Ukuqala: Ucelomngeni Olukhulayo Lobunqolobi Basekhaya

Ubugrogrisi bamakhaya busisisongelo esiphawulekayo kukhuseleko lwesizwe nokhuseleko loluntu kwiUnited States. Ngokungafaniyo nobugrogrisi bamazwe ngamazwe, obusoloko bubandakanya abadlali bangaphandle kunye neenkqubo zomhlaba, ubugrogrisi bamakhaya buvela kulo lonke ilizwe. (abalawulwa yimimandla okanye abemi balapho abanobugrogrisi abanobugrogrisi abanobugrogrisi obuneengcamango ezingaphaya kwamandla ezobupolitika, ezonqulo, ezobuhlanga okanye ezoburhulumente. Kule minyaka ilishumi edluleyo, ukuhlasela nokubulala kwabanqolobi basekhaya kuye kwanda, ukutsala ingqalelo engxamiseni yomthetho kulo lonke umgangatho. Amaziko omthetho asebenza ngomthetho adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni, ekuthinteleni, ekuthinteleni, nasekuphenduleni ezi zinto kudla ngokubandakanye ukufumanisa imiqondiso ephambili, ukufikelela kokuqala kwesiganeko. Ukuqonda iindlela zabo, ubuchule, kunye nocelomngeni oluyimfuneko lokukhusela amazwe ahlala kuwo.

Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima eninzi yamaziko alawula umthetho karhulumente ekuthinteleni ubugrogrisi basekhaya, lihlolisisa iindlela abazisebenzisayo, lize lixubushe ngocelomngeni oluqhubekayo abajamelana nalo kwimekobume eyingozi egqugqisileyo.

Ubunqolobi Basekhaya EUnited States

Ubugrogrisi basekhaya bunemvelaphi enzulu kwimbali yaseMerika, ukusuka kugonyamelo lweKu Klux Klan ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kweebhombu kwisiXeko saseOklahoma ngo1995. Namhlanje, ulu cwangciso lwesisongelo lusasazekile kwaye lunamandla. IFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kunye neSebe loKhuseleko lobugrogrisi lwasekhaya luye lwafumanisa ukuba i-i-Anfrial controitism ephakathi okanye eqhutywa buhlanga, i-anti-conetyraligist, kunye ne-issueussqueties (ezinjengamalungelo ezilwanyana okanye ugonyamelo oluchasene ne-abrosolution) njengemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqathango yezobugrogrisi. [FLT:] uhlaselo lwe-Janualkn. [FG.201]

Amagosa agunyazisa ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente kufuneka alwe nezi zisongelo ngeli xesha esebenza phakathi kwemiqathango karhulumente, imigaqo yezaphuli-mthetho, kunye nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yabemi. Imithetho edityanisiweyo karhulumente emalunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo, imimiselo, kunye namagunya okuhlola yongeza ubuntlola. Ngaphezu koko, abagrogrisi basekhaya basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo unxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo, amaqonga onxibelelwano oluntu, kunye ne-intanethi ukuphembelela, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nokuhlasela ngemiqathango yezonyango enzima ukuqwalasela ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo obuqu.

Indima Yomthetho KaRhulumente Onyanzelwayo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente aquka iinguqu ezininzi zamaqumrhu: amapolisa asebupoliseni okanye amajoni eenqwelo-mafutha, amagosa karhulumente ophando, isebe lokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye nemikhosi ekhethekileyo yemisebenzi. Iimbopheleleko zabo ekulweni nobugrogrisi basekhaya ziyasebenziseka kwaye ziyabachaphazela.

Ukukhusela okusebenzayo: Ipolisa elibekwe ngobuntlola

Ukukhusela kuqalisa ngobukrelekrele. Amasebe karhulumente agcina amaziko obuchule aqokelela, ahlalutya, kunye nakusasaza ulwazi losongelo. La maqela asebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye neFBI's Joint Terrorism Marefers (JTFs) kunye namaziko omgangatho woququzelelo lorhulumente. I-Fusition abekwe emva kwe 9/11] esebenzayo njengemizikomfako yokwabelana ngobuchule kwimimandla engaphandle. Ngoku lonke ilizwe lisebenza ubuncinane kwisizi sentlukwano esinye, kwaye kukho iindawo ezininzi zengingqi. Analyst kwezi ndawo zibonisa umgangatho ovulekileyo, ummiselo womthetho, kunye neengcebiso ezivela kuwonke ukuphawula izisongelo ezivelayo.

Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] iCalifornia Soyikiso Seziko loburhulumente iNxulumaniso yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNtlekele ikhupha iziphumo ezithe rhoqo kumthetho olawulayo kwimo yomthetho jikelele. ETexas, iSebe le- i-Texas le-Promotecrative yoKhuselo lwamaqum-[ iqhuba inkqubo yolwazi olubanzi oluhambisa inkqubo yengquzulane yenkqesho eyingozi. Le migudu iye yakhokelela ekupheliseni amaqhinga phambi kokuba amba, njengokubanjwa komntu wephondo eWashington eceba ukuhlasela ukuvuselana, ngenxenye kunikezelo oluphumayo oluphumayo kulwazi oluphumayo kwimithetho-zwe.

Uphando Nokungakholelwa

Xa kufunyaniswa izisongelo ezithembekileyo, abaphengululi bakarhulumente bahlasela. Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente aneempahla ezingenanto okanye abasebenzi abakhethekileyo abanikezelwe ukulwa nobuphekula kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Baqokelela ubungqina, ukuqhuba iliso, kunye nokwakha amatyala okuchotshelwa kwetyala likarhulumente. Kwiimeko apho izenzo zomntu zingaphumeleli kwimigaqo yobugrogrisi obuseburhulumenteni, imithetho karhulumente isoloko inikela izityholo ezifana nokusongelo kwabagrogrisi, uzungu lokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho olunyusiweyo. Abatshutshisi bakarhulumente basebenza ecaleni komthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagrogrisi abachanisi bajamelana neziphumo naxa izityholo ze-orhulumente zingakhange ziqhutyekiswe.

Imeko yemeko enzima

Phezu kwayo nje imigudu engcono yokukhusela, uhlaselo luyenzeka. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho welizwe kuyinto yokuqala enkulu ethatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko ezinkulu. Amaqela amapolisa aseburhulumenteni, amaqela amaqela eebhombu, kunye nabachongi bamanqam bathunyelwa kwiziganeko ezisebenzayo, iimeko zokubanjwa, kunye neziganeko zokuqhushumbiswa kweebhombu. [Izicwangciso zephondo] Virginia Profece yaseburhulumenteni imizekelo yemeko yoorhulumente ephethe ii-1962] ye-R20 ephakathi kwe-1901 syndrometersville kunye ne-Propoolms . [[FLTLT:3]

Amagosa karhulumente alungelelaniswa namapolisa asekuhlaleni, abaphathi-majoni, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye namaqabane karhulumente ngexesha lokuphendula. Isakhiwo somyalelo silandela inkqubo yoLawulo lweSizwe (NIMS), siqinisekisa ukuba abaphendulayo abasebenzisanayo.

Ucelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni Nolungolwamatyala

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe kujongene nemiqobo engaqhelekanga esemthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo neFBI, enokuphanda ngobugrogrisi basekhaya phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente ethwele izigwebo ezinde, uninzi lwamazwe lungenayo imithetho engqalileyo “yobugrogrisi bezobundlobongela”. Endaweni yoko, baxhomekeke kwimimiselo eqhelekileyo yezolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yezolwaphulo-mthetho ezinjengokubulala, i-arson, ukuhlasela, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo. Oku kunokuzenza kube nzima uphando, njengoko ukungqina intlola kobugrogrisi kusenokufuna ukuqokelelwa kobungqina obungakumbi kunye nobungqina. Amanye amazwe, anjenge-Oklayon emva kokuqhushulwa kwebhobho, aye amisela imithetho yobugrobi, kodwa ayinqabileyo.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nenkululeko yabemi lucekeceke kakhulu kumgangatho wesizwe. Abameli bomthetho abanyanzelisayo kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iindlela zabo zophando aziphuli malungelo okuQala oMqulu-mda wabantu okanye amaqela. Ukuhlola intetho ye-intanethi, ukugqogqeka kwemibutho engaphantsi komhlaba konke kunezingxinano zomthetho nezomthetho. I-politiki ekuqokelelweni kobulumko kunye nolwazi oludibeneyo zilawulwa yimithetho karhulumente, imigaqo yesebe, kunye nemithetho efana nomthetho efuna ukuqeqeshwa okuzinzileyo nokubekwa phambili kobugxwayiso.

Ubungqina boLuntu nokwakhiwa kwe-Trust

Iingcali zokulwa nobunqolobi zigxininisa ngokukhulayo ukubaluleka komanyano lwasekuhlaleni. /iindawo zonqulo, izikolo, abasebenzi bempilo yengqondo, kunye nemibutho yohlanga-langa-langa `zingowokuqala ukuqwalasela ukuhlaziywa kwentsebenzo. Amasebe karhulumente aphuhlise iinkqubo zokufikelela ukuthembana nokukhuthaza ukuxelelwa kwesimilo. Umzekelo, amagosa amapolisa amaninzi azinikele kwingingqi akwintlanganiso zedolophu, adibana nezikolo zocalulo.

Noko ke, ukuthembana akufezeki. Ukungalawuleki kwabantu abambalwa okanye ukujongwa ngogonyamelo kunokwenza abantu abanokunikela iicebiso ezibukhali. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka ahambe kakuhle, akhuthaze intsebenziswano ngaphandle kokuhlab ’ amadlala naliphi na iqela. Impumelelo yemigudu yomanyano idla ngokulinganiswa ngenani leenkcazo ezinokusetyenziswa nokungabikho kokuchasana nokugcinwa komthetho.

Uqeqesho Neeqela Ezikhethekileyo

Ukuphendula okunempumelelo kufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Amaziko agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente anikela kakhulu ekuqeqesheni ukulwa nobugrogrisi, ukuxilonga, uhlalutyo lobukrelekrele, kunye nokuphendula okusebenzayo. Urhulumente omninzi unika izifundo zokuqaphela iimodeli ezigqithisileyo, ukuqonda ugonyamelo oluqhutywa yingqiqo, kunye nokuqhuba uqeqesho olusemthethweni. uqeqesho lweNational Counterism Develoption Center kunye FB'SFBY Uvavanyo lwezikomfal lunikela uqeqesho oluphambili kubaphathi bezomthetho olufana neenkqubo [[FLT:]]

Iingxelo ezininzi ziyile amaqela anikezelweyo ukuze athethe nolwaphulo-mthetho. I-New York Police Bureau of Criminal Investigation iquka icandelo le-Ugandaganda elisebenza nge-DHS kunye ne-New York City Police. Isebe loMthetho le-Floridament lisebenza i-Ukhuseleko lwasekhaya ne-Counteriter Division Division. La maqela asoloko enegunya eligqitha imigca yengingqi, eliwavumela ukuba alandele amatyala anqamlezo-actrictioniveal productive sy.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nogcino-lwazi

Uphando lwangoku lwabanqolobi basekhaya luxhomekeke ngokuya luxhomekeke kubugcisa. Amaziko elizwe asebenzisa iinkcazelo zogcino-lwazi ukuchonga iindlela zeerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho, umsebenzi woluntu, kunye neencam zikawonke-wonke. Abafundi belayisenisi, iinkqubo zokufumanisa iiseli, kunye neemfaniso ze-cell zokwandisa ukuphaphazanyiswa kweemeko kodwa zinyusa amaxhala obucala. Amaziko e-Fusion asebenza njengemigangatho yokuhlolisisa ezo nkcazelo ngexesha uqinisekisa ukuthobelana nemigaqo yemfihlo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Colorado Instnation Instruction Center [ isebenzisa inkqubo ye-software ebizwa Incwadi yenqaku”[FLT:]

Ukujongwa kwezentlalo-ntle kunzima kakhulu. I-Platforms efana ne-Facebook, i-Twitter, i-Telegram, kunye ne-Parler iye yaba ziindawo zokuzala inzala yento eyingozi. Amasebe karhulumente angaqwalasela ngokusemthethweni iindawo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa ukulahlwa nokungena kwamaqela azimeleyo afuna imiyalelo yenkundla okanye ugunyaziso olusemthethweni. [[FLT:]2019 ukudubula kwiSitenago sobomi ePittsburgh kwabonisa ukuba abakrokreqi bafake izinto ezidisiweyo kwimithombo yezentlalo-ntlalo; nangona i-majoni e-FBI, iphondo, i-offcial, igunya lasekuhlaleni, alizange lihlatyelwe ngokupheleleyo, libalase imfuneko yolwazi olungcono.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umthetho KaRhulumente Unyanzelwa

Ukuqhushumba Kwebhombu kwisiXeko saseOklahoma (1995)

Uhlaselo lwabanqolobi basekhaya olufa kakhulu kumhlaba wase-U.S. ngaphambi kwe-9/11, ukuqhushumbisa kweBhunga loMbutho waseMurrah kwenziwa nguTimothy McVeigh, inkcaso yasekhaya eneenkolelo ezichasene norhulumente. ISebe leOklahoma loKhuseleko loluntu ne-Oklahoma Highway Patrol yayiphakathi kwabaphulaphuli bokuqala. Uphando lwalandelayo lwabandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi kweOklahoma Bugracy of Investigation, FBI, kunye namaziko asekuhlaleni. Uhlaselo lwabangela ukuba iOklahoma iseke ummiselo wobugrogrisi nomthetho obalulekileyo obunqolobi nokwenza uphando lwe-omatilo-om.

Ukuhlaselwa NguCapitol EUnited States Ngo - 2021

Uqhekeko oluphakathi kwemibutho emininzi olubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kulo lonke elo lizwe, abaninzi babo bamiswa ngamapolisa asekuhlaleni njengoko babesiya eWashington. Umzekelo, uMenaya Way Patrol babamba abantu abaninzi ababekwindlela yokwaphulwa kwezixhobo. [iiii-Profesi yaseMgangeni] i-Phondo [[FLTLT:3] yafaka uphengululo kungenelelo lwabathathi-nxaxheba basekuhlaleni. Esi siganeko sabonisa imfuneko yamasebe karhulumente yokwabelana ulwazi malunga nezisongelo ezinokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba bahambele kunye nokusebenzisana namagunya alawulayo ngexesha leziganeko ezinkulu. IPftert-Janumber-6, izikhululo-omatiko ezininzi zezo zikarhulumente ziye zazisa imithetho ekwabelana ngokuchasene nobugrophenti.

Iphulo lokuqesha loMsebenzi (2020)

Icebo lokuqweqwedisa uRhulumente waseMichigan Gretchen Whitmer laphazanyiswa ngumgudu welizwe obandakanya uMchigan Police State, FBI], kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni. Abameli abangaphantsi komthetho bangena kwiqela elibizwa ngokuba yi-“Wolverine Watchmen." Imeko ibalase indima yamaziko karhulumente ekuchopheleni amaqela alwaneyo kunye nentsebenziswano nemikhosi yengingqineyo. Ikwanyusa ingxoxo ngokusetyenziswa kwaphantsi kwemisebenzi efihlakeleyo kunye nokuzikhusela, ezo ngxelo zezomthetho kufuneka zihambe kakuhle.

Iingxaki Zokulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

Amaziko agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente asebenza kwimeko-bume entsonkothileyo apho yonke into eyenzekayo ixhomekeke kuphando lukawonke-wonke kunye nocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni. Ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuhlola, ugcino-lwazi lobukrelekrele, kunye nemithetho-siseko yokuxela kwangaphambili izisongelo zingangqubana namalungelo obuqu. Umbindi Womthetho weAmerican Liberties Union (ACLU) uphakamise inkxalabo malunga nokuqokelela ulwazi olungalinganiyo kumaziko alwaluntlukwano lwezopolitiko, amaqela onqulo, kunye neqela lamaqela amaqela eesizwe. Amaziko karhulumente kufuneka asebenze ulawulo olunengqwalasela, iingxelo zokukhanya, kunye nobuchule bophindo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigudu yawo angayigqithi imida esemthethweni.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukwabiwa koovimba. Abanqolobi basekhaya kukubekwa kweengxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibanzi. Amasebe karhulumente asoloko ezama ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi wokuthintela ubuphekula neminye imisebenzi efana nokunyanzelwa kwezithuthi zenqwelo-moya, ukudityaniswa kweziyobisi, kunye nokugadwa jikelele. Amazwe amancinane anemiqathango elinganiselweyo angaxhomekeka kakhulu kwiminikelo karhulumente okanye kwimikhosi yemisebenzi edibeneyo ukuze alondoloze amandla akhethekileyo. Fund yeSibonelo soxolo

Iindlela Nezincomo Zexesha Elizayo

Ukuze kuphucuke ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente ekulweni nobugrogrisi basekhaya, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe iinkalo eziliqela eziphambili:

  • I-Expand Intrial Fusion: Iphucula ukudityaniswa kwamaziko karhulumente neenethwekhi zobuntlola zorhulumente ngeli xesha ugcina ukhuseleko lwemfihlo. Khulisa umgangatho wokwenziwa kwengxelo kunye nezixhobo zobunzululwazi kumazwe ngamazwe.
  • [[NTLALA:0] Uqeqesho olwandisiweyo kwiqela le-Extremist Group: Gqibela abaphathi uqeqesho oluqhubekayo lokuqonda iimpawu zotshintsho, kuquka ukuziphatha kwe-intanethi, ukuthengwa kwezixhobo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuhamba. Ubuchule bolawulo olusuka kwiqela le- FBI'S uhlalutyo lwesimilo sobuhlalutyo[ kunye kunye neZiko lobuGciso-lonkeli bobuGawulayo [].
  • Ingeniso efunyanisiweyo yoluntu: kwiinkqubo zomanyano lwexesha elide ezikhuthaza ukuthembana nokunika iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokuxela inkxalabo. Ukukhuthaza unxulumano oluseluntwini kunye neengcali zempilo yengqondo neenkokeli zokholo.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho yezobuzwe yaNgoku: Cinga ngemithetho yesizwe echaza ubugrogrisi basekhaya ngokucacileyo kwaye inike izigwebo ezifanelekileyo, ngexesha iquka amalungiselelo akhusela inkululeko yabemi. Imithetho yemodeli kwiKhomishini yoMthetho [ ekwaziyo ukusetyenziswa.
  • Usetyenziso lobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka bobuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa: luphuhliso lwemigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo yokusetyenziswa kobuntlola obungeyonkqubo, ugcino-lwazi oludityanisiweyo, kunye nokujongwa kwezentlalo-ntle. Ukuqinisekisa uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Ingqungquthela ephakathi: Qhubeka kwaye yandisa inxaxheba kwimikhosi yobunqolobi obudityanisiweyo kunye nezivumelwano zolwazi lwengingqi ezifana ne Law Infoctive Information Exchange (LX).

Ubugrogrisi basekhaya lucelomngeni oluzingisileyo olufuna ukusabela okupheleleyo koburhulumente. Amasebe agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente aluncedo kakhulu kulo mgudu. Ngokuqhelanisa nezisongelo ezivelayo, ngokuhlonela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, nangokusebenzisana ngokunempumelelo nabantu abahlala kunye namaqabane karhulumente, anokuqhubeka ekhusela uluntu kwisibetho sogonyamelo oluneengxubevange.

Isiphelo

Indima yamaziko okunyanzelisa ulawulo lomthetho ekusabeleni kwizisongelo zobugrogrisi basekhaya ibalulekile kwaye iyakhula. Ukusuka kumthetho owenziwe ngobukrelekrele kunye nokusabela ngobunzima ekudibaniseni nokwamkeleni ubugcisa, amasebe karhulumente azisa ukusondelelana okukhethekileyo namandla angaqhelekanga ekulweni. Noko ke, asebenza kwimiqathango engokwasemthethweni neyoncedo efuna uqhutyeko olucokisekileyo. Njengoko ulawulo lwabanqolobi basekhaya luqhubeka luguquka . Ngokuphenjelelwa kwe-intanethi yotshintsho lwe-Rografiki, ukuhlaziywa kwezopolitiko, kunye nokudityaniswa komthetho wentlalo-ntle kufuneka kuhlale kukhanyane, kucace, kwaye kusebenza. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba noxandumiso lwezinzo lwamaMerika kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.

ukwenzela ukufundwa okungakumbi kulo mxholo, bona i ICandelo lokhuseleko lwasekhaya lwe Homeland [iphepha lobugrogrisi , FBI's Encodertion compution corbetion colticism kwiphepha, kunye ne Government Accomment Office vimbate jors []