Ukwazisa: Inkxaso Yoluntu Olunobulungisa

Inkqubo yokugweba imiswe njengenye yeentsika ezintathu zolawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla, ebekwe ityala lokutolika nokusebenzisa umthetho ukucombulula iingxabano nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Inika iphulo elilungelelanisiweyo, elingakhethiyo lokulungisa iingxabano eziphakathi kobamelwane ukuya kwiingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezilawula inkqubo yesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo kwiimeko zoluntu nezezaphuli-mthetho ziyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa nakumntu ngamnye oxhomekeke kumthetho ukukhusela inkululeko yakhe, ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano zomthetho, nokugcina ulungelelwano lukawonke wonke.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima eyahlukileyo kodwa engqinelanayo yenkqubo yokugweba kumatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Lihlolisisa imisebenzi engundoqo, izicwangciso zenkqubo, kunye nemigaqo ekhuselayo eqinisekisa okusesikweni nokusesikweni. Ngokuqhekeza ilungu ngalinye ngokuphikisana ngesigqibo kunye nokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa kwemicimbi yasekuhlaleni ukuze batshutshise kwaye bagwebe kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isiseko senkqubo yezeejaji

Phambi kokuntywila kwimisebenzi ethile kumatyala oluntu nawezaphuli-mthetho, kubalulekile ukuqonda iziseko zokwakha nezobucukubhede apho inkqubo yokugweba yakhiwe khona. Iinkundla azikho kwikhamandela; zisebenza kwisiseko semigaqo yesiseko, imithetho yemithetho yezomthetho, nemithetho yenkcubeko elungiselelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo nezingaguquguqukiyo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Nenkululeko Yogwebo

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zedemokhrasi, ijaji izimele kumasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya. Oku kwahlula amagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bangenza izigqibo ngokusekelwe kumthetho kuphela nezibakala zetyala, ngaphandle kwengcinezelo yabadlali bezobupolitika okanye uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Uzimele-mthetho lukhuselwa ngobomi okanye ngokumiselwa ixesha elide, imivuzo ekhuselweyo, kunye nemithetho esesikweni ethintela abagwebi ukuba bangabandakanyeki kwimisebenzi ephenjelelwa kwiphondo. Ngaphandle kwezi migaqo yokukhusela, inkqubo yokugweba inokwenziwa ngezixhobo zokucinezela okanye ukucinezela okanye ukusebenzela iinjongo ezincinane.

Iinkundla

Iinkqubo zezeejaji zibonakalisa inkqubo yezobungangamsha evumela ukubhenela nokuqinisekisa ukulingana ekutolikeni komthetho. Kumgangatho osezantsi ziinkundla zamatyala (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesithili okanye iinkundla eziphakamileyo), apho kunikelwa ubungqina nezigqibo zokuqala. Ngaphezu kwazo kukho iinkundla ezilawulayo, ezihlola iinkundla ezivavanya iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwinqanaba eliphezulu okanye ezisemthethweni zilungisa imibuzo esisiseko yomthetho kwaye zisebenza njengomgwebi wokugqibela weempikiswano. Eli lungiselelo lobucuphi bomthetho linika iqhinga lokulungisa iimpazamo nokuphuhlisa iimfundiso ezisemthethweni ngexesha elingephi.

Iimodeli ezichaseneyo nezichaseneyo.

Imizekelo emibini ephambili ilawula indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo: inkqubo yokuzikhusela kunye nokukhusela amatyala aqhelekileyo (eqhelekileyo kumazwe afana ne-United States kunye noMadoda) kunye nenkqubo yokuncina amatyala (oqhelekileyo kumazwe angoorhulumente njengeFransi neJamani). Kwimodeli ephambili, amaqela amabini `ukubulawa nokuzikhusela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukukhutshelwa nokumangalelwa kumatyala asekuhlaleni afana ne-United States kunye no-United Kingdom) kunye nenkqubo yokuvavanyanisa (oooogxanduva-mthetho abaqhelekileyo kumazwe angathathi calameneyo okanye abachopheli-mthetho. Ijaji isebenza njengejaji elungileyo, kodwa ayiphengululi. Kwimodeli ye-mkhankaniso, abagwebi bathatha indima ephambili ekuqokeleleni ubungqina nokuncinwa kwamangqina, ngokufuthi bencelwa ngoncedo lwamakhwekhwela. Zombini ziveza intengo, kodwa zisebenza ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa ke ngoko kungene ngobuchule.

Imisebenzi yenkqubo yezeejaji kwityala labemi

Amatyala amakhaya aphakama xa elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lisithi elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lisilele ukuphumeza umsebenzi osemthethweni, libangele umonakalo okanye ilahleko. Injongo yokugwetywa kwamakhaya asikokokohlwaya umenzi wobubi kodwa ukwenza iqela elilimeleyo liphelele qho ngelahleko yemali okanye ngemiyalelo yokwenza okanye ukuyeka ukwenza okuthile (ukukhululeka ngokugqithisileyo). Inkqubo yezomthetho isebenza imisebenzi eliqela yesiseko kule ndawo.

Inkcazo Yesigqibo njengomsebenzi

Ngentliziyo yayo, inkqubo yokugweba ilungiselela inkqubo yoxolo, elungelelanisiweyo yokucombulula iingxabano amaqela angenakuzinzisa ngokwawo. Ngaphandle kweenkundla, iimpikiswano zingakhula zibe lugonyamelo lwangasese okanye imijikelezo engapheliyo yempindezelo. Iinkundla zinikela indawo engondilele apho amacala omabini anokunikela ubungqina, zibize amangqina, kwaye ziphikisane netyala lawo phantsi kwemithetho emiselweyo kunye nobungqina. Isigqibo sibophelele .

Izisombululo zempikiswano kwimicimbi yamakhaya zingaba ziindlela ezininzi. Ezinye iimeko ziconjululwa ngomgwebo omfutshane xa kungekho mpikiswano ziyinyaniso kwaye kungekho mibuzo yomthetho kuphela eseleyo. Ezinye ziyavavanya, apho ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bavavanya ubungqina obuphikisanayo. Iimithetho ezininzi zikhuthaza ezinye iindlela zokuphikisana (ADR) njengesixhobo sokukhupha ityala, ezinokuthi zikhawuleze zifumane imali eninzi kunenkcubeko. Inkqubo yezomthetho isoloko inika isiseko sobume bezi nkqubo ze-ADR kwaye iyakwazi ukunyanzelisa iziphumo zazo.

Ukutolika Nokusetyenziswa Kwemithetho

Iinkundla azisebenzisi nje imithetho ngokweenjongo; ziyayichaza. Imithetho nemigaqo isoloko ibhalwa ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo olushiya impikiswano icacile. Xa kuvela impikiswano ngoko kuthethwa ngumthetho othile okanye indlela esebenza ngayo kwisiseko esithile sezibakala, iinkundla kufuneka zizalise kwizithuba. Ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yinkcazelo esesikweni, abagwebi baqwalasela ulwimi olucacileyo lombhalo, iinjongo zomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla zangaphambili (ukuqalisa), kunye nemigaqo kawonke-wonke. Lo msebenzi wokutolika ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla efana nomthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wempahla, kunye nomthetho we-car, apho izibakalathisi ngamnye zinokuhluka kakhulu.

Umzekelo, isivumelwano singafuna iqela ukuhambisa impahla “ngexesha elifanelekileyo.” Ukuba kuvela impikiswano yokuba ukulibazisa kweeveki ezimbini kusengqiqweni, inkundla kufuneka ichaze oko “ngexesha” kuthethwa ngumongo othile. Ukuqwalasela imilinganiselo yezoshishino, ihambo yamaqela, kunye nayiphi na indlela esetyenziswayo yorhwebo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlala uthambe ngokwaneleyo ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha ngeli lixa usanikela ukhokelo oluthe ngqo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Nabantu Ngabo Bonke

Iinkundla zamakhaya zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu ekuphazanyisweni ngabanye abantu okanye kurhulumente. Lo msebenzi uyabonakala kakhulu kwimithetho echaphazelekayo, apho abachasi-mthetho bacela ucelomngeni kwimithetho okanye kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezithi zichaphazele amalungelo asisiseko afana nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, okanye ukukhusela okulinganayo. Kodwa kwakhona usebenza kumgangatho othe kratya: iinkundla zinyanzela imithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho emsebenzini, izindlu, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke; zikhusela abathengi kwizenzo zoshishino zobuqhetseba; kwaye zikhusela abaqeshi kwimi abangekho mthethweni.

Kwimiba yamalungelo abantu, inkundla idla ngokukhupha imiyalelo ``iqulururt'' efuna ukuba iqela lenze okuthile okanye liyeke ukwenza into ethile------ukukhusela umonakalo oqhubekayo. Ngokomzekelo, inkundla yephondo ingayalela isithili sesikolo ukuba sitshayele izakhiwo zaso, okanye inkundla yephondo isenokukhupha umyalelo wexeshana wokunqanda inkampani ekungcoliseni umthombo wamanzi. Le miyalelo ingaphaya kwentlawulo ekhoyo nokuzilungisa ngqo ukuxhasa umthetho.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kombutho Nokuzinza Kwezoqoqosho

Izixhobo zezorhwebo zingubomi borhwebo. Amashishini axhomekeke kuwo ukukhusela izinto eziyimfuneko, imisebenzi yezemali, kunye nokuqesha abasebenzi. Isixokelelwano sokugweba siyakwazi ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano ukuba zizenze zibe yindawo eqinileyo yokusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Xa elinye iqela liqhawula isivumelwano, elinye iqela lingamangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo ofunekayo, ngokufuthileyo, imali efunekayo yokuzibeka kwindawo ebezinokufakwa kuyo ukuba isivumelwano besingenziwa. Iinkundla zikwanokucwangcisa ukusebenza okungqalileyo, ukunyanzela iqela lokwaphula izivumelwano ekwenzeni oko lithembise kuko (urhwebo lokwenene lwelizwe apho imali ingenamali).

Lo msebenzi wonyanzelo unciphisa ubungozi bokwenza ishishini. Ngenxa yokuba amaqela ayazi ukuba inkundla iza kunyanzelisa izivumelwano zawo, akulungele kakhulu ukungena kwizivumelwano ezibandakanya izibophelelo ezithe rhoqo okanye imali eninzi. Ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa komnqophiso othembekileyo, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho bekuya kudodobala, njengoko ukuthembana kolwalamano lorhwebo kungaphela. Iinkundla ze-U.S. zisingatha iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezivumelwano zesivumelwano [[, kuboniswa indima engundoqo yenkqubo kwizoshishino.

Ukunikela Ubuchule Nesiqinisekiso Esisemthethweni

Kwinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo, izigqibo zenkundla ziba yimizekelo ekhokela amatyala exesha elizayo. Le mfundiso ye- stare decisis (ngesiLatini se-“ma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe ngokufanelekileyo”) iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala afanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo, akhuthaza ukungaguquguquki kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Xa inkundla ikhupha umthetho kwimpikiswano enomthetho okhoyo, imisela umthetho wokuba iinkundla ezisezantsi kwigunya elinye zilandele. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eli qumrhu lomthetho lizalisa iinkcukacha zemimiselo kwaye lenze isakhiwo esizinzileyo somthetho.

Ngokomzekelo, ingcamango ‘ yenkathalo esengqiqweni” kumthetho wokungakhathali iphuculwe kumawaka ezigqibo zenkundla. Ngoxa umgangatho jikelele uhlala ungaguquki `umntu kufuneka enze ngenkathalo yokuba umntu onobulumko obufanelekileyo kwiimeko ezifanayo(---"isicelo esikhethekileyo siyahluka kuxhomekeka kumongo. I-Precedenting inika ukhokelo kubameli, amagqwetha, nabagwebi, ukunciphisa ukungaqiniseki nokunceda amaqela ukuba acombulule iimpikiswano ngaphandle kokucazululwa komthetho.

Imisebenzi yenkqubo yezeejaji kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala abantu abaqalayo, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abangelwa ngurhulumente (abatshutshisi) ngenxa kawonke-wonke. Imisebenzi yenkqubo yokugweba kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho icacile kwaye inemiphumo enzulu kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwemithetho Yezaphuli - mthetho Nolungelelwano Lwasekuhlaleni

Umsebenzi oyintloko wenkqubo yezobulungisa kukwenza imithetho echaza ihambo enqatyisiweyo − njengokubulala, ubusela, ukuhlasela, nokurhoxisa iziyobisi (ukuze kuqinisekise abo bachaphazelekayo). Ukunyanzelisa kuphumeza iinjongo ezininzi: kuyabohlwaya ukwenza okubi, kuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho oluzayo, kuthintela abantu abayingozi, kwaye kukhuthaza imigaqo-nkqubo yezentlalo. Inkqubo yokugweba yindawo apho ezi zenzo zonyanzelo ziqhutyelwa zize ziconjululwe ngokwemithetho.

Abatshutshisi banengqiqo ephangaleleyo xa begqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afanele asiwe naziphi na izityholo eziza kubekwa phambi koshicilelo. Kodwa ke, xa ityala lingenile kwinkqubo yenkundla, abagwebi bajolise inkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselwe nokuba umtshutshisi uhlangabezana noxanduva lwakhe lokungqina ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Lo mgaqo uphakamile ngabom ukucutha ubungozi bokuchana. Inkqubo yokugweba isebenza njengomgcini-sango, iqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente awasetyenziswa ngokuzenzelela.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Abakhuseli Nenkqubo Efanelekileyo

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokugweba kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abamangalelwayo. La malungelo aquka ukucingela ukuba msulwa, ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke wonke, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokuzimela ngokwalo. Iinkundla ziwanyanzelisa la malungelo ngokukhupha ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, ukucinezela ukuvuma izono, nokugatya izityholo xa abatshutshisi bephula imithetho yokuziphatha.

Imothelo efunekayo yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yomthetho iya kuba yeyobulungisa nokuba abantu baya kufumana isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente abahluthe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubela efunekayo ifuna ukuba amatyala aqhutywe ngokwemithetho emiselweyo, ukuba abamangalelwa bafumane ubungqina obuyi-exculpary, kwaye abagwebi bahlale bengakhethi cala. Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo iphulwa, iinkundla ze-appeltate zingazibuyisela kwiinkolelo zabo kunye nokulungelelanisa iimvavanyo ezintsha. [Ornell Information Information Institute elungelelation ebanzi yezemthetho], ichaza indima yabo esembindingqingqi.

Ukufumana Inyaniso Nokugweba Ityala

Inkqubo yokuchophela ityala kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ibandakanya ukufumana isibakala esinzima. Ityala kufuneka linikele ubungqina bokungqina zonke izinto zetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ingqwalaselo ingakuphikisa ukuba ubungqina buphendulwe ngokuhlola okunqamlezileyo, inike ubungqina balo, okanye iphikisane nokuba ityala aliphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana noxanduva lwalo. Ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bamisela izibakala zenze isigqibo.

I Juries inguphawu lwenkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kumazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo. Ukuhlaziywa kweSithandathu koMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Kuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho. AmaJulie asebenza njengeqhinga kwigunya likarhulumente, azisa imilinganiselo yoluntu enkundla yenkundla kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ugwetywa ngaphandle kwemvume yoontanga. Abagwebi, okwangoku, bayalela kwimibandela esemthethweni efana nokungafezeki kobungqina, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, kunye nemiyalelo efanelekileyo yokunika abachobi.

Ukugwetywa nokujoliswa emva

Xa ummangalelwa egwetyiwe, inkqubo yokugweba iba netyala lokumisela isigwebo esilungelelaniswa neso sona nesikhokelo somthetho. Ukugwetywa kunokuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuvavanywa, ukuhlawuliswa, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango. Kwezinye iindawo, abagwebi banengqiqo ephawulekayo; kwezinye, izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo zinyanzelwa ukuba bakhethe. Inkundla isenokuyalela ukuhlawulelwa amaxhoba, ukuphulukana nempahla, okanye ukubhaliswa njengomntu owenzileyo ngokwesini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile.

Ngapha koko kugwetywa, iinkundla zijonge imicimbi enjengeyokuvavanywa emva kokuvavanywa kwetyala, ukuvalwa kwetyala (kwimimandla ethile), kunye nokuhamba ngeminxeba ukuze kukhululwe ityala lasemva kokuququzelelwa. Abameli bangavavanya iinkolelo zabo ngokubhenela ngqo nangokuhlasela okungqalileyo (umz., i-habeas corpus zizicelo). Inkqubo ye-appelte ibalulekile ekulungiseni iimpazamo ezisenokuba zenzekile ekuvavanyweni, beqinisekisa ukuba ingqinisekisiso zinokuthenjwa kwaye isohlwayo ifanele ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neemeko zomntu ngamnye owenzekileyo.

Ukukhusela Uluntu Ngokungaqini Nzima Nokudinwa

Ngokumisela izigwebo ezisusa abantu abayingozi kuluntu (abangakhuthaziyo) nangokubonisa ukuba ihambo yezaphuli-mthetho ineziphumo ezibuhlungu (ukunqanda ukhuseleko), inkqubo yokugweba inceda ekukhuseleni uluntu. Ukuthintela okuthile kujolise ekuthinteleni umenzi othile onxaxhileyo ukuba angaphinde avume, ngelixesha ukunqandelwa kwemithetho jikelele kuthumela umyalezo kwabanye abanokuqwalasela izenzo ezifanayo. Iinkundla zikwadlala indima ekulungiseni iziphumo zokulungisa ngokuyalela iinkqubo zonyango lweziyobisi, ukucebisa ngengqondo, okanye izifundo zemfundo njengemiqathango yokulungisa.

Noko ke, ukusebenza kwale misebenzi kungumcimbi wengxoxo eqhubekayo. Abahlalutyi bathi ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi akuzange kuveze unciphiso lolwaphulo lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezinye iindlela zokufikelela ngezantsi. Ngokufana nokulungisa ubulungisa neenkqubo zokuzilungisa − zinokufumana iziphumo ezingcono ngexabiso eliphantsi. Inkqubo yokugweba ifumana ezi zinketho, kunye neenkundla ezininzi ngoku zinika iidokisi ezikhethekileyo (umz., iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zezonyango zengqondo) eziphatha imiba ephantsi kwemiba enegalelo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Phakathi Kwemisebenzi Yaburhulumente Nezaphuli-mthetho

Ngoxa inkqubo yokugweba isebenza ukucutha iinjongo zobulungisa nocwangco kwiimeko zoluntu nezezaphuli-mthetho, imisebenzi ethile iyahluka kwiinkalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kwahluka-hlukeneyo kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni iinkqubo nemigangatho yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezi mbulunga zimbini.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise imeko yakhe ngokuphandle kobungqina obuthi ``' ngokunjalo, kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunento yokuba ummangalelwa unegunya. Lo ngumgangatho osezantsi kunomgangatho wesigebengu we ongaphaya kothandabuza okusengqiqweni [, okufuna ukuqiniseka. Umahluko ubonisa izibonda ezibandakanyekileyo: ityala loluntu libandakanya imali okanye impahla, ngelixa ulwaphulo-mthetho lungamhlutha umntu inkululeko okanye ubomi.

Iintsuku Nohlolo

Amatyala amakhaya aqaliswa ngamaqela azimeleyo (abantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho) abafaka isikhalazo befuna isicombululo. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aqaliswa ngurhulumente (umphathi, urhulumente, okanye umtshutshisi wasekuhlaleni) obeka izityholo kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho alilolungu letyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa lisenokuba lingqina okanye lisenokufuna ukuhlawuliswa ngesuntswana lamakhaya elahlukeneyo.

Iziphumo

Iindlela zonyango zamakhaya zijolise kwimbuyiselo nengxubusho efumaneka ityala loburhulumente. Ummangalelwa ofunyaniswe efanelwe yityala lolwaphulo-mthetho angayalelwa ukuba ahlawule iziphumo zokonakaliswa (ukuhlawulwa, ukukhutshwa, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwetyala) okanye afeze okanye angayeki ukwenza okanye ukuyeka izenzo ezithile. Isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho, ngokwahlukileyo, siso sisohlwayo esingokwemvelo: intengo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukugcinwa kwetyala, okanye isigwebo sokufa. Isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho sikwaneziphumo ezifana nokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ukungafezeki kwemisebenzi ethile, kunye nokugxothwa kwabantu abangengoomatilo.

UKhuselo oluPhambili

UmGaqo-siseko unikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yezinyuko eziphezulu. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokucebisa (kwanakwabamangalelwa abangamkelekanga), ukukhusela kwiingozi eziphindiweyo, ilungelo lokungathethi, kunye nemfuneko yesigqibo sejaji edibeneyo kwiimeko ezinzulu (kwinkundla zephondo nakumaphondo amaninzi). Abachopheli-mthetho abanalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisa, kwaye izigqibo zabachophele

Indima YaBagwebi Nemibhiyozo: Ukujonga Ngokunzulu

ABagwebi nabagwebi bajoliswe kumntu wenkqubo yokugweba. Iindima zabo ziyahluka phakathi kwemicimbi yamakhaya neyolwaphulo-mthetho yaye kwakhona ziyahlukahluka kuxhomekeka ekubeni ityala liza kuqulwa ngabachopheli-tyala okanye kwityala lebheri (ukugweba kuphela).

ABagwebi Njengabaxhasi Boburhulumente Nabasemagunyeni Abasemthethweni

Abagwebi banegunya lokulawula inkundla yenkundla, ukuphatha iinkundla, ukuyalela amaqumrhu ejaji, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala alandela umthetho. Kwizibhedlele, ijaji ikwakhetha imibuzo yenyaniso ize inikele isigqibo. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mgwebi ngomthetho osebenzayo ize ke ngoko abachopheli-mkeli basebenzise loo mthetho kwiimeko njengoko bezifumana. Kwakhona abagwebi banamandla okugweba amagqwetha ngehambo engafanelekanga, babuchasile ubungqina obungachananga okanye bokungavumelani, baze bawachase amatyala angenalo ilungelo elisemthethweni.

Ubuntu bomgwebo `ukukwazi ukuhlala ezolile, unomonde, kwaye ungakhethi buso phantsi kwengcinezelo-ukufuneka. Abagwebi kufuneka babeke bucala ikhethe lobuqu baze bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kuphela kubungqina nomthetho. Xa abagwebi besilela ukwenza oko, iinkundla ezigwebayo zingaziguqula izigqibo zabo okanye, kwiimeko ezinzima, baphinde bazibeke ecaleni.

Iintlawulo zeNkcubeko

Ii Juries zisebenza umsebenzi okhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba: zizisa ingqiqo eqhelekileyo kunye namaxabiso oluntu kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, amajaji agqiba enoba ijaji ingqina ukuba ityala livunyiwe ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, iijaji zigqiba enoba ummangalelwa unelungelo kusini na, yaye ukuba kunjalo, umlinganiselo womonakalo. UJuries ngabom ngasese ngasese kwaye ufikelela kwisigqibo esimele sihlangatyelwe kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho (kwinkundla zenkundla zorhulumente nakwiinkundla ezininzi) kwaye zisenokungangqinwa njengakwimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likhuselwa luHlaziyo lweSithandathu nolweSibetho kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U. Noko ke, amatyala amaninzi aconjululwa ngaphandle kwenkundla yamatyala . Ngokucela ukuphenduliswa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Xa amatyala aya kumatyala, ukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala yinkqubo enzima elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela labangakhethiyo. Abachopheli-mthetho bathandabuzeka ngeemvelaphi zabo nangekhethe labo, kwaye amagqwetha angavavanya abacholi-jaji ngenxa yesizathu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemingeni yokukhupha inani elisikelwe phantsi kwetyala ngaphandle kokunikela isizathu (ukungamelani imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko).

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Yezaphulo

Akukho nkqubo yokugweba ifezekileyo. Iinkundla zetyala zinokwenza iimpazamo zomthetho okanye isibakala, kwaye abagwebi okanye abagwebi basenokuba bagweba ngokungekho mthethweni okanye baxelelwe iziphumo eziphosakeleyo. Inkqubo yokugweba inika inkqubo yokuhlola izigqibo zenkundla yokuvavanya nokulungisa iimpazamo. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekugcineni ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokugweba nokuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okungaguquguqukiyo komthetho.

Umgangatho wempinda

Iinkundla zetyala aziwafuni amatyala. Endaweni yoko, bahlola ingxelo yamatyala ``iincwadi ezibhaliweyo', imiboniso,' kunye nentshukumo-ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho zenzekile ezachaphazela iziphumo. Imibuzo yomthetho (umz., nokuba ijaji egwebayo iwusebenzisa kakuhle umthetho) iyaphinda ibuye ihlolwe i-novo [[FLT:]] (iiiiincwadi entsha), ithetha ukuba inkundla yetyala ayinikezeli kutoliko lwenkundla yokuvavanya. Imibuzo yenyaniso, noko ke, iyaphinda ilungiswe phantsi komgangatho obekekileyo: “ubungqina obungachananga" kwiimeko zamakhaya kunye“ nezolwaphulo-mthetho. ” Le candelo libonisa ukuqondwa kolwazi olunetyala kunye nokuvavanywa kakuhle kobungqina obufanelekileyo.

Ukuvuselelwa, Ukubuyiselwa Nokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elitsha

Ukuba inkundla egwebayo ifumanise impazamo engenakuguqulwa, isenokusiguqula isigwebo senkundla egwebayo ize iwise umthetho omtsha (kwaye) okanye ilathise inkundla yamatyala ukuba ingene kwisigwebo esahlukileyo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba ubungqina abunakuxhasa ityala, inkundla yetyala ingasiphikisa ngokupheleleyo, iwise umthetho wokuba ummangalelwa akhululwe. Ukuba amatyala abekwe ityala alibalulekanga ngokugqithisileyo, inkundla yetyala isenokuyalela ukuba i-remittitur (ivuthur) okanye ityala elitsha kwityala lolahleko kuphela. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zokuchola ihlala ithembekile kumele ukubekwa ityala eliphezulu kwaye umthetho usetyenziswe ngendlela efanayo.

Ikhonkco Langaphandle Nokufunda Okungakumbi

Ukuze iqondwe ngokunzulu le misebenzi ixutyushweyo, ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo zinikela inkcazelo enegunya kwiinkqubo zomthetho nemigaqo esemthethweni:

Isiphumo: Indima engenakugwetywa yenkqubo yezeejaji

Inkqubo yokugweba ingaphezulu kakhulu kunendawo yokucombulula iingxabano okanye yokohlwaya izaphuli-mthetho. Lilungiselelo elinika ubomi kumthetho, liqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akhuselwe, izivumelwano ezinyanzeliswe, namandla karhulumente alawulwayo. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, linikela inkqubo yoxolo yokucombulula iingxabano zangasese, ukutolika imithetho, nokuxhasa amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, lilungelelanisa imfuneko yorhulumente yokugcina ulungelelwano lukawonke wonke kunye nelungelo lommangalelwa elifanelekileyo netyala elilungileyo.

Ukuqonda le misebenzi kubalulekile kuye nabani na onqwenela ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni .Njengoko ummi, umfundi, umfundisi, okanye ingcaphephe yexesha elizayo esemthethweni. Imigaqo yokuzimela ngokwamatyala, ukungakhethi, kunye nokungagwebi okusekelwe kokuzithethelela okukhoyo okubandakanya izivumelwano zoluntu nezilwaphuli-mthetho akuyoenjongo ezithethsi; zizinto eziluncedo ezigcina ingqibelelo yokusesikweni. Njengoko inkqubo yezomthetho iguqula, kufuneka ilungelelanise, ihlangabezane neengxaki ezintsha zezobugcisa, ezorhwebo ezimanyumnyezi, kunye nokuguqula imilinganiselo yentlalo-ntle. Kodwa umsebenzi wayo ongundoqo uhlala ungekho ngqiqwelekweni olulungileyo, ngokomthetho, nokugcina ukuthemba kwabantu okusebenzayo.

Kwixesha lokwanda koqhekeko nokungaqiniseki ngamaziko, indima yejaji njengomxhasi wobundilele ayizange ibe yeyona ibalulekileyo. Ngokufeza imisebenzi yayo kwiimeko zoluntu nezaphuli-mthetho, -- ngokubonakala, ukungaguquguquki, kunye nokuhlonela isidima somntu ngamnye, `inkqubo yokugweba ixhasa isithembiso sokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu.