Isiseko solawulo lukarhulumente eUnited States sakhiwe phezu komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo kwilizwe ngalinye. La maxwebhu awachazi nje kuphela indlela karhulumente kodwa achaza amagunya kunye neembopheleleko ezibelwe amasebe ahlukeneyo, elungisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zamaMelika. Ukuqonda indlela umgaqo-siseko worhulumente onika nokuthintela amandla karhulumente ayimfuneko ngayo kubafundisi, abafundi, abenzi bemithetho-nkqubo, kunye nabemi abaqulukileyo ngokufanayo. Ngoxa i-U.S. umGaqo-siseko umisela isiseko sorhulumente wesiseko sorhulumente, inikeza iplani eninzi yemeko kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye neendawo ezichaphazelelwe umthetho. Olu ngqinelano lwenkcaciso luza kuhlola indima enzulu yemo siseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko, imigaqo-mthetho-ongowentlalo-mthetho-

Imeko yembali yomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela ngaphambi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Amagunya okuqala ali-13 amkela amaxwebhu awo asisiseko phakathi ko 1776 no1780, kwanangaphambi kokuba ahlulwe amanqaku oBunganiso. Le mithetho yomthetho karhulumente yamandulo yadwelisa ngamandla kwiirhafu zomthetho-mthetho wamaNgesi, nemigaqo yokuQiniseka e-Riphabliki kunye nokwahlulwa kwamagunya. AmaMassachusetts, umzekelo, agunyazisa umgaqo-siseko wawo ngommiselo okhoyo ku 178080 kunye nowe-17-88a uxwebhu olusasebenza namhlanje, oluwenza ube ngumgaqo-siseko obhalwe ngomthetho obhalwe ngqanginiweyo obhalwe ehlabathini. Lo mnombo wembali ubala ubonakalisa isibakala esibalulekile: amagunya orhulumente orhulumente orhulumente. Endaweni yoko, awanawo, anawo amagunya asemthethweni, asebenza kunye nommiselo wawo ngommiselo wawo.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngasinye ubonisa inkcubeko yaso yezopolitiko, imbali yengingqi, kunye nemilinganiselo yentlalo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseTexas wowe-1876, owamkelwa emva kokubuyiselwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho, ngabom umisela imiqathango yamandla aphezulu kunye nemiqathango yombuso, ebonisa ukungathembana kwegunya elisembindini. Umgaqo-siseko waseKhalifonini, okwangoku, ubandakanya amalungiselelo amakhulu olawulo-demokhrasi oluthe ngqo, idemokhrasi, i-endenteum, kunye nokukhumbula . /iigunya lokukhupha imigaqo-siseko somthetho-siseko asingooooookopi boxwebhu olulawulayo; zizinto ezikhoyo ezidityaniswe kwiimfuno kunye nezinto eziphambili zoluntu lwamazwe ngalinye.

Indaleko yembali yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ikwatyhila indlela yokulungisa nokubuyisela. Ukususela ngo-1776, amazwe aye aba neendibano zomgaqo-siseko ezingaphezu kwama- 230, kwaye umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ongaphezulu kwe- 150 wamkelelwa kwaye kamva wathathelwa indawo. Namhlanje, amazwe angama- 49 anomgaqo-siseko owahlukeneyo worhulumente (kuba uluhlelo lwesidili saseColumbia). Inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuzihlaziya nokulungisa yenza iiplaneti ezinamandla zedemokhrasi, ezisoloko zihambelana neengxaki ezintsha.

Amalungu angundoqo omGaqo-siseko weSizwe

Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye uquka iinxalenye eziliqela ezibalulekileyo ezisebenza kunye ekumiseleni igunya likarhulumente nokukhusela abemi. Nangona kukho umahluko omkhulu, inkoliso iqulathe ezi zinto zilandelayo:

  • Isaziso: ithelekisa injongo nemigaqo ekhokelayo yomgaqo-siseko, isoloko icela abantu njengomthombo wegunya.
  • Bhill of Rights: Yi-catalog yamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko, esoloko inkulu kakhulu kuneBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente.
  • Ukwahlula-hlula kwamandla:[ uhlula-hlula urhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo(ukunqumla, uwiso-mthetho, kunye nezowiso-mthetho) eneendima ezichaziweyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo kunye noManyano:[ Umatshini wokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe ligqithayo igunya lalo lomGaqo-siseko, elinjengeveto, uhlolo lwezahlulelo, kunye nededeshi yemithetho.
  • Ukusetyenziswa koRhulumente: okuziinkcukacha zolungiselelo lwamasebe karhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye namaqumrhu kawonke wonke afana nezikolo neeyunivesithi.
  • Inkqubo yokulungisa: icacisa indlela umgaqo-siseko onokutshintshwa ngayo/ngokwenza izicelo zomthetho, inyathelo lokuqala lommi, okanye indibano yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Amalungiselelo kaRhulumente wasekuhlaleni: umgaqo-siseko wombuso unika abaphathi bezindlu ulawulo kwizixeko kunye nobalo, ukuvumela ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni kwiindawo ezingakhutshwanga ngumthetho wesizwe.

Ngokomzekelo, inkundla ephakamileyo isenokuchaza indlela yokukhusela ityala elingaphaya kwenkcazelo yezomthetho, nto leyo edala inkqubo ephindiweyo yokunyanzelisa amalungelo. Ukuqonda ezi ziqwenga zisisiseko kubaluleke kakhulu kuye nabani na ohlola ulawulo lwelizwe.

Indlela ImiGaqo-siseko Karhulumente Ewasebenzisa Ngayo Amandla Alawulayo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wahlula amagunya ngokubekwa komthetho ocacileyo weembopheleleko phakathi kwamasebe amathathu orhulumente. Olu lwahlulo alonto nje ijolisekileyo ```i'' kwaye lunyanzeliswa ziinkundla kwaye luqhutywa lulawulo lwamihla le. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wezwe umisela isiseko jikelele, imimiselo karhulumente inika inkcukacha ezithe ngqo, iimfaneleko, kunye nemiqathango yesikhundla ngasinye.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo kwiphondo ngalinye lilawulwa yirhuluneli, ekhonza njengentloko yesikhulu esiphetheyo nentloko yesithethe sorhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente uchaza amandla erhuluneli, aquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] I-Veto Leasting: Inkoliso yabalawuli inegunya lomgca-indawo yephepha locazululo, amandla uMongameli asweleyo. Oku kuvumela abalawuli ukuba babethe izinto ezithile ezithe ngqo ngaphandle kokugatya uqingqo-mali olupheleleyo.
  • Amandla okuMisela: IGavera-mikhosi imisela amagosa angundoqo karhulumente, iintloko zoorhulumente, yaye ngamanye amaxesha abagwebi, ngokufuthi baphantsi koqinisekiso lowiso-mthetho. ImiGaqo-siseko ingachaza iimfaneleko zabanyuliweyo.
  • uMyalelo- ngaphakathi- kwiNtloko: Irhuluneli iyalela uKhuselo lwesizwe (ngaphandle xa lugunyazisiwe) kwaye ingayithumela ngexesha longxamiseko.
  • IPardon kunye noClemoncy: umgaqo-siseko wombuso omninzi unika irhuluneli igunya lokuxolela, ukudamba, kunye nokuphinda uphicotho, nangona amanye amazwe ebeka la mandla kwibhodi ezimeleyo.
  • Igunya logwebo: umGaqo-siseko ufuna irhuluneli ukuba ichaze uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo kwaye ingamisela imiqathango yokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngaphandle kwemvume yegunya.

Umlinganiselo wamandla e-gubernonator wahluka kakhulu. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge New York, irhuluneli inika ukumiselwa okunamandla kunye namagunya anamandla. Ezinye, njenge Texas, igunya elilawulayo liqhekezwa ngabom phakathi kwamagosa amaninzi anyuliweyo ngokuzimeleyo (umz., irhuluneli, igqwetha jikelele, i-coproller), isithintela impembelelo yerhuluneli. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulawula olu lungelelaniso.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lemithetho lijongene nokumisela imithetho, uqingqo-mali, kunye nokuphatha. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza isakhiwo sendlu yowiso-mthetho − phantse onke amaphondo anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibunjwe ngamagumbi amabini: indlu ye-senate nendlu yabameli, okanye indibano), ngokuchasene neNebraska, enelungu elingenayo, elingelolungu lecatal.

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Intlanganiso zoMgaqo-siseko: Ama-okanye anokuba nentlanganiso zonyaka okanye zexesha elide, kunye nemithetho-siseko echaza imida yobude okanye ubuninzi. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko weTexas umisela iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo ukuya kwimihla engama-140 rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla entengo: Imithetho yolawulo lwemali yemeko; imiqathango idla ngokufuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo kwaye ikhankanya inkqubo yetyala lokukhupha izicelo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Igunya lokulawula: Imithetho iphanda amaqumrhu aphetheyo, iqinisekisa amadinga, kwaye ingawaqinisekisa amagosa karhulumente. Iinkcukacha zidla ngokuqukwa kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe.
  • I-Directicicidemocracy:[ Eminye imimiselo yemithetho-siseko ivumela abavoti ukuba bamisele imithetho ngokuthatha inyathelo lokuqala okanye ngokuqukumbela, igqithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo, ingasebenzi kwinkqubo ye-athom.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo luye lumiliseka ngokubhekele phaya ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kwimiqathango engaphezulu (ngokomzekelo isibini-sithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini) kunye neentlanganiso ezikhethekileyo. Ezi zinto zibalulekile kuba zigqiba ukuba urhulumente ungenza oko kukhawulezileyo nokuphumelela kangakanani kwiimeko ezinzima okanye ukudlulisa umthetho.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho karhulumente kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, licombulula iimpikiswano, lize likhusele amalungelo abantu. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela inkqubo yenkundla, inkundla ephakamileyo, iinkundla zokuchophela, kunye neenkundla zokugweba (neendlela zokuchonga). Amandla angundoqo aquka:

  • [[NTLA] Jodicial Review: Iinkundla zikarhulumente zinegunya lokuvakalisa imithetho karhulumente engamiselwanga phantsi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe, nokuba imithetho ibiya kuvunyelwa phantsi komGaqo-siseko we-U.S. Oku kunguvavanyo olunamandla kwisenzo somthetho nesolawulo.
  • Ukuqulunqwa kweMithetho kaRhulumente: inkundla eziphakamileyo zikaRhulumente ziintendelezo zokugqibela zomthetho karhulumente (ziphethwe kuphela yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States). Izigqibo zabo zibophelelekile kwaye ziyakwazi ukubumba iindawo ezifana netort yenguquko, inkxaso-mali yemfundo, kunye namalungelo empahla.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukwahlulwa kobulungisa: umGaqo-siseko umisela ulawulo lweenkundla (ii-appleste zantlandlolo), amalungelo abamangalelwa (umz., ekunene kwisiluleko, ukuvavanywa okukhawulezileyo), kunye nendima yejaji.

Iindlela zokukhetha ijaji zahluka kakhulu kwiimeko ezithile.

Indima YomGaqo-siseko Karhulumente Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko wesizwe lukhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkululeko. Ngelixesha iBhili yamaLungelo yase-U.S. isebenza kumazwe ngamaxesha okuLamlelwa kweMpatho-siseko weshumi elinesine, imimiselo yorhulumente isoloko inikezela ngokudityaniswa kunye nokhuseleko oluzimeleyo[. Le ngcamango yaziwa ngokuba “ziziziindawo ezizimeleyo zikarhulumente” / `inkundla yephondo elingachaza umgaqo-siseko wayo ukufikelela amalungelo amakhulu kunawona rhulumente. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Inkululeko Yokuthetha nonqulo:[ Eminye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ikhusela ngokucacileyo inkululeko yonqulo ngokubanzi (umz., umgaqo-siseko we-Oregon uthintela uluntu lonke ukuxhasa iinkonzo, ezigqitha kwimithetho yorhulumente). Iinkundla zelizwe ziye zamkela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo lwentetho yezobupolitika kuwonke wonke.
  • Ukukhangela kunye noSeizere: Umbuso ophakamileyo weenkundla eziliqela utolike imiyalelo efuna imvume yokuphengululwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igqalwe njengesengqiqweni phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo yeWashington ibambelele kwelokuba iGPS ilandela umgaqo-siseko wezithuthi, nasemva kokuba iinkundla zikarhulumente ziwuvumele.
  • [[NTLATY:0] Ukhuseleko oluPhakamileyo: umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko uqulathe ulwimi oluqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho karhulumente, oluye lwasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluxhaswe ziinkundla zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezeejaji yaseMassachusetts yagqiba ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ufuna ukulingana komtshato kwizibini ezifanayo ze-ex `isigqibo esatyumba u-Oberge wawisa umthetho ngeminyaka elishumi.
  • Imeko-ntle kunye namalungelo abantu: Eminye imimiselo yorhulumente ikhusela ngokucacileyo ilungelo lemfundo njengelungelo elisisiseko, inyanzelisa urhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali eyaneleyo nengaguquguqukiyo (umz., isakhiwo seSithili seSan Antonio Independent wild slard v. Ityala lomgangatho wesizwe lalahlwa, kodwa iinkundla zikarhulumente zinyanzelise iirejista zemfundo). Ezinye ziqinisekisa ukuba unelungelo lokufumana intlalo-ntle ecocekileyo, okanye ukuthelekisa abasebenzi basekuhlaleni.

Amatyala karhulumente amalungelo asoloko ekhona ixesha elide kwaye entsonkothile ngakumbi kunemeko karhulumente. Asenokuquka amalungelo angadweliswanga kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., njengamalungelo okuzingela nokuloba, ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese (umz., ilungelo elicacileyo lokuzimela kwamalungelo obuqu eKhalifoniya), okanye ilungelo lokunyanzeliswa. Kubafundisi-lwazi nabafundi, oku kuthetha ukuba umgaqo-siseko usisisixhobo esinenkxaso ekuqondeni ububanzi benkululeko yabemi kunye nomlo oqhubekayo wokuzikhusela.

UmGaqo-siseko Welizwe Othe Tye: Amandla Abantu

Ngokungafaniyo nomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, oye walungiswa izihlandlo ezingama-77 kuphela ukususela ngowe-1789, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko utshintshwa. Inkqubo yokulungisa ibonisa imbopheleleko kulawulo oluqhelekileyo nokuvumelana nokuma. Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokulungisa, zonke ezidla ngokuzichaza ngokucokisekileyo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi yomthetho: Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ivota ukubeka imposiso ecetyiweyo kwibholathi, efuna i-emoject enkulu (umz., ezimbini-isithathu) kuzo zombini iigumbi. Iivoters ziyayivumela okanye ziyala.
  • Inkqubela ye-Intiatiative: Abami bangagqitha indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuqokelela inani elithile lotyikityo kwisicelo. Xa sele liqinisekisiwe, intengiso eceliweyo ihamba ngqo kwisixhobo sokuvota. Le ndlela ikhona kumazwe amalunga ne-18 kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi eKhalifoniya, eColorado, nase Oregon. Inika amandla abavoti ukuba bamisele utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko naxa abalawuli bemithetho bechasa.
  • Indibano yeKonsitinali: Indibano ingabizwa ukucebisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha okanye iseti yokulungisa. Eminye imimiselo yesizwe ifuna ivoti yexesha elithile yokubamba indibano (umz., New York igunyazisa imbambano kumsebenzi womsebenzi rhoqo kwiminyaka engama-20). Abathunywa abanyulwa ngabantu abacebisa ukuthatha idrafti, abaya kuvoti ukuze bayivote.

Inkqubo yokulungisa iyahluka kubunzima. Amanye amazwana afuna kuphela uvoti olulula oluye lwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye novoti; amanye afuna intsebenziswano enkulu okanye imvume kwintlanganiso ezimbini ezilandelelanayo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko weTennessee ufuna indululo ukudlula zombini amagumbi, ivunywe ngabavoti, kwaye emva koko idlule kwakhona kwintlanganiso elandelayo yemithetho-mthetho phambi kokuba iye kwi-baloti. Lo mqobo uphezulu wenza utshintshe kanzima kodwa kwakhona umele ulinde nxamnye nentsingiselo ekhawulezayo yezobupolitika.

Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko weRhulumente luquka imibandela emininzi: ii-pastes zerhafu, imida, ingcaciso yomtshato, ukwenziwa komchamo ngokomthetho, uguqulo olusemthethweni, kunye namalungelo ezilwanyana, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuqalisa kuvuselele impikiswano ngendima yedemokhrasi ethe ngqo .(hcrics) iphikisa ukuba ikhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho esemthethweni engafanelekanga, ngoxa abaxhasi beyijonga njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola amandla omthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanye nobomi bezezezomthetho.

ImiGaqo-siseko yeRhulumente ngokuchaseneyo. UmGaqo-siseko woManyano: Umahluko ongundoqo

Ngoxa umgaqo - siseko karhulumente nokarhulumente wabelana ngemigaqo esisiseko enjengokuhlula amagunya nokukhusela amalungelo, ahluke kakhulu kubungakanani, ubude, nendlela yokuwabeka:

  • : Umgaqo-siseko woburhulumente mde kwaye untsonkothe ngakumbi kunomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umgaqo-siseko womgaqo-siseko oqhelekileyo unamagama amalunga ne-15 000,5,000. Amanye amagama omgaqo-siseko wamazwe angaphezulu kakhulu: amagama angaphezulu kwe-110 000 eKhalifoniya, ngelixesha i-Alabama (kuquka isiphelo) iphezulu 37,000.
  • Imithetho-siseko yesizwe: isoloko ithetha ngemibandela enjengerhafu, inkxaso-mali yemfundo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, umendo osisigxina wendlela ekhethekileyo yokungcakaza, kunye nemiba edityanisiweyo. UmGaqo-siseko wezwelonke luxwebhu lwesiseko; umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ufana kakhulu nekhowudi yemithetho kwimimandla emininzi.
  • Ubuninzi obupheleleyo: Njengoko kuphawulwe, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ulungiswa rhoqo. Ngaphezu kwe 7000 inguquko zivunyiwe kwimbali ye U.S./inkoliso kumgangatho wombuso.
  • Ukhuseleko olulungileyo:[ umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko unika amalungelo angaphaya kwezo zikwimiGaqo-siseko karhulumente, njengoko kuxutyushwe ngasentla. Le nkqubo yokhuseleko olubini luphawu lwe-American ulawulo.
  • I-Drectiveravity: UmGaqo-siseko wezwe awuqulathanga lungiselelo lenyathelo okanye i-astendum. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi worhulumente ubandakanya inxaxheba ngqo kumsebenzi womthetho notshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.

Le migaqo ibalulekile kuba ibumba yona kanye uhlobo lolawulo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ofuna irhafu yempahla okanye imigaqo yemali yesikolo elawula imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu yesikolo unyanzelisa ubuchule bomthetho ngendlela obungalawulwa ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Kubafundisi-lwazi, bethelekisa amalungiselelo akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente kuxwebhu olunorhulumente angakhanyisa ubutyebi bobuGaqo-siseko baseMelika kunye novavanyo oluqhubekayo kurhulumente wabo.

Iimbambano zale mihla kuMthetho woMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente asiyondawo yexesha elidluleyo; ziindawo eziphambili zamadabi zale mihla zeengxoxo zezobupolitika nezezomthetho.

  • Isigqibo somgangatho weSizwe kwiSigqeba soMgaqo-nkqubo: Amazwe asebenzisa ngokukhulayo umgaqo-siseko wawo ukunyanzela ukuchasene okanye isongezo sezenzo zikarhulumente. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko weKhalifoniya ufuna urhulumente ukuseka imigangatho yayo yezonyango oluphezulu. Iinkundla zelizwe zikwasebenzise namalungelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente ukukhusela amalungelo okuzala emva kwe-U.S. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Women [20])] Imigaqo-mthetho yezomthetho egunyazisa ukurhoxiswa kwemithetho. Ngoku iqinisekisa amalungelo okuzibophandle okanye ukulingana komtshato nokuba kumthetho wezwe ngokubanziwabantu.
  • Imali yokwahlukanisa iEquaty: Ukususela kwii 1970, iinkundla zikarhulumente ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sorhulumente zigqibe kwelokuba imigaqo-siseko yazo ifuna inkxaso elinganayo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Ezi “zintlu-wonke” ziyaqhubeka zibekwa emacaleni, uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olulungisayo kunye nemigangatho yokuphendula.
  • URhulumente wakwindawo eButhweni: umgaqo-siseko weSizwe usoloko unika “ulawulo lwekhaya” amandla ezixekweni kunye nezibalo, uvumela imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimicimbi efana nokulawula irente, umvuzo omncinci, kunye nemithetho yemeko-bume (ixhomekeke ekumiseleni ukucinywa. Uxinezeleko phakathi korhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko luconjululwa ngokutolika kwamalungiselelo karhulumente omgaqo-siseko.
  • IJaji yoMgwebo-mthetho ePhambili: Umgaqo-siseko weSizwe usetyenzisiwe ekuthinteleni ukuvalelwa kwentolongo, kufuna utshintsho lwebheyile yemali, nokuthintela iintolongo zabucala. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zeli lizwe zidla ngokwandisa amalungelo ommangalelwa ngaphaya kwemfuno yorhulumente.
  • Amalungelo emveli akhoyo: Inani elikhulayo lomgaqo-siseko wezwe (umz., Pennsylvania, Montana, New York) liquka amalungelo acacileyo okusingisele kubemi ekumangalelweni korhulumente ngenxa yokusilela ukukhusela oovimba bendalo. Ukumangalelwa kobuntwana, Held v.Montana, kuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko wombuso ekuhlaleni okucocekileyo nokusingqongileyo--------.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe zizixhobo ezisebenzayo zokuguqula intlalo, ngokufuthi zitshintsha iindawo apho inyathelo likarhulumente liye lathintelwa. Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi, behlolisisa amalungiselelo athile omgaqo-siseko karhulumente ngezantsi njengokusetyenziswa kobuvulindlela kweOregon ekulungiseni imekobume kwakutshanje eNew York kwenza izifundo ezicacileyo nezifanelekileyo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zobafundisi Nabafundi

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wesizwe asiyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa ineziphumo zehlabathi. Kubafundisi-lwazi, ukufundisa ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunganceda abafundi:

  • Luqonde ulawulo lukarhulumente wabo, kuquka indima yerhuluneli, yendlu yowiso - mthetho neentendelezo.
  • Qonda ukwahluka phakathi kwenkqubo karhulumente neyorhulumente, nendlela urhulumente asabelana ngayo ngamandla.
  • Hlanganisa neziganeko zangoku, ezifana nemilinganiselo yebhola, izenzo zobundlobongela, okanye isigwebo senkundla kwimo yabo.
  • Ubuchule bokufunda nokutolika amaxwebhu asisiseko
  • Yazi ukuba ukhuseleko lwamalungelo lwahlukile ngokorhulumente nokuba ukuthabatha inxaxheba kunokwenzeka kumgangatho karhulumente.

Ukuhlolisisa le mixholo ngokubhekele phaya, ibhekisela kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe loMbutho woMgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ulwazi lwezwe lufumaneka ngewebhsayithi yomthetho yorhulumente (umzekelo,] i-TG.][FLT:]] imisela umgaqo-siseko kunye nokulungisa, okanye iProjectal Constitution Project [[[FLT:]]]] kwiNYUSCUS, kwiNUS, i-PU yoMgaqo-ongo yezomthetho. ulwazi lwesizwe lufumaneka nge-U ye-electivegiontial (eg.4], inikeza uphatho lwemfundo olugunyazweyo. [[FLT.FLT]]]

Isiphelo

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente ukude kakhulu namaxwebhu okugqibela .asekelwe kumaxwebhu asemthethweni eMelika, ebonisa iinguqu zezithethe zezobupolitika kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Anika amagunya, akhusela amalungelo, kwaye anika iindlela zokutshintsha okuqhelekileyo okungabangelwa yimeko embalini ukuya kwiimpikiswano zale mihla, umgaqo-siseko wolawulo ngendlela echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amagunya karhulumente ngokweendlela abami bemihla ngemihla. Abafundisi nabafundi, abanolwazi lwemigaqo-siseko yorhulumente abaqondi nje ngokuqonda isebe lomthetho; bafanele baqonde indalo yomthetho kunye namandla ahlalayo abantu okuzilawula. Ngokuthi ngokunjalo basoloko besenza amaxwebhu, sixhobisa isizukulwana sabemi abalandelayo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimpulatho yabo yolawulo lwabo, ngokuvota, ngokusebenza kweofisi, okanye ukukhuthaza i-Rhulumente, ngokobu bubu bugqeqeshi, bonke abantu.