicwangciso se-Agenda: Iimpikiswano zifumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kunye nezobupolitika ngokukhutshelwa kwamajelo eendaba, amaphulo okuphatha inzala yolawulo, okanye iziganeko zentlekele. Kwimiba yentlalo, eliqonga lidla ngokuba apho kuncitshiswa khona amazwi aphantsi okanye athotyiswe.
  • Ulungiso lweNtloko: Iinketho ziphuhliswa ngabameli bakarhulumente, amatanki okucinga, okanye iikomiti zokwalathisa. Ingqwalasela zenzululwazi zivela xa kugqiba ukuba bubuphi ubungqina bokubeka izinto eziza kuqala nezilangazelelo eziza kusebenza.
  • I-option: Imithetho okanye iziqu eziphetheyo zivumela inkqubo. Eliqonga liphenjelelwa kakhulu ngamandla anamandla nolalanisa, okungadambisa ulungiselelo olujolise kubuchule obungaphelelanga.
  • Ulungelelaniso: namaqabane asebenza. Ukungahambelani ekuzalisekiseni ubuchule — njengokusebenza, ukuxhasa ngemali, okanye ukunyanzelisa — kunganciphisa iinjongo zobulungisa bentlalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ubalo:[ Iziphumo zomlinganiselo kunye neziphumo. Ukuziphendulela kokwenyaniso kufuna uvavanyo lokuba ihlulwe idata ngohlanga, ingeniso, i-glown, i-geneology, kunye neminye imilinganiso ukutyhila iintlobo-nkqubo.

Kwinqanaba ngalinye kuvela amathuba okubeka imigaqo yokuziphatha engqongqo, kodwa kwanokuba yingozi yokuzicingela okanye ukungcungcuthekisa.

IJaji yeNtlalo: Iingcinga zoMcimbi neZisekelo zeNkcubeko

Okusesikweni kwezentlalo ngumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanelwe ngamalungelo alinganayo, amathuba, nokufikelela kumashishini, kwaye imiqobo yesixokelelwano kufuneka ilungiswe. Idlulela ngaphaya kokulingana okusesikweni (ukujonga wonke umntu omnye) ukwamkela ukungalingani (ukuqonda ukuba amaqela awahlukeneyo aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo). Iinkqubo eziliqela ezinempembelelo ziyanceda ekucaciseni oko kuthethwa kukusesikweni ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo:

  • uJohn Rawl's Justices njenge Fairnes: ingxubusho yokuba ukungalingani kwamkelekile kuphela ukuba kungenelwe okungenamsebenzi kwaye kudityaniswe kwiindawo ezivulekileyo kuzo zonke ezingaphantsi kokulingana ngokulinganayo kwethuba. Lo mgaqo usekelwe iinkqubo ezifana nerhafu eqhubekayo kunye neminatha yokhuseleko lwentlalo jikelele.
  • Amartya Sen noMartha Nusbaum’s Cabilities Approach: Le ndlela ibhekisa kwizinto abantu abakwaziyo ukwenjenjalo noko bakwazi ukuzenzayo — amandla abo — kunokuba nje ubuncwane okanye i-atmosfera. Ifuna ukuba imigaqo enceda abantu baphile ubomi babo babe nesizathu sokuxabisa, sokuthetha ngempilo, imfundo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, kunye nesidima.
  • Icandelo (Kimberlé Crenshaw): [ isigwebo sentlalo sifuna ukuhlalutya indlela ezidlula ngayo ii-MPAWU — uhlanga, ubufana, udidi, ukukhubazeka, isini — zidala amava angaqhelekanga engcinezelo. Inkqubo ephatha onke amabhinqa okanye bonke abantu abanombala njenge-monothi ingaphosa iziphelo ezicekethekileyo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] IJaji eHlalisayo neSasazayo: ibhekiselele kukwabiwa ngokusesikweni kwengenelo nomthwalo kulo lonke ibutho labantu. Ubulungisa obubuyiselayo bugxininisa ekulungiseni umonakalo nasekucombululeni iingcambu, ingakumbi kwizicwangciso zolwaphulo-mthetho nemfundo.

Ezi zicwangciso zinika izixhobo zomgaqo-siseko wokuvavanya imigaqo-nkqubo. Umzekelo, unyuko oluncinci lomvuzo lungafumana inqaku kwimithetho erhoxisiweyo kodwa luyeke ukuphosa kwimisebenzi ukuba ngaba ukunyanzelisa izithuba ezingekho ngabasebenzi okanye ukuba umvuzo ungakwazi ukutyala intengo yexabiso leendawo eziphilileyo.

Ukuqwalaselwa okungokwengcaciso ngokuManyeneyo koMgaqo-nkqubo noMsebenzi

Xa abaququzeleli benkqubo yongenelelo, bajamelana neengxaki ezingenakuphepheka zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imigaqo edla ngokucatshulwa iquka:

  • ISigwebo soMgaqo-siseko: Ubulungisa kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo, kuquka ukubonakala, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokungakhethi buso.
  • [[Umthetho:0] IJaji ePhakamileyo: Isabelo esifanelekileyo soovimba, amathuba, kunye nemithwalo.
  • [[Ukwamkeleka:0] Ukwamkela kunye nentlonelo: Ukuvuma isidima kunye nozimeleyo lwamaqela onke, ingakumbi lawo agwetyelwe ngokwembali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uxanduva kunye noxanduva: Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka babenetyala ngeziphumo zezigqibo zabo, kuquka nezonzakalo ezingacwangciswanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Non-Malefence kunye neBenefecince: Ukuphepha umonakalo ngexa ukhuthaza intlalo-ntle.

Ucwangciso olusebenzisekayo lokuvavanya ezi ngqwalasela luhlolo olungalinganiyo lweziphumo [, olufuna abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ukuba bahlalutya ngokucacileyo indlela inkqubo ecetyiweyo ezakuchaphazela ngayo amaqela abemi ahlukeneyo — kunye nokulungisa amalungiselelo okunciphisa umahluko. Ngokufanayo, ubhatalo-mali [ kunye no-'mquququ'oookth'oomatshini bobugqaliselo [ ulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso lwezintlukwano olusebenzayo ngokunika amandla okwenza isigqibo kwiziphumo ezininzi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Apho Umgaqo - siseko Udibana Nobulungisa Bentlalo

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa impumelelo nokusilela ekuchazeni imfuneko yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ezi meko zilandelayo zibalaselisa indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke enokuqhubela phambili okanye ithintele ngayo ukusesikweni kwentlalo, kwakunye nomlinganiselo wendlela yokuziphatha oye wasebenza ngayo.

Izindlu Ezinexabiso Nendawo Entle

Iinkqubo zezemiqathango zokuhlala kwizixeko ezifana neSan Francisco neNew York zibonisa uxinezeleko phakathi kophuhliso kunye nokushenxiswa kolawulo lwezindlu. Ulwakhiwo lwezindlu lwendawo yorhwebo ludla ngokunyusa amaxabiso empahla kunye neerente, ukutyhala phantsi kwemiqathango efunyanwa ngabemi kunye noluntu olunombala. Kwimpendulo, imigaqo-nkqubo ifuna abaphuhlisi beyunithi beyunithi yemali ephezulu. Kwimbono yendlela esesikweni, le migaqo izama ukususa okusesikweni okukhatywa kodwa ingaphumelelanga ukugcina imidathanga, ii-ankile zoluntu, okanye amaziko enkcubaleko. Ukufikelela okugqithisileyo kufuna abaphuhliswa kwezindlu ezithe ngqo kunye [[FLT:] kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe [FFLT]

uphando olusuka kwiUrban Institute lubonisa ukuba izixeko zisebenzisa iindlela ezibanzi zokulwa neziphumo ezilinganayo zifumana iziphumo ezithe zalingana. Ucelomngeni lwendlela yokuziphatha kukulinganisela ilungelo lokuhlala nelungelo lokuhlala kuluntu.

Ukufumaneka konyango nokungalingani kwenkqubo

Ulwandiso lweMedicaid phantsi koMthetho weAffordal Care Act lunciphise isantya esingakhange sikhankanyiwe, kodwa kusekho izithuba. Amazwana awalayo ulwandiso ashiya izigidi zabantu abadala abaphantsi abakhoyo, ingakumbi eMzantsi, ngaphandle kokunikezela. Ulwandiso lwezibalo apha luquka [ ubulungisa obuselubalayo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [1] [iiiimeko-ntle yempilo] (inkcitho engundoqo njengesiseko sasekunene) kunye ngokomthetho wesiko] (isigqibo sokususa amanye amazwe sasingakhuthathi sizathu, singaphenjelelwanga bungqina). Ngaphezu koko, kwanakumazwe okwandisa, ukuhlahlela kwemibalwa kwentlalo-ntlalo kwiziphumo eziqhubekayo kuqhubekeka njengezimeko ezikhoyo, ukungabikho ngokweziimeko ezifikeleleka, iingozi ezilukuhlaseleko, iingozi ezifikelelekayo, iingozi zemeko zolwimi.

Amaxwebhu eFondfull ahlala ephilile umahluko wobuhlanga kunye nemiqondiso emininzi yempilo. Ukufumana i-eversethi akufuni nje ukuqukunjelwa kodwa kufuneka imigaqo ethetha nabathinteli bentlalo — indlu, isondlo, izithuthi, kunye nokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni — konke okudityaniswa nokusesikweni kwentlalo.

Utshintsho Lwenkqubo Engokwasemthethweni

Ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi e-United States kuye kwachaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abamnyama nabakwi-Latino. I-policies enjengesigwebo esincinci esinyanzelekileyo, “imithetho emithathu” kunye nebheyile yemali iye yagxekwa ngokuqhubekisela phambili okungekho sikweni kobuhlanga kunye nezoqoqosho. Imigudu yotshintsho — ukususela ekuguquleni ibheyile ukuya ekupheliseni ityala elincinane — iye yahlangabezana nokuchasa kwezobupolitika kunye nocelomngeni lokuzalisekisa.

Uxinzeleleko oluqukelweyo apha lubandakanya ubulungisa obukwindawo ephezulu ngokuphikisana no'us' [[FTLT:2]] ubulungisa obuncedisayo [[[FLT:]]. Iindlela ezijolisekileyo zokulungisa umonakalo nokudibanisa abantu, kodwa zifuna izinto ukwenzela incoko yamaxhoba, ukucebisa, kunye noluntu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ezinye iingcinga zokuguqula, ezifana noluvo lobuhlanga, lungavumelani nocalucalucalulo. Isilanga sobulungisa esiphakathi sifuna ukuba izilungiso zihlaziswe ngeziphumo zabo kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo kunye nokhuseleko loluntu, hayi ingeniso nje.

Iprojekthi yokufaka izithuba inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi olungokwahluka kobuhlanga ekubanjweni, ekuqinisekisweni, nasekugwetyweni. Inkqubo yezenzululwazi kufuneka ifake ezinye iindlela endaweni yokufumana iingcambu ezibangela ubuhlwempu, ukusebenzisa amayeza, nokungakhathalelwa kwempilo yengqondo.

Okusesikweni Kwemeko - bume Nomgaqo - siseko Wemozulu

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo iye yabeka izakhiwo zokungcolisa kuluntu olufumana imali encinane kunye noluntu olunombala ophantsi. Ingxaki yamanzi eFlint ngumzekelo ocacileyo wendlela ukucuthwa nokutyeshelwa kwexabiso lemali okungakhokelela ngayo ekuchaphazeleni kwetyhefu. Namhlanje, imigaqo yemozulu — ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwekharbon evuselela amandla — kufuneka yenziwe ukuze kuphetshwe “ukwenziwa kwamandla aluhlaza nawahlula abantu abasengozini.

I- I- Justice 40 Ilula eUnited States yenza i-40% yemozulu karhulumente kunye nokuhlambuluka kwamandla okutyalwa kwemali kuluntu olusweleyo. Lo ngumgudu ocacileyo wokuhambisa nokulungisa. Ukuphendula kudinga ukujongwa okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali ifikeleleka ngokwenene kuluntu, kwaye amalungu oluntu anelizwi elinyanisekileyo kwindlela imisebenzi ekwenziwa ngayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuxhotyiswa Komgaqo-nkqubo

Kwanemigaqo ezimiseleyo ijongene nemiqobo eyoyikekayo. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile kubaxhasi nabenzi benkqubo abafuna ukumisela intlalo esesikweni kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke.

Ukuchasa Kwezobupolitika Nempembelelo Yeqela Elinomdla

Imithetho esasaza ubuncwane okanye amandla ngokungaphephekiyo isongela abanye abaxhasi abasengozini. Ukurhwebelana ngamaqumrhu, amashishini, okanye izityebi ezinikela ngeminikelo kungathoba ulwakhiwo olujoliswe kwintelekelelo engafanelekanga. Umzekelo, imigudu yokunyusa intlawulo encinane ehlawulwayo kumaqela oshishino aphikisanayo namaxabiso anyukayo aya kukhokelela ekulahlekelweni ngumsebenzi, nangona kukho ubungqina obudityanisiweyo. Abaphathi-mthetho mabasebenzise ezi mpatho ngelinye ixesha benyani kwimigaqo yokuziphatha.

IiNqanawa zoBume kunye neeNtlanganiso zobuLungu

Uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente lulinganiselwe, kwaye imigaqo-nkqubo yokulunga kwezentlalo idla ngokufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo — kwimiqathango yezindlu, kwimiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke, kwimfundo, okanye kuncedo olusemthethweni. Ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ezi nkqubo zisengozini kakhulu ekunqanyulweni. Ukwenza isigqibo esingokwenkcubeko kufuna ukuphuma korhwebo olucacileyo nokubekwa phambili okusekelwe kwimfuno yezobupolitika, hayi kwintsebenziswano yezopolitiko.

Ukusikelwa Kogcino - lwazi Nocelomngeni Lokuzilinganisa

Ugcino-lwazi olungaphelelanga, olungangqinelaniyo, okanye olungacacisiweyo lungafihla umahluko. Umzekelo, ngaphandle koluhlanga kunye nogcino-lwazi lobuhlanga kwiimeko ze-COVID-19 ekuqaleni kwesadubedube, abenzi benkqubo bazama ukuhlasela izibonelelo kuluntu olunzima. Ukuphucula izibonelelo zogcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo olufuna ulungiso lwendlela yolwazi oluqhelekileyo lunganceda, kodwa inkxalabo yogcino-lwazi kufuneka luvavanywe.

Intsingiselo Nobulumko

Imithetho emiselwe kumgangatho wesizwe okanye wesizwe ingaphunyezwa ngabameli basekuhlaleni abaneziphakamiso, abanokukwazi ukufikelela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo okanye abathathi-nxaxheba. Umzekelo, uthetha ukuba, ngemithetho engqongqo yamalungelo abantu isenokujonga ucalucalulo kwizindlu okanye kwimisebenzi ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemithetho eguquguqukayo. Iinkqubo zokuphendula — njengemibutho yooyangqesho, ukuhlolwa kwebutho, kunye nezomthetho ezigunyazisayo — zibalulekile ekuvaleni umsantsa phakathi kwenjongo yenkqubo kunye nempembelelo yokwenene yehlabathi.

Imigaqo-nkqubo eCwangcisiweyo

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, iindlela ezisebenzisekayo zinokunceda ekumiseleni imigaqo yokuziphatha nasekuhambiseleni phambili okusesikweni kwezentlalo ngomgaqo - siseko kawonke wonke.

Name

Uhlolo lwesiphumo kufuneka lube luqheliso olusezantsi kwisigaba ngasinye somjikelo wenkqubo. Izixhobo ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] I-Healt Impactive Assessment okanye i-Active Accessical Activementationsments [ abenzi benkqubo yesikhokelo ngemibuzo malunga nomo-mo yembali, umgcini- tyala, ingxube engenakubalwa, iziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo, kunye nee-millimeters zempumelelo. Izixeko ezifana ne-Treattleat nePortland ziye zamkela isixhobo sokwamkelelwano [[FTLT:]] esona sikhoyo sobucala `[FLTLT]] ezifuna iinkonzo zokuhlaluko-onke]

Ukwenziwa kweesigqibo kwala magama aphakathi

Imizekelo encedisayo yolawulo inika amalungu oluntu impembelelo ngqo kucwangciso lwenkqubo kunye nolwabelo loqingqo-mali. Izenzo ziquka ukuqulunqwa kweebhodi zophando, uphando olugunyazisiweyo loluntu, uqingqo-mali olunokwahlukana, kunye neenkqubo zokungalinganisi. Ezi nkqubo zinika imbeko yokulawula imigaqo-mthetho kwaye zivelisa izicombululo ezisebenza ngakumbi, ezisabelayo ngokwenkcubeko. Kodwa, zifuna utyalo ekukhuthulweni, ukuguqulelwa kwabantwana, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemiqobo ephantsi kwemiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Yakha Ulwandiso

Akukho mbutho mnye unokuthi ucombulule iingxaki zentlalo entsonkothileyo. Umanyano phakathi korhulumente, iinzuzo, amashishini, kunye nemibutho yoluntu lungadibanisa ubuncwane kunye nokuphendulana. Umzekelo, iPromitae Monerals [[FLT: 1]] yemodeli ilungelelanisa imfundo, impilo, kunye neenkonzo zophuhliso loluntu kwiindawo eziphezulu. Intsebenziswano yezentlalo-ntle ifuna izivumelwano ezicacileyo ekubelaneni nogcino-lwazi, ukuzenzela kwesigqibo, kunye nokucombulula iingxaki.

Sebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ngobuchule nangocace

Ugcino-lwazi olungathotyelwanga lungatyhila umahluko kunye nongenelelo lwamaxhoba, kodwa lungakwanelisa okanye lusetyenziswe kakubi. Abenzi bolawulo kufuneka bamkele imigaqo yolawulo logcino-lwazi, ingakumbi xa besebenza noluntu okanye nabanye abantu abaxhatshazwa ngokwembali. Ukwenza ugcino-lwazi lufumaneke kubantu ngokubanzi, ngoxa kukhuselwa ukuzimela, kuxhasa ukuphendula nokuzibophelela kwezentlalo.

Ukukhuthaza uvavanyo oluqhubekayo nolawulo oluzinzileyo

Imithetho yokuziphatha kufuneka iphathwe njengelingelo elifuna ukufunda okuqhubekayo. Uhlolo lwemiqathango equka iziphumo ezibalwayo namabali aphezulu obomi lungafumana iziphumo eziphoswa ngamanani kuphela. Xa uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba inkqubo ibonakalisa ukungalingani, abenzi bemigaqo kufuneka babe nokuthobeka nokubhetyebhetyebhetye ukuze batshintshe indlela.

Isiphelo: Kukuhlala Kukumgangatho Ophakamileyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke nezobulungisa bentlalo asingombandela wobomi nesidima sezigidi. Ukuqwalasela okungokwenkcazo kunika ikhampasi ukuqhuba iimpahla zorhwebo, ukungalingani kwamandla, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo ezintsonkothileyo ezichaza inkqubo equlunqwayo. Ngokumisela izigqibo kwimigaqo yokungaguquguquki, ukuphendula, inxaxheba, nokuqwalasela, abaqulushi bemigaqo-nkqubo banokuvelisa ingxubelo engekuphela kweengxaki kodwa kwakhona ipholise uluntu nokulusebenzisa kakuhle.

Inkqubela-phambili nganye ayifane ilandele. Inkqubo nganye yoloyiso — umvuzo ophezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwempilo, imilinganiselo ebanzi yamapolisa — ibeka isiseko senkqubo elandelayo. Kodwa iinguqulelo ezihlala zikho zifuna kungekuphela nje imigaqo engcono kodwa kwaneenkqubo zedemokhrasi ezomeleleyo ezinika isandi kwabo baye bazivakaliswa. Njengabemi, sinokunyanzelisa ukuba iinkokeli zethu zisebenzise imigaqo engqongqo kwizigqibo zazo. Njengezifundiswa, siyakwazi ukuqhuba izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ekuqheliseni kwethu. Yaye njengebutho labantu, singaqhubeka sibuza umbuzo onzima: Ngaba lo mgaqo usenza sisondele kwihlabathi apho wonke umntu anokuphumelela khona?

Kubo bafuna ukungena nzulu, imithombo evela kwiSiko soMasipala soMsebenzi woMsebenzi kunye ne Izixhobo zethala leencwadi zezixhobo zemali [ inikela iiseko kunye novavanyo lokufaka le migaqo kwimisebenzi.