Ubuchule Bempembelelo: Indlela Ilobbbing Emi ngayo Imimiselo

Ukuqhaqhatha kudla ngokuchazwa njengelungu legazi lenkqubo yedemokhrasi, kodwa impembelelo yayo kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke iseyingxaki enkulu. Esona sizathu sawo, ukukhuthaza imigudu ecwangcisiweyo yabantu okanye amaqela okunxibelelana namagosa karhulumente ngomzamo wokubumba imithetho nemigaqo elawula ibutho labantu. Lo mkhwa awungosemthethweni kuphela kodwa ukhuselekile phantsi koMmiselo Wokuqala, oqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela urhulumente. Noko ke, isikali kunye nobuchule bemisebenzi yale mihla ibangele ukuba kubekho imibuzo enzima ngokusetyenziswa ngobuchule, ukukhanyisa, ukubonakala, kunye nokulingana kwamandla kwidemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda impembelelo ephembelela abafundisi- ntsapho, abafundi, kunye nabemi abatshayelelweyo. Izigqibo eziphuma kumaphulo okukhuthaza unyango zichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwiindleko zonyango kunye nemimiselo yemekobume ukuya kwimigaqo yerhafu kunye nokhuseleko lohlanga. Ngokudibanisa iindlela zokuphembelela, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye neziphumo zayo ezingenakuthelekiswa nanto kwiziphumo zenkqubo, singayiqonda kakuhle indlela esebenza ngayo kwiholo zamandla.

Yintoni Ngokwenene Ukungcakaza?

Ukuqhaqhatha kungaphezulu kakhulu kunencoko enye nomenzi womthetho. Kubandakanya imisebenzi emininzi eyenzelwe ukucenga abenzi benkqubo ukuba bamkele, balungise, okanye balahle umthetho othile okanye imimiselo ethile. Inkcazelo ecwangcisiweyo igxininisa kunxibelelwano olungqalileyo namagosa karhulumente, kodwa inyaniso iquka ucwangciso olubanzi lwamaqhinga. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Ingqungquthela edityanisiweyo: nemithetho, abasebenzi, okanye amagosa esebe aphetheyo ukunikela iimpikiswano, ugcino-lwazi, okanye ulwimi lwedrafti lwetyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iminikelo yeCampaign: Ukunikela kumaphulo ezobupolitika, kwiikomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (PACs), okanye kwiiPAC ezinkulu ukufumana ukufikelela nokuthand ’ intsebenziswano.
  • Grassroots Glorization: Ezikhuthazayo ``````Amalungu esizwe, abasebenzi, okanye amalungu entlangano''') ukunxibelelana nabameli babo ngomnxeba, ii-imeyili, okanye amaphulo eendaba zoluntu.
  • uphando kunye noHlaziyo loLwazi: Ukusasaza amaphepha amhlophe, inkqubo eshwankathelweyo, okanye ufundo lwemfundo ukubumba ubume bemeko eyinyaniso yengxoxo.
  • Isakhiwo sokwahlula-hlula: Imibutho emininzi edibanisa izilangazelelo ezabelanayo ukuze kwandiswe imigudu yobuchule bokusebenza kunye nokuzisa umphambili odityanisiweyo.

Indima Efanelekileyo Yamaqhawe

Abaxhasi bale mithetho bangoogcisa abasebenzisa ezi zicwangciso zempembelelo. Baqeshwa ngamaqumrhu, amaqumrhu orhwebo, amaqela angeyongeniso, amaqumrhu abasebenzi, kunye noorhulumente basemzini. Ixabiso labo eliphambili likwizobuchule nolwalamano lwabo. Abaquququzeleli abaphumele phambili bayayiqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngeenkcukacha ezingaguquguqukiyo, bazi ukuba ziziphi izihlalo zekomiti kunye nabasebenzi abaphambili ababalulekileyo, kwaye bayakwazi ukukhangela imiqobo yendalo. Bakwajonga namaziko abaphathi-mikhosi kunye nemithetho yenkundla enokuthi ichaphazele iimfuno zabo.

Ngeli xesha abaxhasi bemfono-mfono beboniswa rhoqo njengamanani achuliweyo, abaninzi basebenza njengezibonelelo zolwazi eziyimfuneko. Kwimeko-bume entsonkothileyo, abaququzeleli bomthetho baxhomekeke kubaxhasi bobuchule bokucacisa iziphumo zobugcisa zemali, ukusuka kwimpembelelo yezoqoqosho yomphathi ukuya kwisiseko senzululwazi somgangatho wemeko-bume. Ufundisiso olungamashumi amabini amahlanu luphawulwe ukuba abaxhasi basoloko benikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ezithe kratya nezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunabameli abagunyazinzileyo. Lo msebenzi wolwazi unokuba semthethweni, kodwa kwakhona wenza i-asymmetrymetry: izilangazelelo eziqhutyelweyo zinokukwazi ukutshona ngaphandle kwamazwi angena amanqaku.

Umculo Omnandi Wendlela Yokuya Kuyo

Indlela yokwenza izinto nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ayifani kakhulu:

Ukubopha ngqo: Ngaphakathi kwendlela

Le yiyona nkonzo iqhelekileyo ```intlanganiso ezikhoyo-kufutshane nabenzi benkqubo kunye neenkxalabo zabo. Abangeni banikela iimpikiswano, umthetho wempiliso yonikezelo lwesandla, kwaye bazama ukwakha ulwalamano lobuqu. Unikezelo olungqalileyo luphantsi kokwambulwa kwemithetho kwimimandla emininzi; uMthetho we-Lobbing Disclosure ufuna ubhaliso kunye neengxelo zexesha nenkcitho. Noko ke, iintambo zikhona, ezifana "ukubhenela phambili" ngeefektha zomthetho kunye neefektha zobugcisa ezinika icebiso elicwangcisiweyo ngaphandle kokubhalisa njengeengi.

Iintambo ezinomsila kunye ne-Astroturf Lobbing

Ii- Grasroots eziphembelela uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Inokuba nyaniseka kwaye idemokhrasi.

Ukusebenzisa intelekelelo: Amandla kumanani

Xa imibutho emininzi idibene, ingakhulisa impembelelo yayo. IChunga lorhwebo lase-U.S., iZiko le-American Petroleum, kunye ne-American Libersion Union zonke zibandakanyeka ekungeneleni intsebenziswano. Le mibutho idibanisa ubuncwane, idibanisa, kwaye imisela ulawulo olumanyeneyo kubenzi benkqubo. Iluncedo ngokukodwa xa zingenaluvo lwamalungelo abonakala ngathi zilukhetha, ngokomzekelo, umbutho wamaqela onqulo kunye nabaxhasi bobucala abachasa imvume yokuhlola okungagunyaziswanga.

Ukwandisa Impembelelo: Indlela Yokuzikhulula Ngomgunyathi

Impembelelo yokubhenela akuyonto nje engaqhelekanga; uphando olungokwezibhakabhakeni luye lwabonisa imiphumo ephawulekayo kwiziphumo zowiso-mthetho, izabelo zezibonelelo, nokuphanda kwabantu.

Ukutshintsha Imithetho

I-Lobbysists isoloko yenza okungaphezulu kunokuxhasa okanye ukulwa nemali. Izixhobo ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zomthetho, ukusuka kutshintsho lwemali ukuya kwinkqubo yonyango, ziquka ulwimi olucwangcisiweyo ngamaqela oshishino. Iphepha lama-2019 kwi- Political Science Review ye-[ ifumanise ukuba amatyala akhutshwayo akhutshwayo ngoshishino olunzima lubonakala kakhulu ukuba aquka amalungiselelo alungileyo eqela elibhenelayo. Umzekelo, i-Dodd-Flact-Frank inters yolungiso lwemali equlathe ngaphezu kwama-300 300 ee-ve-e-afroaf athe amaziko eendimeni emva kokutsalwa okunzima kwee-injini eebhanki.

Indawo ekuyo impumelelo yecebo

Ukurhweba kungayibuyisela kurhulumente imali echithwa kwiinkqubo ezithandwayo, izivumelwano, okanye uphulelo lwerhafu. Isigelekezelo esaziwayo "Iron Triangle" sichaza ulwalamano oludibeneyo phakathi kweekomiti zeKhongraliyo, amaqumrhu aphethe amaqumrhu, kunye namaqela anomdla atshixayo ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala. Ulobbytes kwinkampani zokhuselo, umzekelo, rhoqo ukhuseleka kwiinkqubo zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa yiPentagon ngokwayo ekungakhange kuceli. Ngokutsho kogcino-lwazi olusuka ku- u-opensethies. org, amashishini achitha eyona misebenzi efuna ukutsala iimbuyezo eziphezulu kwizivumelwano zomthetho zesizwe nenkxaso. Olunye uhlolisiso luthelekelelwa ukuba yonke imali echithwa ekungeneni kwii-R220 kwiziphumo ezilungileyo.

Utshintsho lolawulo lokuqhuba

Ngaphaya kweKhomishini, iphembelela ngamandla inkqubo yokubekwa komthetho phakathi kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. Phantsi koMthetho we-Administrative Procedire, abameli kufuneka baqwalasele amagqabaza kawonke-wonke phambi kokuba kuqulunqe imimiselo yokugqibela. I-Lobbytes inikela amagqabaza achaza iinkcukacha, idibane namagosa esebe, yaye maxa wambi incoko yamagama emithetho esemva kweengcango ezivaliweyo. Isiphumo sinokuba "kukubanjwa kolawulo" apho amaqumrhuluya-mali asebenza kwimibutho ekufuneka elungelelanisa. Ngoku ucango /accers) kunye nabasebenzi bangaphambili baba ngabasebenzi bemisebenzi yezoshishino-oomatilo-okanye abasebenza ngentlalo-A201. Ingxelo yeZiko-American

Ukwazisa Okuphangaleleyo

Amaphulo okuqhaqhaqha adla ngokuquka imigudu yoluntu ephakamisa ukuphaphanyiswa kwemeko ethile, maxa wambi ukuze kungenelwe uluntu. Ukungenelela koMbutho womhlaza weMelika ngenxa yokulawula icuba kufundisa izigidi ngemilinganiselo efundisayo ngeengozi zokutshaya. Kwelinye icala, amaphulo asemva koshishino angasasaza ulwazi oluphosakeleyo ngezantsi. Umzekelo, ukukhanyelwa okuphambili kwemozulu kutshintsha inzululwazi ngamaqela afumana izibaso. Kunye, ukungenelela kokukhuthaza impembelelo yolwazi oluselubala, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abembi benkqubo.

Iingxaki Ezikhoyo Nemiqobo Yokuphendula

Ngoxa ukubhenela kukhuselekile, umlinganiselo wayo ongalawulwayo ubangela ukuma kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okulula ukuthemba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kunye nokuLawula

Nangona iU.S. kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi efuna ukubhaliswa komxhasi, ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi wonyanzeliso kubuthathaka. Imisebenzi emininzi yempembelelo yokugquma ingekabanjwa: "imisebenzi ehlawula iziko lonxulumano, iibhati zentlalo-ntle, okanye iiposi zentlalo-ntle yemibutho zinqabile ukutyhilwa. Ngokwesiphumo, uwonke-wonke awunako ukulandelela ngokulula ukuba ngabaphi na abaquququzeleli benkqubo yokuqhuba. I-Sunight Foundation ibalase indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwezobupolitika ngamaqela amnyama e-attingssss ezingatyhili abanindings, okanye ii-boxterners ezingakhuphi na ngokuqalisiweyo ukususela kwityala lowango-2010 [FLT]]

Ukufikelela kokuDluliselana

Imibutho efumileyo iluncedo. Ushishino lwamayeza luchitha amakhulu ezigidi minyaka le ekufuneni izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke kwaye lunelungu elinye elibhalisile kumalungu amabini eKhomishini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaqela amancinane akwindawo ekwalukileyo kunye nabantu abaphantsi kolawulo lobugcisa basoloko bengenazo izibonelelo zokuqesha iingcali. Oku kuchaza ukuba inkqubo idla ngokuba neziphumo ezithelekisa inkqenkqeza phambili, iphambili kwiminqweno kawonke wonke. IPrinceton ifumanise ngokuba nempuphu edumile yokuba iinjongo zomgangatho ophezulu nenzala elungelelanisiweyo zinxulumene kakhulu notshintsho lwemithetho, ngoxa ukhetho lwabemi abaqhelekileyo lungenalo phembeleko luzigonophelo oluzimeleyo.

Amanyathelo okuphendula kunye nokuTyelwa koTshintsho

Utshintsho olucetyisiweyo luquka ukutyhilwa okungqongqo koqhagamshelwano olufuna ungenelelo, ukuvalwa komxhasi wezipho nokuhamba ukuya kubenzi bomthetho, ukunyuswa kwemali yabasebenzi bolawulo, kunye nokuphola kwexesha phambi kokuba amagosa angaphambili abe ngabaxhasi. I-European Union iye yasebenzisa iBhayiselo yokubonisa ngaphaya kwamandla enyanzelisayo efuna abaxhasi ukuba baxele uluhlu lwabo lomxhasi kunye nemali abayichitheleyo. Noko ke, ukukhuthaza kufakwe ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, kwaye naluphi na utshintsho kufuneka lulungelelanise ilungelo lokucela ngempembelelo elungileyo.

Imbono Yembali: Ukutyhubela Iinkulungwane

Uqheliselo lokukhuthaza urhulumente ngaphambi kwe-United States, kodwa imo yayo yazivelela ngexesha leNkathi yeGilbed. Kunyaka ka-1970, ii-Railtraustrand barpons kunye nabaququzeleli boshishino banyoba ngokuphandle. UMthetho wePendelleton wonyaka ka1883 waqalisa ukuqhuba ubuchule, kodwa ukuvuselelwa kwahlala kuhleli de kube ngunyaka ka-19656 wokuquququzelelwa komthetho we-Lobbading. Ngoo1970, i-okslave, i-oksko yoluntu, i-ok amaqela afana noSomntsko-Crib kulungele ukulwa kwequlunqena kwelizwe. I-1998 Lobbo Reast Active Act yadala ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sangoku, kodwa iziganeko ezilandelayo zezo zenzo zobugrobhasotho-x. Ngokumi kweminye inte yomthetho yeNkuphetho yemali, kunye ne-AlkT.

Imfundo Engandincedayo: Ukufundisa Ngokungcakaza

Abafundisi banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba bahambe kwindlela apho ukutsalela kwintsebenziswano kunempembelelo enkulu. Ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo lokufumana intsebenziswano kufuneka luquke:

  • Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho: Abafundi kufuneka bazi ukuba umthetho uba njani kwaye apho abangenisi bangenelela khona/iindawo zokuva, iivoti zomgangatho, iikomiti zengqungquthela, kunye nokwenza ulawulo.
  • [[Uhlaziyo lwemali:0] Uhlolo lwemali kwezobupolitika: ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlolisise ukutyhilwa kwemali yephulo kunye neengxelo zokubhenela kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezinjenge OpenSecrets. Bacele ukuba bathelekise ukusetyenziswa kwemali kushishino kunye novavanyo lwamazwi angekhoyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwezifundo zomnyaka: Hlola amaphulo angqalileyo okutsala, afana nokuvala kwempumelelo umgaqo weFDA kwiminyaka yo-1990, okanye indima yengingqi yezonyango ekuthinteleni amaxabiso eMedicare ekuxilongeni kweziyobisi. Ngokuphikisanayo la manani nemigudu ephumelelayo yokukhuthaza abami, njengephulo lokunqanda ukunyuka kwe-antifid.
  • Ubumi obusebenzayo: Fundisa abafundi ukuba nabo banokubhenela ``abameli babo''' ngokuqhagamshelana nabo, ngokudibanisa amaqela olawulo, okanye ngokunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwabantu ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda iintsilelo zenkqubo akumele kukhokelela ekugxekeni kodwa ekuthembiseni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo ezithi ncam: ingxubusho engqinelanayo yokuba ukutsalela ungeniseko kufuneka kuthintelwe, okanye ukuba yintetho esemthethweni yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Yenza abafundi baxakene nezo zobungozi, besebenzisa imizekelo yembali neyomhla.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwabantu Ehlabathini Lonke: Ukuphangalalisa Ehlabathini Lonke

I-United States ifaniswe nomlinganiso kunye nosasazo loshishino lwayo oluphembelelayo, kodwa ulawulo-melo oluninzi luneentlobo zalo. Kwi-European Union, ukutsala izicelo kusoloko kubizwa ngokuba "kukodwa," kwaye ubalo lwe-EU lubonisa ukuba imbonakalo epheleleyo yemibutho ebhalisiweyo engaphezu kwe-12 000. I-Lobbing Act ifuna iingxelo zanyanga zonke kwaye inomphathi-mikhosi onamandla okuqinisekisa ulawulo. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo akanayo imithetho esemthethweni, kwaye akhuthaza ukuchasana nokonakala. Uhlalutyo lothelekiso oluluqilimaniso lubonisa ukuba ukubonakala nokungabina kungxinzeko lwemiqatha yemithetho engekhona njongo ephambili lunganciphisa enye yokuxhaphaza, kodwa akukho nkqubo isombululo lwempembelelo engalinganiyo.

Utyekelo Lwexesha Elizayo: Impembelelo Yokubopha Ngeziko Lekhompyutha Nemithetho Yomthetho

Unyuko logcino-lwazi olukhulu kunye nolwaleko oluncinane luye lwavelisa uhlobo olutsha: ukhuthuzo lwemivo. Amaqela anomdla ngoku asebenzisa ii-alytics ezintlukwano ezincumisayo ukuchonga abavoti, ukuhambisa izibhengezo ezinokuphembelela, kunye nokusebenzisa iinkqubo zonxibelelwano eziqhelekileyo zoluntu ukuvelisa amandla ombane ombane olwenkohliso. Ngexesha lama-2020 e-U.S. unyulo, unyulo olunye lwemivolo lwemivolo olukhuthaza inkqubela ephumayo empompoza "umthungo" kuthendelelo lwabaxhasi abaninzi lwahlawulwa lunyuswe yiKhomishini yeFomatileji. Njengoko ubuchule bokwenziwa kobuchule benkqubo yokwenziwa, ukukhuthaza ukuphembeleka kwengxoxo yoluntu.

Isiphelo: Impembelelo Ephembelela Ulawulo - melo

Ukuqhaqhatha akulungile ngokwemvelo okanye akukho nto imbi; sisixhobo sokuzibophelela kwezobupolitika esibonisa amandla ebutho labantu. Kungcono, kuqinisekisiswa ukuba abenzi benkqubo baphulaphule iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye bafikelele kubuchule bobugcisa. Okubi kakhulu, kuvumela izilangazelelo zobutyebi ukuba zithobe imithetho ukuze zincede, zisuse ukuthemba urhulumente. Ucelomngeni lwabemi, abafundisi, nabaguquli alufuni kuphelisa ukuphembelela ukuphenjelelwa kwemithetho engoburhulumenteni, kodwa lungamele lulawule impembelelo ecacileyo, ecacileyo, nelungeleleneyo. Ngokuqonda impembelelo yayo, siyakwazi ukunyanzelela inkqubo apho izigqibo zenkqubo zisenziwa kwimdlano kawonke wonke, hayi nje ngenxa yesixhobo esiphezulu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i i-opensets zombutho wogcino-lwazi olufumana inkxaso-mali ukwenzela ugcino-lwazi lwenkcitho lokwenene; i-Brooking Institutioning Information irhwebeng [ kwizifundo zobunzululwazi; kunye ne [[FLT]] LYP] LYP]by Dislofisure Act database yesiseko sogcino-data ye-Dixokelelwano egcinwe yi-ofisi ye-S yeNtsimbi ye-omatilo ye-RProfile.