Umsebenzi weenkundla ze-appellate ngumsebenzi wesiseko senkqubo yale mihla yomthetho, unika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwizigqibo ezenziwa ziinkundla zamatyala. Ngoxa iinkundla zamatyala zisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokucombulula iimpikiswano(-iimviwo, ukuva ubungqina, ukuqwalasela iingxelo, nokumisa izibakala). Iinkundla zezomthetho zithatha indima eyahlukileyo. Zikho ukuze zihlole iinkundla kodwa ukuhlolisisa ukuchanabeka okusemthethweni nokubhaliweyo kwemiqathango ekhoyo. Le nkundla yamatyala idibeneyo iqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukungaguquguquki, nokuthobela umthetho, ekugqibeleni kukhusela amalungelo enye nengqibelelo yenkqubo yomthetho ngokwayo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo, oko zikuhlola, nesizathu sokuba izigqibo zazo zibaluleke kuye nako nako nako nakumntu obandakanye nenkqubo yomthetho.

Indima Ephawulekayo Yenkundla Eza Kuphandwa

Ukuxabisa umsebenzi weenkundla ezigwebayo, kubalulekile ukuwathelekisa ngqo neenkundla zamatyala. Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkundla zamatyala, ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zemeko yokuqala, zilapho amatyala aqala khona ukuviwa khona. Zifumana izibakala zempikiswano ngokunikelwa kobungqina, ubungqina, nokuxilongwa komnqamlezo. Igwebi okanye abachopheli-mthetho ngoko isebenzisa umthetho kwezo zibakala ukuze ifikelele isigqibo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkundla egwebayo ayibuphulanga ubungqina obutsha okanye ityala elitsha. Endaweni yoko, ihlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo yengxelo yenkundla yokuchophela ityala, kuquka ii-scripts, kunye nemithetho yomgwebi, ukuqinisekisa enoba iimpazamo ezingo zezo zezomthetho zinokwenzeka na ezinokuthi zachaphazele iziphumo.

Lo mahluko ungundoqo. Iinkundla zezicelo ziyienkundla zokuhlola , hayi oomatshini abalungisa iimpazamo abaphinda bajonge ityala ngalinye. Ngokuqhelekileyo bathobela iingxelo zenkundla evavanyiweyo, ingakumbi xa ezi ziphumo zisekelwe ekuthembekeni kwamangqina, kuba ijaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho babekwindawo engcono yokuqwalasela amangqina. Ugxininiso oluphambili lusekuboneni ukuba umthetho utolikwe ngokufanelekileyo na kwaye usetyenziswa. Njengoko i-webhsayithi ye-United States ichaza, iinkundla ze-appellate “zibone izigqibo zeenkundla ezisezantsi ukugqiba ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ngaba ngaba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.[[[FLT:] [FF]]

Injongo Yeenkundla Zokumangalelwa

Injongo egqithisileyo yeenkundla ezigwebayo ingaqhekezwa ibe ziinjongo eziliqela ezingundoqo, nganye ifak' isandla kwinkqubo esesikweni nenokuthelekelelwa:

  • [[NTLA] Imposiso zomthetho eziqukunjelwayo: Owona msebenzi ukhawulezileyo kukulungisa iimpazamo ezenziwe ziinkundla zamatyala ekusebenziseni umthetho. Ezi mpazamo zingabandakanya ukuchazwa kakubi kwemimiselo, ukwamkelwa ngokungafanelekanga okanye ukulahlwa kobungqina, imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, okanye imithetho ephosakeleyo kwimicimbi ebhaliweyo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukufana nokungaguquguquki: iinkundla zezicelo, ingakumbi iinkundla zomgangatho ophezulu njengeenkundla eziphakamileyo okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., ikhupha umthetho odibanisa zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwicala lazo. Oku kudala iqumrhu elifanayo lomthetho, ngoko amatyala afanayo aphathwa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphaya kwenkqubo yenkundla.
  • Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye: ngokusebenza njengovavanyo oluzimeleyo kwizigqibo zenkundla, iinkundla ezichaphazelekayo zikhusela umGaqo-siseko namalungelo omthetho. Zingabuyisela umva iinkolelo ezifunyenwe ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni, ngokunyanzela ukuvuma izono, okanye ngoncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuchaza iNgxelo yaMagunya eNkundla yeNkundla: Ubukho nje besibheno busebenza njengenkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho. Abagwebi betyala namagqwetha bayazi ukuba izigqibo zabo zingahlolisiswa, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukunamathela ngenyameko kwimigangatho esemthethweni.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukukhupha uMthetho: Ngeembono zazo ezibhaliweyo, iinkundla zecapelte chaza imimiselo, icacisa imigaqo ecacileyo yomthetho, kwaye ilungelelanisa umthetho oqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezintsha. Ezi mbono ziba yimizekelo ekhokelayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo qha kumaqela abandakanyekileyo, kodwa kuluntu lonke olusemthethweni.

Ngokusisiseko, iinkundla ezilawulayo zilungelelanisa imfuneko yokugqibela ekuhlaziyweni kunye nemfuneko ebaluleke ngokufanayo yokulungisa nokusesikweni.

Indlela Inkundla Ecebisa Ngayo: Inkqubo yezibheno kwinkcukacha

Inkqubo yokutsala ityala elivavanyiweyo iyalungelelaniswa kwaye ingqongqo. Iqela elifaka isibheno libizwa ngokuba yi- appant (lowo ulahlekileyo ngezantsi), lo gama elinye iqela lingu allellee[ (lowo uphumelele ngezantsi). Amanyathelo aqulunqwe ukunika inkundla umfanekiso opheleleyo wetyala ngexa kuncitshiswa iziphumo zomthetho.

1. Ukubhaqa isaziso sesibheno

Isibheno siqala ngokuvala isaziso sesibheno nenkundla egwebayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kumlinganiselo ongqongqo wexesha, ngokunjalo iintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka ekungeneni komgwebo wokugqibela. Ukungaphumeleli ukubhala ngexesha kudla ngokuphazamisa ilungelo lokubhena ngokupheleleyo. Esi saziso sichaza umgwebo obhenayo kwaye iqela elifuna uhlolo.

Ukulungiselela Ushicilelo Ngomtsalane

Umabhalana wenkundla egwebayo uqokelela ikhonkethi, equka onke amaxwebhu agcinwe kwityala, iirekhodi zetyala, kunye nayo nayiphi na imiboniso evunyiweyo. Le ngxelo sisiseko esipheleleyo sohlolo lwenkundla ye-appellate. Akukho bungqina butsha buziswayo; abagwebi abaququzeleli be-appellate baxhomekeke koko kunikelwe ngezantsi.

3. Ukubhala nokufaka Imiyalelo

Omabini amaqela ngoko afaka iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ezibizwa ngokuba ii-briefs. Ukuvula kwenkundla yetyala kuchaza kafutshane isizathu sokuba inkundla yamatyala yenze iimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezifuna ukuguqulwa. Kufuneka ikhankanye iinxenye ezithile zerekhodi kwaye ixhase igunya elisemthethweni (izichaphazelo, umthetho ongaphambili, okanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko). I-appellee iphendula ngempikiswano emfutshane yokuba isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo silungile kwaye sifanele siqinisekiswe. Impendulo emfutshane evela kwinkundla yezomthetho ingalandela. Ezi zinto zintliziyo yenkqubo ye-appellate . Zicwangcisa iingxelo zenkundla kwaye zinika abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abaza kuvavanya.

4. Impikiswano engokwasemzimbeni

Kumatyala amaninzi axanduva, inkundla icwangcisa impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, apho amagqwetha kwicala ngalinye avela phambi kweqela labagwebi (ngokuqhelekileyo abathathu) ukunikela iingongoma zabo ezingundoqo kunye nokuphendula imibuzo. Impikiswano yentetho ayiyonto ephindaphindwayo; lithuba lokuba abagwebi bahlolisise ubuthathaka kwisikhundla seqela ngalinye, bacacise imibandela, kwaye bavavanye iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni. Idla ngokuhlala imizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-30 kuphela. Kwezinye iimeko, ingakumbi apho impikiswano emfutshane i-galelo i-galelo, isenokulahlwa.

5. Isigqibo nesigqibo sejaji

Emva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, abagwebi badibana kwingqungquthela ukuze baxubushe ityala. Bahlolisisa irekhodi, bavavanye iimpikiswano, kunye nevoti kwiziphumo. Inkundla ikhupha iziphumo ezibhaliweyo i-opion echaza ukuqiqa kwayo. Uluvo lusenokuba lungadityaniswa, okanye kusenokubakho iimbono ezidibeneyo okanye eziphikisayo. Isigqibo esiqhelekileyo [[FLT:]] sikhupha iziqinisekiso[ (ibamba inkundla yokuvavanya), imiba], [flt:] [iiijikelezo], [iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiindawo] kunye [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [5] [5]] ne-ft.'informededriages proced proced progementstiagements progements proced proge

6. Isibheno Esingakumbi okanye uLokugqibela

Kwimimandla emininzi, iqela lingafaka isibheno kwisigqibo senkundla ephakathi yetyala eliphakathi kwinkundla ephezulu ephetheyo, njengenkundla ephakamileyo okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Noko ke, ezi nkundla ziphakamileyo zinokuqiqa ukuba zikhethe ukuba ngawaphi amatyala eziwavayo, ngokufuthi zimkela kuphela lawo aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokwasemthethweni okanye apho kukho ingxabano phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi. Ukuba akukho sibheno sithe sathathwa, eso sigqibo se-appellete siba sokugqibela kwaye sibophe emaluntlungwini (ngokubhekiselele ekuvani ekuboneni okuva okanye ekuceleni isicelo setyala).

Imilinganiselo yempinda: Indlela Iinkundla Eziza Kuphendulwa Ngayo

Enye yezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo kuqheliso lwe-appelte yi- iqondo lophindo. Eli liqondo lokuzibamba inkundla yetyala enika izigqibo zenkundla egwetyiweyo. Imibandela eyahlukileyo ibuye ilungiswe phantsi kwemigangatho eyahlukileyo, enokuchaphazela iziphumo zesibheno.

  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yeNjongo yeNkqutyana: imibuzo esemthethweni ``njengokutolikwa komthetho okanye intsingiselo yelungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko' ibuye ilungiswe [ devo'. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkundla yesicelo ayisokuze inikeze intelekelelo kwisigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo; iphinda iqwalasele umba womthetho ukusuka kwikrwelo. Ngenxa yokuba umthetho uthelelwa ukuba ube yiyunifomu, iinkundla ze-appellate ziinqobo zokugqibela zentsingiselo esemthethweni.
  • [[[NTL:0] Imposiso ecacileyo (okanye Ngokucacileyo Errooc) Impinda: iziphumo zenyani ezenziwe ngumgwebi ovavanya (kwityala lebhedri) zibuye zibuye zilungiswe ukuze zifumaneke iimpazamo ezicacileyo. Ukuba ingxelo ixhasa ukufunyanwa, nokuba inkundla yenkcazelo inokuba ifikelele kwisigqibo esahlukileyo, ukufunyanwa kuya kuma. Lo mgangatho ubonisa ukulibazisa kwijaji yamatyala eqwalaselwe ngawabo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kobulumko: izigqibo zenkundla yetyala kwimicimbi efana nemithetho ecacileyo, imvume, okanye imiyalelo yokufumana ibuye ilungiswe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kobulumko. Inkundla yeza kungenelela kuphela ukuba ityala lejaji lingenangqiqo, alikho ngqiqweni, okanye lisekelwe kwisigqibo esiphosakeleyo esisemthethweni. Oku kungumgangatho obekekileyo kakhulu.
  • Ubungqina obukhoyo: Ekuvavanyeni kwabachopheli-tyala, inkundla ethatha inxaxheba ihlola ukugcinwna kobungqina ukuxhasa isigqibo ngokubuza ukuba ngaba i-avaript elungileyo inokoyisa na esi sigqibo. Ibujonga ubungqina ngokukhanya obuvumelanayo nomvuzi wesigqibo. Ukuba kukho ubungqina obuqinileyo, isigwebo simile.

Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kubalulekile kuba ifumana impumelelo ekubheneleni. Ummangali uphikisa umcimbi oye waqwalasela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobulumko ujongene nomqobo ophezulu kakhulu kunolowo uphakamisa umbuzo ocacileyo womthetho ophendulweyo.

Iintlobo zeeNkundla eziBalulekileyo

Iinkqubo zokuphanda ziyahluka-hluka ngokwemithetho, kodwa isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo siquka amanqanaba amabini okuhlola okuthatha inxaxheba: iinkundla eziphakathi kunye nenkundla yeendawo zokugqibela zokukhetha (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo). Ukongeza, kukho iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zenkcazelo yeendawo ezithile.

IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo

Amaphondo amaninzi kunye nenkqubo karhulumente ineenkundla eziphakathi (umz., iiNkundla ezintathu zezibheno ze-United States zephondo lesizwe, okanye iinkundla zesibheno). Ezi nkundla zisingatha uninzi lwezibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zokuvavanya. Indima yazo ephambili kukulungisa iimpazamo kwiimeko nganye nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho okungaguquguqukiyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iqela elinye labagwebi abathathu ligqiba ngetyala. Izigqibo zalo zibophelele kwiinkundla zamatyala kweso siphakathi okanye kwisithili, kodwa linokubuyiswa kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

IiNkundla Eziphezulu

Inkundla ephakamileyo elawulayo ephezulu kummandla ophakamileyo .⁠ njengeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. okanye inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe. "Iyasebenza njengomxhasi wokugqibela wemibuzo yomthetho."Le nkundla isoloko inegunya elisesikweni, ithetha ukuba ikhetha amatyala evayo ngokusekelwe kukubaluleka kunokunyanzeleka ukuba aphulaphule nasiphi na isibheno. Iimbono zayo zimisela imiqathango enyanzelisayo kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zinokuba nempembelelo enkulu kumthetho. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ye-U.S.

IiNkundla eziBalulekileyo

Amanye amagunya aneenkundla ezijongene nemimandla ethile yomthetho. Imizekelo iquka iNkundla yezibheno yaseUnited States yeMikhosi yeeNkqutyana yeeNtlobano (umthetho wezomkhosi), iNkundla yezibheno yaseUnited States yeFederal (umthetho ozimeleyo kunye nezivumelwano zikarhulumente), kunye neNkundla yeTshophu (nangona injalo inemisebenzi yemigangatho evavanyiweyo). Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zivumela abagwebi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule obunzulu kwimibandela entsonkothile, bakhuthaze izigqibo ezithe rhoqo nezinolwazi.

Indawo Yokubhenela: Yintoni Enokutsalelwa?

Asisiso sonke isigqibo esichaseneyo esibhenelayo. Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba inkundla egwebayo yenza impazamo ejika-jikayo, okuyimpazamo enokuthi ichaphazele isiphumo setyala. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Iimpazamo ze-Legal: Ijaji yetyala isebenzisa kakubi umthetho, iguqulela ngokuphosakeleyo ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, okanye inike imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-tyala.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Iimpazamo ezifunyanisiweyo: Ezifana nokungavumeli iqela ukuba linike ubungqina, ngokungafanelekanga ukukhupha ijaji, okanye ukophula imida yexesha elibekiweyo.
  • Iimpazamo ezibubukhali: Ukuvuma udaba ngaphandle komahluko osebenzayo, okanye ukukhupha ubungqina obungaqondakaliyo obubalulekileyo kwimeko yeqela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ubungqina obungonelanga: Yindawo yokuba ubungqina obunikelwe evavanyweni babunganele ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa isigqibo okanye umgwebo. Eli lithuba elinzima ukuphumelela ngenxa yomgangatho obekelwe ixesha elifanelekileyo wohlolo.
  • Uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angaphikisa ngokuthi umsebenzi wegqwetha lawo wehla ngaphantsi komgangatho onenjongo wobungcathu kwaye ucalucalulo ngeziphumo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uphatho olubi: njengomphethi-mgwebi oxubusha ngetyala nangaphandle okanye oqhuba uphando oluzimeleyo.
  • Imposiso yokufaka imposiso: Kwizibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo singabanengxaki ukuba sophula imida yemithetho okanye sisekelwe kwizinto ezingalunganga.

Okubalulekileyo, ummangali kufuneka aphakamise impazamo etyholwayo xa kuvavanywa, ngokusoloko kusenziwa ngempikiswano, -- ukuze ayigcine ukuze ibhenele. Oku kwaziwa njengemfuneko ye- yonyuso , kwaye kuthintela amaqela ekubekeni ityala letyala kwinkundla evavanyiweyo ngokuhlala buthule kwaye emva koko kunyuswe umba okokuqala ekubheleni.

Impembelelo yeeNkundla eziphanziswayo: Uphando

Mhlawumbi owona msebenzi ufikeleleka kude weenkundla kudala uphazamiso . Ngaphantsi komgaqo we status decisis[ (isiLatin “ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe"), iinkundla ze-applate zixhomekeke kwizigqibo zazo zangaphambili nezasekomkhulu xa zigqiba amatyala amatsha. Oku kuqinisekisa uzinzo, ukuxelwa komthetho, nokusesikweni. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zibophelele ukulandela imizekelo ebekwe zinkundla eziphezulu ze-appellate kulawulo olufanayo.

Impembelelo yesigqibo esinye isenokudlulela ngaphaya kwamacala abandakanyekileyo. Umzekelo, eso sigqibo saguqula imigaqo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Miranda v. Arizona (66) yamisela imfuneko yokuba amapolisa axelele amalungelo awo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Isigqibo saguqula iinkqubo zamapolisa kwilizwe lonke kwaye ngoku siyinxalenye yelaphu lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokufanayo, simisela izigqibo eziphakamileyo kwinkundla zokulungisa, ukuvumelana komthetho, okanye amalungelo empahla alungelelanisa ukumashishini nabantu ngabanye kwilizwe lonke.

Iinkundla eziphandayo zikwadlala indima ephambili ekucombululeni iinkcazelo ezingqubanayo zomthetho phakathi kweenkundla ezincinci. Xa iinkundla ezimbini zamatyala okanye iinkundla eziphakathi zifikelela izigqibo ezichaseneyo kumbuzo omnye womthetho, inkundla ephakamileyo ingangena ekumiseleni umthetho omnye. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke ngakumbi kwinkqubo karhulumente, apho iinkundla zesiphaluka zesiphaluka ezilishumi elinesibini zesiphaluka zamatyala ngamanye amaxesha zivelisa “ukuqhekeka kwetyala” oko iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.

Ityala lenkundla elinokuthethwa nabakala nentsingiselo yalo

Umzekelo wesiphumo sokwenyani sehlabathi lohlolo, qwalasela iimeko ezimbalwa eziphawuliweyo:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yaguqula imigaqo yeenkundla ezisezantsi eyayixhasa ukwahlulwa kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke phantsi “kokwahlukene kodwa kulingana” imfundiso. Esi sigqibo sarhoxa amashumi eminyaka emizekelo kwaye ngokusisiseko saguqula ibutho lamaMelika.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) kunye neDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022): La matyala abonisa indlela iinkundla ezifumana ityala] ingakumbi inkundla ephezulu, iyakwazi ukuseka kunye nokubhukuqa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. AmaDobbs [ aguqula malunga neminyaka engama-50 yesiqalo, ibuyisela umba womgaqo wokuqhomfa kumazwe.
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Elityala lesiseko lamisela umgaqo wokuhlola okugweba/ukungagunyazi kwenkundla ukuvakalisa imithetho ngokusemthethweni. Ngelixesha ngokobugcisa lityala phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., lamisela iqonga lomsebenzi wonke wokutolika umGaqo-siseko.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba iinkundla ezichanabayo azizilungisi nje iimpazamo zomntu ngamnye; zibumba umthetho kwizizukulwana.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo Yokuhlasela

Ngeli xesha iinkundla ze-appelcate zibalulekile, le nkqubo ayingeyiyo ngaphandle kokugxekwa kwayo. Inkxalabo exhaphakileyo yiyo i- intengo kunye nolibaziseko lwezicelo. Izicelo zingajongana neminyaka yeengxubusho ezongezelelweyo neendleko ezithe kratya zomthetho phambi kwesigqibo sokugqibela. Oku kungaphazamisa abantu abanobuncwane obulinganiselweyo nxamnye nabachasi okanye amaqela karhulumente.

Enye ingqwalaselo yi volume yezibheno enokuthi ithwale iinkundla eziphakathi. Kweminye imiba, ukulayisha umthwalo kunzima kangangokuba abagwebi banexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuhlola ngokucokisekileyo ityala ngalinye, elinokubakhokelela kwimbono ezingapapashwanga, ezinika ukhokelo oluncinane. Oku kubangele ukuba kusetyenziswe kakhulu imo yesishwankathelo okanye iindlela zokubonisa.

Kukwakho impikiswano ngempembelelo yejiyografi kwizigqibo ezidityanisiweyo, ingakumbi kumgangatho ophezulu. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yokumisa iijaji ````ingakumbi kulawulo lorhulumente'' ijongene kakhulu, kwaye ezinye izigqibo zibonakala zilandela imigca ye-ractic kunokulandela imigaqo engokwasemthethweni. Xa abagwebi beqeqeshelwa ukubeka bucala iimbono zobuqu, imbono yekhethe ingenza umgangatho wokuthemba kukawonke wonke.

Ekugqibeleni, [[Nt.0] ubuyatha bezigqibo zokukhupha ityala maxa wambi] bungakhokelela ekungaqiniseki okude. Kwanasemva kwesibheno sokuqala, amaqela angafuna uhlolo lokuvala (ngenkundla epheleleyo) okanye isicelo secerestiorari kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ukwandisa ubomi betyala kangangeminyaka. Izicelo zotshintsho ziquka ukulinganisela inani lokubhena njengokulungileyo nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwesicelo sokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla zezicelo zenkundla ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokugweba. Ziqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ziyalungiswa, ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokulinganayo, kwaye amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwa. Ngokuhlola umsebenzi weenkundla zamatyala ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokushwankathela, iingcebiso zomlomo, kwaye ziqiqe, zigcina ingqibelelo nokusesikweni okulindelwe nguwonke-wonke kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ukuba uqinisekisa ukugweba, ukuphazamisa umgwebo wamakhaya, okanye ukuthumela ityala, inkundla yokuvavanya iinkundla ezintsha, ibumba ubomi bamaqela ababini kuphela kodwa kwanendlela yokulawula imigaqo esemthethweni ebanzi esetyenziswa ngamandla ekwakheti. Ukuqonda umsebenzi wabo ubalulekile kumntu ofuna ukuya kulwazi okanye ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukuphinda ufunde, Icandelo lolwazi loMthetho (Isikolo soMthetho seKhonyal) linika imfihlo entle, kunye iSikhokelo seMelika Psychological Association kunxulumano lwequmrhu lorhulumente [ inika uluvo oluluncedo kwinkqubo ye-appelllate kwinkqubo yezwelonke.