Ukuqonda Ubulumko

Umthetho, osoloko uchazwa njengentanda-bulumko okanye inzululwazi yomthetho, uzama ukuphendula imibuzo esisiseko ngendalo, injongo, kunye nomthombo wemithetho esemthethweni. Imibuzo yayo idlulela ngaphaya kohlalutyo lwendlela engekho mthethweni, yezobupolitika, kunye nemigangatho yentlalo enika umthetho igunya layo kwaye inegunya. Kubongi, abafundisi, nabafundi, ababandakanyekileyo kwinkcubeko yenkcaso yomthetho ayiyo inkqubo engaziwayo; inika amaziko afanelekileyo afunekayo ukutolika imithetho, ivavanya ukuqiqa uluvo olusemthethweni, kwaye ifumana uxabiso oluthe kratya lweziphumo ezingo zomthetho. Ingqeqesho eninzi zemfundo yendalo kunye nezomthetho osemthethweni, ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa komthetho wendalo kunye nokwenza uphando olungqongqo lwezimo-mthetho obhaliweyo okuphikisanayo nokuphikisanayo ngokomthetho, isebenza ngendlela elungeleneyo, ingqiqo yoluvo lwalenye lwendlela ezikhoyo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ngokwembali, isigwebo siye savela kwimisebenzi yezithandi zobulumko zamandulo njengoAristotle, owafak' isandla ekuphuhlisweni kwemithetho yendalo kunye nemithetho esesikweni, ngooSosiba abangoonjingalwazi bamaxesha aphakathi abanjengoThomas Aquinas, owadibanisa imigaqo yezakwalizwi nomthetho, kwiingcali zale mihla kuquka iH.L.A. Hart, iHans Kelsen, neLon Fuller. Ixesha ngalinye laba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwesakhiwo sobugrafini obusisityebi esiqhubeka nokuphembelela uqheliselo olusemthethweni lwamaxesha aphakathi. Umzekelo, ingcamango ka-Hart yemimiselo esisiseko neybhiyo ihlala ingundoqo ekuqondeni imigaqo engokwasemthethweni, ngoxa i-Pillerquieling-rerited, engasetyenziswa ngokucacileyo, kwaye isebenzisa izibhedreji ezingo zenkcelo zomthetho ezisetyenziswa ngoluvo oluqhelekileyo xa kusetyenziswa ukuchaza umthetho.

Indima Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu, imibutho, okanye ezinye izinto ezikhoyo — ezibhekisele kumalungelo, imisebenzi, kunye namayeza. Iquka iindawo ezininzi ezifana nomthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho we-tort, umthetho wempahla, kunye nomthetho weentsapho. IJurispradence idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxoleleni indlela umthetho wesizwe oqondwa ngayo, osetyenziswa ngayo, nowokuhlaziywa ngayo. Ngasezantsi iyimisebenzi engundoqo esetyenziswayo ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukucaciswa Kwemibhalo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho yamakhaya ixhomekeke kwiqumrhu lemithetho emiselweyo kwaye, kwimithetho eqhelekileyo, ikhomishini yezigqibo zomthetho ezimiselweyo. IJurisprudence inika inkcazo ecacisa indlela ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla namagqwetha ukukhupha intsingiselo kule mithombo. Ingxoxo ecacileyo phakathi kombhalo (ukuqwalasela intsingiselo ecacileyo yamagama) kunye nokujonga kwinjongo ye-pursition (injongo yomthetho okanye injongo ebanzi yomthetho) ngokusisiseko ingumzekelo obalulekileyo obalulekileyo oweyo omnye. Umzekelo, ekuchazeni umthetho ogunyazinzileyo, umgaqo wokholo olulungileyo nokhetho omele ukwenzeke abanye abantu ngaphandle kokuzibeka engozini ngokucacileyo, okanye ukusetyenziswa komgaqo osemthethweni othe ngqo kwimiqatha, ngokokungachaphazelwa okungachaphazeli kakuhle kwemithetho esesikweni. Ngokunjalo, ukuya kumthetho “umzekelo, inkqululo yenk ’ engqinelwayo ngokomthetho wolwazi oluthe ngqo kubantu ngabanye, ngaphandle kokuchana kwabo.

Ukuseka Iziganeko Zomthetho Nozinzo

Kwinkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, imfundiso ye ingumgangatho ophezulu (ukuma ngokwezigqibo) iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zithwala isidibanisi okanye igunya eliyekelelayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo. Jurisprudence ichaza isizathu sokuba idemodeli ifanele ihlonelwe (ngokufuthi incomela amaxabiso okuthelekelelwayo, ukulingana, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kwaye xa kufuneka igqitywe. Umzekelo, indaleko yemveliso yomthetho wetyala elikwityala elisuka kwityala eliqinileyo lolawulo olunetyala yaphenjelelwa kakhulu ziimpikiswano ezimayela ekubonelweni kwengozi kunye nokusebenza kwezenziwa kwabenzi bezinto eziphithiweyo. [[F][3] ngokunika ukuthethelela okuthethyo okanye ukurhoxa kulandelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yoluntu, ngexesha lokuzinziwa kwe-7] [F3] [12]

Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Neembopheleleko

Umthetho wamakhaya usoloko ufuna ukuba iinkundla zilinganise amalungelo asisiseko akhuphisanayo ngokulinganayo nelungelo lokuzimela ngamalungelo obuqu nxamnye nelungelo lokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo, okanye amalungelo empahla ngokuchasene nomdla woluntu ekukhuseleni imekobume. Jurispradence inika izixhobo zentanda-bulumko zokuqhuba oku kulungelelana ngendlela esekelwe kwimigaqo-siseko. Uluvo lokulungelelana olusetyenziswayo ekuhloleni komgaqo-siseko, umzekelo, ityala lokusebenza okusemthethweni kwentandabulumko kumalungelo omntu kunye nemidabi ye-orenti yorhulumente. “ukulindele ngokunzulu ukuba lilungu lomntu ozimeleyo” kuvavanyaniswa kwemvelaphi yalo lwengxoxo ye-gqweqwele kunye nesidima. Ngaphezu koko, ingcamango “yokukwazi ukukhuselwa kwemithetho esemthethweni" ngokomzekelo, ngokomthetho, ihambo lommangalelwa-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nemithetho emele ikhuliswe yimeko entle, apho kumele ivuswe khona iimbono ezicacileyo zezomthetho.

Ukubonelela ngemisebenzi yesakhelo

Izikolo eziphambili ezininzi zemithetho zinikela iilensi ezahlukeneyo ezinokubonwa ngazo umgaqo-mthetho. Ukuhlolisisa ngokusondeleyo iingcamango ezintathu ezinempembelelo kutyhila indlela ezifundisa ngayo indlela yomthetho osetyenziswa ngayo yonke imihla.

Ingcamango Yomthetho Wemvelo

Umthetho wendalo uthi umthetho wendalo kufuneka uvisisane nemigaqo ethile yokuziphatha engokwemvelo okanye esekelwe kwisizathu. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ukucinga ngomthetho wendalo, kusekelwe kwiimfundiso ezifana nokungavunyelwana kwezivumelwano, apho inkundla ingala ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano esingekho sesikweni okanye esicinezelayo. Ikwanengcamango yokuba abantu banamalungelo angaqhelekanga, kwaye banelungelo elifanelekileyo lobomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla, ````ukungavunyelwa kwangaphambili komthetho ofanelekileyo wempahla'. Kumthetho wempahla, ukusetyenziswa kwempahla okukhuthathiwe nguJohn Locke-.' ikwanengcamango yokuba ukuhlanganiswa komsebenzi ongenakuzimela nto kudala ubuni obusemthethweni wendalo ofanelekileyo. Ngelixesha langoku akukho mpembelelo ecocekileyo, umthetho wayo wendalo, ingumgaqo ofanelekileyo nolungele ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha.

Umthetho Osemthethweni

Umthetho osemthethweni uyakwazi ukwahlula umthetho njengoko unjalo kumthetho. Umthetho osemthethweni uxhomekeke kumthetho, apho ikhowudi ye-posivithis, ixhomekeke kumthombo wayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukumiswa kwegunya elisemthethweni elilandela iinkqubo ezimiselweyo ngezantsi kwemithetho emiselweyo. Le ngcamango iluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kumthetho wesizwe (umz., iFransi) apho isiseko singumthombo oyintloko womthetho nabagwebi abalindeleke ukuba basebenzise umbhalo kwanaxa befumana iziphumo ezingekho bulungisa. Umthetho wePosiviv ukhuthaza ukucaca, ukuthembeka, nokuhlonela igunya lomthetho womthetho womthetho. Abagxeki bechasana, ngoko, ngoko, babonisa ukuba i-posiviko inokuba ikhokelele kwiziphumo ezingekho semthethweni ukuba imiqatha. Nokoivisism igxininisa kumthetho nemithetho ephambili nemithetho esetyenziswayo kwimiqatha yemithetho esetyenziswayo ngaphandle kwemiqatha.

Ubunyani Obusemthethweni

Ubunyani obusemthethweni, obaba nempembelelo ephambili ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, bulucelomngeni kumthetho wendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-positivism ngokuthi umthetho uchaza ukuba ngabagwebi, amagqwetha, namanye amagosa agxininisa ukuba uphando olungokwasemthethweni lusoloko lungenanjongo kwaye ubuchule bobuqu, obungobentlalo, kunye nobezopolitiko luye lwaphembelela imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho exhomiweyo. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wendalo, inkqumfa icacisa isizathu sokuba abagwebi abahlukeneyo bafikelele izigqibo ezahlukeneyo kwizibakala ezifanayo, kwaye kutheni ukuphanda komthetho kubaluleke kakhulu. Umzekelo, inkcitho lobuqu, kunye nobeko lwezomthetho luye lwaphembelela imigaqo engundoqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutshabalalisa nokusetyenziswa kovavanyo lwezoqoqosho ukuqikelela indlela okuza kuchaphazela ngayo (a maxa ebizwa ngokuba “ngomthetho nezoqoqosho”. Ngoxa uphatho lwengqiqo lomthetho lwengqiqo lomthetho lufanele lungalwazi olubalulekileyo ngenxa yokusebenza kwiinkundla zomthetho.

Indima Yobugqwetha Kumthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uthetha ngehambo ekwalelayo nokumohlwaya, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba usongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, okanye ukuziphatha. Umthetho obhaliweyo kule ndawo uphendula imibuzo enzulu ngokubekwa ityala, isohlwayo, nemida yamandla karhulumente. Unceda ukuchaza ukuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, ukugwetywa kobume, nokukhokelwa kwemithetho.

Ukuchaza Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Equlunqweni lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho yi- i-actus ye- (isenzo esinetyala) kunye amadoda aphinda aphinde afumane (ingqondo echuliweyo). I-Jurisprudenti icacisa iziseko zentanda-bulumko zezi zinto. Umzekelo, kuthetha ntoni ukwenza “ngamathandabuzo"? Ukungakhathali kumele kwahluka njani kwinjongo? Iinkcazelo zeKhowulo yeModel Memodeli yenjongo, ulwazi, ukungakhathali, nokungakhathali, ukungazikhathaleli okuphembelela kakhulu okuphenjelelwa kukuhlazimfa okunganyanisekiyo. Ngaphandle kwemibango engundoqo, i-jurdeciance inokwenza iingingings zezonogrony, ezithiweyo zibizwa “iiegeegeeagover, ” ezithi nguJohn Mill, ezinokuthi zithintele ukuba ezinye iingozi zithintele, zithintele, ukuba zingathintela ezinye ezokuba zingekho zingekho zingekho zingekho zi

Ukuqinisekisa Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo Nendlela Efanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo lisisiseko sobulungisa bobulungisa, kwaye ijustiprance ichaza isizathu sokuba ukhuseleko oluthile lwezendalo lubalulekile. Ukucingela ukuba msulwa, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokulwa negunya lokuzimela ngokwalo, kunye nemfuneko yokuzingqina okungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni bonke banemvelaphi yentanda-bulumko. Umzekelo, ukuthethelela imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yobungqina kubonisa ukuba kungcono ukuvumela umntu onetyala akhululeke kunokuba agwebe omsulwa, ingcamango engaphaya komnye, enokuthiwa ngabagqweqwesi-mkhwebezeli abafana noWilliam Blackstone, odumileyo, “kubhetele ukuba abantu abalishumi abanetyala baphephe kunetyala elimsulwa.” UJurispuldence ujonge indima ekhoyo, ukugcingelana ityala, ukubhenela nokuthembeka kobucala. Kwixesha lokubhenela kwimeko oluqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-gqwenga, u-gqwenga, u-ntellis, othe qha, xa ekufuneka akhuselwe ukuba agwetywe ngokungenatyala.

Intambo egudisayo yesikhokelo

Izigqibo zokugweba zibonisa izibophelelo ezinzulu ezingokwasemthethweni eziphathelele injongo yesohlwayo. Iingcamango ezine eziqhelekileyo ``imvukelo, ukunqanda, ukubuyisela umva, nokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokufaka izigwebo eziphezulu. Ukunika ingxengxezo, ezisekelwe kwintanda-bulumko yeKantian, zithetha ukuba isohlwayo siyathetheleleka ngenxa yokuba isigqitho sifanelwe siso, kwaye ukuqina kufaneleke ngokulingana nempazamo ephosweni. Ukungalinganiyo kufuneka kulungelelene nento ephosakeleyo. UJurisrudence, jikelele, nongqalelo olungqalileyo, ujolise ekunqandezeni iziphumo ezibuhlungu ezaneleyo ukuze zigqwele iziphumo. URehabilita ugxininiso kwimiqatha yezo yemfundo yemfundo, ukuphucula inkcaso, okanye ubuchule obubongela ulwaphulo-mthetho, nangona igwetyelwe ngokululayo, imbono oye wafumana imbono yokungaphicotha kwityala, i-enza i-e.

Okusesikweni Okukhuthazayo

Okusesikweni okunika ulwahlulelo kukujongwa okungasemva: kufuna ukuba izaphuli-mthetho zohlwaywe ngenxa yokuba zifanelwe yiyo. Le ngcamango ivumelana nengcamango yethuku lokuba ukwenza okubi kufanele kuhlangatyezwe nempendulo efanelekileyo. Ngokuqhelisa, ukukhuthaza ukulingana ekugwetyweni kwetyala /amacala amakhulu afumana isohlwayo esinzima, lo gama amatyala amancinane etsala izisohlwayo ezilula. Iikhowudi ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka i-U. udierl Sentensiglines der, zenziwe jikelele kwimigaqo ekhuthaza ukuchasana. Kodwa, abagxeki bephikisa bathi ukubekwa kwakhona komthetho kunokubangela ubugqeba obukrakra kwaye abenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangeno.

I-Utilitirarianism kunye nokuLahla

Iindlela zolawulo, ezilandela uJeremy Bentam, zijonge phambili: ziyayithethelela isohlwayo ngeziphumo zaso eziluncedo, ingakumbi ukunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokubanzi ukunqanda ukudimazeka kudinisa abanye ekwenzeni umzekelo womntu ovalelweyo; ukunqanda okuthile kujolise ekumthinteni umntu othile ekuphumeleni. Ngoxa imigaqo yobugqwesi bucala iye yaphembelela imigaqo efana “nemithetho emithathu” kunye nesohlwayo esinyusiweyo sokuphinda-phinda ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwakhona inokuba ithethelela ukusohlwaya umntu omsulwa ukuba ukwenza oko kuvelisa inzuzo yentlalo-ntle. Ngokungaphezulu, ubungqina obucacileyo bokusebenza kwemiqathango yemiqathango budityaniswe, obuye bakhokelela kwinzala entsha kwinkcazelo ephicociweyo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kobulungisa

Ubulungisa obubuyiselayo bumela ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo kwimodeli yesithethe. Bujonga ulwaphulo-mthetho njengengozi kumaxhoba kunye nabantu bomthonyama kwaye bufuna ukulungisa loo nto ngokulungiselela iintlanganiso eziluncedo phakathi komoni namaxhoba, ukuhlawulelwa, kunye nenkonzo yoluntu. Ingcamango inike isiseko esiqhelekileyo sokubuyisela imigaqo, ukuququzelela imithetho yobuhlanga kunye nengqiqo yezithethe zomthonyama. Ngoku imimandla emininzi ifaka izibonelelo ezihlaziyayo kwinkqubo yezobulungisa, ingakumbi kulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane. Ingcamango ivavanyanisa ukunga komthetho wesizwe, ukuphendula, ukuphendula, kunye nokuqulungela.

Ukwabelana Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Nangona umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala wahlukile ngenjongo, inkqubo, kunye nonyango, zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo. Imithetho ikhanyisa indlela iingcamango ezinjengetyala, ukukhupha ityala netyala ezisebenza ngayo kuzo zombini imimandla. Ukuqonda esi sihlokozo kubalulekile koogqirha abamele bacebise abathengisi abajongene nokuchanabeka koburhulumente nolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha elinye, nakubenzi bomthetho abayila indlela engqinelanayo yokuphendula ngokwemigaqo ephosakeleyo.

Imigaqo Eqhelekileyo Engomthetho

Imigaqo emininzi esisiseko esemthethweni isebenza kwimo yomthetho yoluntu kunye nowesigebengu. Ingcamango yemithetho esesikweni , nangona itolikwa ngokwahlukileyo, ingaphantsi komthetho wasekuhlaleni zombini: ijolise ekuhlawuleni amaxhoba kwaye iwabuyisele amacandelo kwindawo elungileyo, ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho uzama ukusohlwaya nokunqanda ihambo engqubana nemilinganiselo yesoli. Umgaqo we- ukhuselwa ngokwahlukileyo, umgangatho wobunyani kwimiqathango yoomthetho woluntu ebekwe kuzo zombini (````Ucwangcisa ilahleko iziphumo zentlungu nokubandezelwa okanye ukugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho. ] I-AARSP, njengomlinganiselo wokuphawula nokuphulaphula, nangona zikhuselwa kwimiqatha, iinvo ezithenezo ezithe ngqo ezithe ngqo. Imigaqo ezinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba kungasetyenziswa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. [FLT:]]

Ukubethana Ngokugqithiseleyo Nokusetyenziswa Kwemiqathango

Isenzo esinye sinokubangela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umqhubi obangela ingozi ngexa elinxilayo usenokujongana nomntu osebenza ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho onokuthi ungazihoyanga (ukungakhathaleli) kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuqhuba impembelelo. Ngokufanayo, inkampani eqhathayo isenokumangalelwa ngenxa yokwaphula isivumelwano okanye ukugwetywa kakubi kwenkundla yamakhaya kwaye igwetyelwe ngetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ityala elikhongokwasemthethweni kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho. Imilinganiselo yobungqina bokunganyani iyahluka.

Impembelelo yangaphambili ngaphaya kommandla

Ukuqiqa kwejaji kuphuhliswa kwingingqi enye yomthetho kusoloko kuphembelela enye. Umzekelo, ingcamango yomthetho wabemi ye ukubonwa kwangaphambili ekungakhathalini kuthe kwangeniswa kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho ne-proxinate. Ngokunjalo, i-Eggtschell Skull Ruler [] [=ukuthi i-tortfeassss ezithatha ixhoba njengoko belifumana linjalo ityala lomthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho xa ukugwetywa okungalindelekanga kukhokelela kumonakalo ombi kakhulu. Ngokuchaseneyo, iimfundiso zolwaphulo-mthetho ezifana nokuziquququze okanye iimfuno ze-oktrolies. I-octridentine yendlela yokuvavanyanisa, enikela enye imbono ebolekayo, ukuba ikho enye yesixhobo esibolekayo, okanye ebolileyo.

Ukuthotywa Kwale Mihla Kolawulo

Kulo xesha lenguqulelo ekhawulezileyo yezentlalo nezobugcisa, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezobugcisa kusenyanzelekile. Ukunyuka kobuchule bokwenziwa, ubugrogrisi bomhlaba wonke, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neengxoxo ezingokwasese kwi-data zonke ziphakamisa imibuzo engoonolwazi efuna uhlalutyo olunzulu lomthetho. Umzekelo, umthetho ufanele uyibeke njani ityala xa isithuthi esizimeleyo sibangela umonakalo? Ingaba imigaqo-algosalthis ezisetyenziswayo ekugwebeni zigqalwe njengohlobo lombandela wesohlwayo kwisiseko? Le asiyomibuzo nje yobugcisa efuna ubuchule obunzulu bokuhlaziywa kwengcaciso-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cawastrue, i-caus, kunye nokugweba.

Ngaphezu koko, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwakhokelela kwintsebenziswano eyandayo phakathi kweenkqubo zomthetho, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imfuneko yokuba kubekho imigaqo elawulayo engokwasemthethweni. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ongoozwelonke usebenzisa izithethe zomthetho wendalo, ngoxa ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kwehlabathi lonke kuxhomekeke kwiingcamango zeqela lozimeleyo kunye nokusebenza ngokusemthethweni. UJurisprudence unika izixhobo zokuthelekisa, ukudibanisa ezi miyalelo yahlukeneyo. Abaphengululi bezomthetho abafana noWilliam Twin kunye noSally Engle Merry baye bahlola imingeni yokwakha i-mali ehlabathi lonke ethetha ngokuchasene nemilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni ngoxa bexhasa imilinganiselo yehlabathi jikelele.

Ekugqibeleni, imigaqo-mthetho idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimfundo esemthethweni. Abafundi bomthetho abafunda intanda-bulumko yomthetho baphuhlisa ubuchule bokuqiqa obuyimfuneko ukuze kuphumelele ukuqulunqwa kwemithetho kunye nokuqulunqwa kwesigqibo somthetho. Bafunda ukuchaza iingcamango ezifihlakeleyo, bakha iimpikiswano ezisengqiqweni, baze bavavanye impembelelo yokuziphatha nentlalo-ntle yemithetho. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, izikolo zomthetho ezigunyazisiweyo ziyaqhubeka zifuna izifundo ezisebenzayo kwi-justialpracciation okanye ingcamango esemthethweni, ziqinisekisa ukuba isizukulwana esilandelayo samagqwetha sixhotyiselwe ukutshintsha iimeko ngokutshintsha kweengqondo.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi womthetho wesigqeba nowezaphuli-mthetho udlulela kude lee kumthetho wasekuhlaleni nowaseluntwini. Inika isiseko esithelekelelwayo sokutolika imibhalo engokwasemthethweni, imizekelo, ukulinganisela amalungelo akhuphisanayo, ukuchaza iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqinisekisa inkqubo elungileyo, nokulungisa iinkqubo zokugweba. Ngokubandakanya imibuzo engapheliyo yentanda-bulumko esemthethweni . Yintoni umthetho? Luluphi na ulawulo? Lufanele lusebenzise njani ubuchule bokwenza oko? Ukuba enye iingcali zikhomba-mthetho ikhomba ngolwazi oluphezulu nolulungeleleneyo. Njengoko umthetho uyaqhubeka uphendula kwiinkqubo ezintsha zobugcisa, iingxaki zomhlaba, kunye nokutshintsha kwezixhobo zolwazi olusemthethweni, ziya kuhlala njani ziyimfuneko ukuze zifumane amandla asemthethweni okwenza loo nkqubo isebenza kwaye isebenza. Ukuba ngaba enye i-poiv, ingcebiso lokwenene, okanye ingcebiso le ngxoxo phakathi kwezikolo zomthetho ezikhoyo, kunye nezi mfundiso ezingongoma zomthetho zikhuthaza ukuqondwa komthetho.