Imisebenzi yesiseko sikawonke-wonke .inkqubo zezemfundo .(ukusuka kwindlela nakwibhulorho ukuya kwizikolo nakwiinkqubo zamanzi) ixhomekeke ekuqondeni ngokucacileyo ukuba ngubani ohlala apho abantu bahlala khona nendlela abatshintsha ngayo. Ubalo lwezibonelelo lunika ubuchule bokuyila obusisiseko obusetyenziswa ngoorhulumente kunye nabacebi ukugqiba ukuba bazakhephi, yintoni ezakubeka ingqalelo, nendlela yokunika ubuncwane obulinganiselweyo. Ngaphandle kokuba abantu abanobuphi namanani achanileyo, ungeniso lwemali lungachatshazelwa, lushiya ezinye iindawo zishiywe phantsi kwemeko eqhubekayo eqhubekayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indima ebalulekileyo ephunyezwa yi-data yokubalal'uni ephuhlisa izakhiwo, lihlola indlela ezichaza ngayo izigqibo ezingaphaya kwecandelo elihlukeneyo, kwaye lixubusha ngeengxaki xa kuxhomeke kwimibaleko eqhubekayo ngokukhawulezayo.

Ukuqonda Ugcino - lwazi Lobalo

Ukubalwa kwabantu kwesizwe kungaphezulu kakhulu kokubala nje okulula. Kunika umlinganiselo obanzi, oqhelekileyo, wendlela yokuthatha iinkcukacha ezifana nobukhulu obupheleleyo, ukusasazeka kwelizwe, ukwakheka kobudala, imo yesini, imigangatho yengeniso, imfundo, kunye neempawu zezindlu. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukubalwa kwabantu kukwalandela ubuhlanga, ulwimi, kunye neendidi zokufuduka. Olu lwazi luvumela abacebi ukuba baqonde hayi kuphela indawo abahlala kuyo kodwa kwakhona [[FLT:] bahlala kumakhaya amakhaya angawodwa, amagumbi, okanye iqela, nokuba bahlala kuyo okanye baqesha.

Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, ubalo-manani lweminyaka ehlaziyiweyo oluqhutywa yiBwawa leNkcubeko ye-U.S. lugunyaziswe nguMgaqo-siseko kwaye luphembelela ngokuthe ngqo ukwabiwa kwee-R3,5 ezigidi zemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente nyaka ngamnye. Ugcino-lwazi lobalo lukwasetyenziswa ukuzobala imimandla yezowiso-mthetho, ukunyanzelisa amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokulinganisa ukuthotyelwa kwemilinganiselo yezentlalo-meko-bume.

Ngenxa yokuba ubalo lwabantu ludla ngokuthathwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi, lunika isiseko esizinzileyo nesithembekileyo. Noko ke, eli xesha lokuphela kwemida libangela uxinezeleko: kwimimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza, ukubalwa kwabantu okuya kuneminyaka embalwa ubudala kusenokungaphindi kucingele ngemeko-nyani engu-766. Ukuvala lo msantsa, amaqumrhu amaninzi athengelela ubalo oluthelekelelo olusekelwe kuqikelelo lwabemi, uhlolisiso (njengovavanyo lwaseMelika loluntu kwiU.S.), kunye neengxelo zolawulo ezivela kwimithombo efana noncwadi yerhafu okanye izikolo.

Indlela Iprojekthi yokwahlula-hlula ugcino-lwazi

Inkqubela-phambili yokuyila ingumlinganiselo omde qobo kunye nekomkhulu. Uhola omtsha, isibhedlele, okanye isityalo sokulayishwa kwamanzi amdaka kungathatha iminyaka elishumi okanye ngaphezulu ukusuka ekucwangcisweni ukuya ekugqityweni. Ngoko ke abalungiseleli abafuni gcino-lwazi lwangoku kodwa bafuna ukugqithisa iziboniso ezingaphambili. Ubalo lunika ubuchule bembali kunye neziseko ezikhoyo ezityalwa kwezi zixelo, ezibangela ukuba abameli balindele iimfuno zeendlela, uthutho, izibhedlele, izibhedlele, umphane lwamanzi, kunye nezibhedlele. Icandelo alandelayo amaziko abonisa indlela ekubonakala ngayo ukubala abantu abasebenzi bezinto ezithile ezikhoyo.

Iinethwekhi zezothutho

Iindlela, iibhulorho, ezothutho lukawonke-wonke, kunye neenqwelo-moya zicetyiwe ngokubhekiselele kubunzima babemi, imilinganiselo yokuhamba kwendlela, kunye namaziko emisebenzi. Ubalo lutyhila ukuba ngowuphi ummandla onabantu abasebenzayo abahlala kwimimandla enxulumaniswe kakhulu kunye nabo baqeshwa kakhulu. Umzekelo, i-Cunsueunication’s American Community Survey Survey iquka uhambo lwe-200to23369 ulwazi lwezothutho lwelizwe olusebenzisa ukuzoba iinqwelo-trafiki ezihambayo nokuthethelela ukuveliswa kweminxeba emigce, iintambo zokuthutha iibhasi ezikhawulezayo, okanye ulwandiso olukhawulezayo lwendlela kwimimandla esemaphandleni, ubalo-RG.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: Ukwanda kwenkqubo yeRegional Traffic Regional Traffic kwaxhomekeke kakhulu ekubaleni abantu abaqeshiweyo kunye neepaseji ezixineneyo zemisebenzi. Ngokuhlalutya apho abemi babehlala khona nabasebenza khona, abacebi bakwazi ukucwangcisa iindlela zesiporo kunye nowona mgibe wezithuthi uphezulu, okufak'unegalelo kwimpumelelo yenkqubo njengenye yeenkqubo zokuthutha ezikhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-United States.

ezizizo 2016/17

Izibhedlele, iikliniki, kunye neenkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko kufuneka zibekwe apho zinokunceda khona inani elikhulu labantu abasengozini. Ubalo-mali olufumaneka ngokusasaza luxabiseke kakhulu: ukwanda kwabantu abalupheleyo abafuna ukunyanyekelwa kwe-gereatric, amakhaya asebezeli, kunye namaziko e-dialysis, ngoxa imimandla enabantwana abaninzi kufuneka incediswe ngokwabantwana kunye namagumbi okusebenza empilo. ISebe lezempilo neSebe lezeeNkonzo zoluntu lisebenzisa ubalo lwemibalo ukuchaza imimandla ye-Healgion Shortas (HPS) kunye nokunikezela ngemali yezamayeza entlalo.

Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, apho abemi bemininzi yaye bemide, ugcino-lwazi lokubala lunceda kubonelele ukuba kungakanani okufunekayo ukuze kulondolozwe isibhedlele esineengxaki. Xa abantu bencipha, abacebi basenokusebenzisa iindlela zokubalwa kwabantu ukuze bavumele ukutshintshela kwisibhedlele esiphezulu okanye kwikliniki yezonyango engxamisekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi basenolwazi olusisiseko ngaphandle kokwakhiwa.

Imfundo

Izikolo zezinye zezona zichukumisekayo ekufikeleleni kwenani lamanani abantu abafundayo. Ubalo lwenani labantwana abazalwayo, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuzalwa nokufuduka, ziyazisa izigqibo ngokwakha izikolo ezintsha, ukwandisa ezikhoyo, okanye ukuhlanganisa ngaphantsi kwezakhiwo ezisongiweyo. E-U.S., i-Cuvanication Bureaument Small’s Income and Poverty Aretiums (SAIPE) inceda imimandla efanelekela ukuxhasa iSihlomelo Sokuxhasa Imali, esixhasa izikolo ezisebenza phantsi kwe-2449 ezifumana abafundi abambalwa.

Isicelo esiphawulekayo senzeka kwiClark County, iNevada (ingingqi yeLas Vegas). Ukwanda kwabemi abatsha ngezaphulo eziqhutywa kufuduko ngexesha lama 2000 kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kakhulu. Ugcino-lwazi lwenani lwavumela uClark County School District ukuba luchonge abamelwane abanobuninzi obuphezulu beentsapho ezintsha, luyenze ukuba yakhe izikolo eziqalayo kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo kwaye luphephe ixabiso leeklasi eziphathekayo.

Amanzi, Ucoceko, Nezinto Eziluncedo

Izakhiwo zokuphatha amanzi, iinkqubo zokulahla amanzi, kunye nemigca yombane kufuneka zilinganiswe ukuze kuphethwe inkcubeko yemali efunekayo. Ubalo-mali lobungakanani bendlu kunye nobunzima bezindlu luchaphazela ucwangciso oluthe ngqo. Umzekelo, iphecana lokubala elinomlinganiselo ophezulu wezindlu ezininzi ezihlala abantu liya kufuna uxinzelelo olwahlukileyo kunalowo ulawulwa yimizi yeentsapho enekota enye kumajelo amakhulu. Ngokufanayo, ubalo lwemali ehlawulwayo lunganceda ukuqokelelwa kwemibalo ephakathi kwemibalwayo okanye ukuchaza iinkorhola yemali ephantsi kwemibatho ephantsi kwemibutho.

Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, kusetyenziswa ubalo lwabantu ukunyusa amanzi akwimibhobho nombane kwimimandla engacwangciswanga. Ubalo lwango-2011 lwalungiselela ubalo lokuqala olucwangcisiweyo lwezindlu zamatyotyombe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iflegi karhulumente “Imibutho Kubo Bonke” icebe ukutyala utyalo-ndleko namanzi kwizixhobo ezingaphantsi kwenkonzo.

Izixhobo Ezibanzi Neziphene Zamanani

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, i-Internet ephezulu ibaluleke njengendlela okanye umbane. Ubalo logcino-lwazi lwengeniso yendlu, ukuphumelela kokufundisa, kunye nolwahlulo lwasedolobheni/lokuhlelwa ngokwendawo lusetyenziselwa ukuzoba ulwahlulo lwamanani. IKhomishini yeFederal Communications (FCC) ixhomekeke kwiibloko zobalo lwabantu ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iindawo “ezingagcinwanga” okanye“ezingagcinwanga" ekusetyenzisweni kweBhabhi. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVOVID .

Inkqubo efana ne-Infrablicament Investicement kunye noMthetho weBroad Band Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) isebenzisa ubalo lwabantu oluneemaphu ezithenjiweyo ukunikezela ngemali enokubalwa ngqo kunye namaphecana okubala aneemfuno ezinkulu. Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi, ukujolisa ngqo kwento efunekayo

Ukufundwa Kwetyala: Ukwanda Kwasedolophini

Mhlawumbi owona mzekeliso ucacileyo wokudibanisa abantu okukhoyo kumaphondo, yindlela izixeko ezikhulayo ezilawula ngayo ulwando lwedolophu. Izixeko ezifana ne-Austin, Texas; iRaleigh, umNtla Carolina; kunye neBoise, Idaho ibone ukwanda okudubulayo kwabemi ekwiminyaka emibini edluleyo, iqhutywa kukufuduka kwamanye amazwe kunye nokufika kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ugcino-lwazi lwenani alingqinelanga nje kuphela lemikhwa kodwa lityhila [[FLT:] [FLT] imimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunye .[FLT]

E-Austin, i-2020 Census yabonisa ukuba inani labemi beso sixeko lande ngaphezu kwama-20% ukususela ngo-20%, yaye okona kukhula kuphawulekayo kwenzeka kwimimandla ekude ekumzantsi nakwimpuma yedolophu. Lisebenzisa iphecana elinogcino-lwazi lokubala 88leyidi, isebe lokucwangcisa lesixeko layilungisa iplani yalo ebanzi yokuyila indlela eyandayo, izitishi ezintsha, kunye neepaki ezintsha kwezo mapaseji. Kwangaxesha linye, ubalo lobalo lwamanani abantu abakhulileyo lwabala lwabala lwabala ingakumbi kwiintsapho ezinabantwana abancinane, isithili seso ngqayidi ezincinane ezikwicandelo amabini akhula ngokukhawulezayo.

Esinye isigqibo esingundoqo esibandakanya ulwandiso olucetyiswayo lwendlela elula. Ubalo-lwazi lwendlela lubonise ukuba uninzi lwabahlali abatsha lusahamba ngemoto ukuya kwimisebenzi kwisithili esisembindini weshishini, kodwa isabelo esikhulayo esisebenza kumaziko emisebenzi edolophu. Kunokukha umgca omnye we-radial ephakathi, abadwelisi bakhetha indlela yokuqala edibanisa umsebenzi oxineneyo kwimigqaliselo ekhoyo, indlela eyakhulula ukuxinana kwemoto nokutsala kwenqwelo-mafutha ephezulu ukususela ekuqaleni.

Olu hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba inkcazelo yokubala asiyondlela yokuthatha amanyathelo athe ngqo; xa idityaniswe nemvume yokwakha, ukubala iinqwelo - mafutha, namanani okuya ezikolweni, iba sisixhobo esinamandla sokulindela nokukhokela izixeko.

Ucelomngeni Nokucingwa

Ngoxa inkcazelo yokubala ibalulekile, ukuthembela kuphela kumlinganiselo ongaphezulu kweminyaka emininzi kubangela imiqobo emininzi abacebi abamele bahambe ngayo.

Ixesha kunye nobuninzi

Owona mda ubalulekileyo ngumlinganiselo ophakathi kweminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu. Kwimimandla ekhula ngokukhawuleza, abemi banganyuka nge-10-15% kwiminyaka embalwa. Abafaki-zicelo abasebenza ngo-2025 kunye no-202020 ugcino-lwazi lwe-TB basenokuba basekela izigqibo kulwazi olukwisiqingatha seshumi leminyaka ubudala. Ukudambisa oku, amasebe amaninzi asebenzisa uqikelelo kunye nezixelo ezisuka kwii-ofisi zezibalo zesizwe, kodwa ezi ziqikelelo zinemida yawo yempazamo. Imithombo yexesha le-data ye-2025 (iii-20202020) kunye neengxelo ze-data yeselfowuni, kunye nokwakha ivumela ukuba kusetyenziswe inkcacitho yobalo lwenkcazelo, nangona inyusa inkxalabo kunye nokuzincopho ezisemthethweni.

Iimpazamo ezigqunywe phantsi kwengxelo

Akukho kubalwa kuchane ngokupheleleyo. /amaqela athile abantwana abancinane, amaqela aphantsi, abaphambukeli, abantu abangenamakhaya, nabantu abahlala emaphandleni . "Azikho mandulo." I-Bureau ye-U.S. iqikelela ukuba i-202020 Censurence ineminatha engaphantsi kwe-0.24%, kodwa inani eliphantsi labantwana abancinane (aneminyaka e-0.4) laliphantse libe 2.2% xa inkxaso yezemali isebenzisa ezi zixakelelwano ezimfanelekeko, amaqela afuna iinkonzo anokufumana imali encinane kunaleyo. Abahlohlisi-mthetho kufuneka bayazi ukuba bafumane amanani angaphantsi kweminye imimandla yabo kunye nobalo olungephilwayo olukhoyo okanye uqikelelo loluntu lokulungisa iimbono ezaziwayo.

Ulawulo lolawulo lwezibonelelo

Ukukhusela ukuzimela komntu ngamnye, amaziko manani asebenzisa iindlela zokuchaza indlela zokuchaphaza imbonakalo . njengokutshintsha iingxelo okanye ukongeza ingxolo .(to) ubalo lwemichiza. Ngeli xesha ezi ndlela zinokuzisa iimpazamo ezincinci ze-aggrearae ezichaphazela ucwangciso lwezibonelelo kumgangatho wobume bengingqi. Umzekelo, iqela lamanani okubala lingabonisa inani elithile labantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu xa inani lokwenyaniso lahlukile. Abaqhubi besebenzisa ugcino-data olungenazintlukwano kufuneka bawaphathe njengezithelekelelo kunye ne-checkershore-preseshore (umz., isikolo, iremistries).

Impembelelo Elinganayo Neyokusasaza

Izigqibo zokwahlula iinguqu zinxulumene nokungabi nakuthelekiswa. Ubalo logcino-lwazi lwengeniso, uhlanga, kunye nezindlu lungabonisa ukwahluka-hluka ekufikeleleni kwiinkonzo. Noko ke, ukuba abacebi basebenzisa kuphela umlinganiselo wabemi ngaphandle kokuchitha inani labemi, banokuba sengozini yokuqhubekeka kokungabikho kolawulo. Umzekelo, uphando lwendlela entsha lungagwetyelwa ngokwanda kwabemi, kodwa ukuba lunganqumi ngokungenayo kwindawo ekufuphi okanye kuluntu olunombala, iziphumo ezingalunganga zingaba zingaphezulu lee. Izakhiwo zezentengiselwano zendalo zifuna ukuba kusetyenziswe izicwangciso zokubala ulwazi ukuze kubonwe “umgangatho ophezulu, kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba imisebenzi yemisebenzi ingalwani iziphumo zembali.

Enye indlela efunyenweyo kukusetyenziswa kweJaji 40 Initive eUnited States, ekhokelela kuma-40% eengenelo zotyalo-mali lwemeko-bume nezibonelelo kuluntu olucelwe phantsi, olungaphantsi, noluthwalisiweyo lungcoliso. Ukuphawulwa kwaba bantu kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiphecana lomlinganiselo wengeniso engama-23, umgangatho wemali, intlupheko, kunye nemithwalo yemeko-bume.

Isiphelo

Ugcino-lwazi lokubala luhlala luyindawo ebanzi yocwangciso lwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo. Lunika inani elivumela abacebi ukuba bafumane imilinganiselo yeendlela, bafumane izikolo, bakhe izibhedlele, bandise izinto eziluncedo ngokuzithemba. Imizekelo ekweli nqaku . "Kusukela kulwandiso lohambo eDenver ukuya kulwakhiwo lwesikolo eLas Vegas ukuya kufikelela emanzini eIndiya/ukufikelela kwenani elifanelekileyo lokuguqulela ngqo kwiziphumo ezingcono, ezifanelekileyo zesiseko semfundo.

Kodwa ukubalwa kwabantu akuyonto ibangela uhlaziyo. Abayili kufuneka babambene nokungalingani kwexesha, ukuhlahlela, ukunqanda ukuzimela, kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhubekekisa ukungalungi kogcino-lwazi ukuba lusetyenziswa ngokungacingisisi. Iinkqubo eziphumeleleyo zobalo ziya kudibanisa isiseko sobalo kunye nogcino-lwazi lokwenene lwexesha le-2001, igalelo loluntu, kunye nesilanga esithe ngqingqwa kakhulu. Njengoko abemi beqhubeka befuduka / ngenxa yemozulu, ukufuduka kwedolophu, kunye nokutshintsha kwezoqoqosho ziya kukhula.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i U.S. Bureau yenani elipheleleyo yezixhobo zogcino-lwazi kunye nohlolo lovavanyo, iUnited Nations Statistics Division yemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nomsebenzi weBhanki yeWorld yobalo lwendawo ekuqhubekekeni kogcino-lwazi .