Indaleko Yohlaziyiso Lwesine Iyakhusela Kwihlabathi Elisebenzisa Amanani

Ilungelo lokukhululeka ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni lifana nesiseko senkululeko yomntu ngamnye, efakwe kwiSigqibo sesine soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Igunya eliqukunjelwe ngowe-1791, umbhalo walo lifundeka ngolu hlobo: "Ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni, kwaye akukho nanye imfazwe eza kukhutshwa, kodwa ngesizathu esitheth'''''ethe, kodwa, ixhaswe nguOath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekile indawo yokuphethwa, kwaye i-mfaza okanye izinto ezithinjweyo. Ii-mfobenzi ezingaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ezikhuselweyo, ezikhuselweyo, ezicelweyo, ii-neethe ingcali ze-neethe , zikhuselwe kwimiqatha le mithetho engongongongongongongo esetyenziswayo ngoku.

Isiseko Sembali Sokuphanda Nemfundiso Efihlakeleyo

UHlaliso lwesine lwaqala ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwe-komanisi kwimithetho-mvume nemisebenzi yoncedo jikelele, eyavumela amagunya aseBritane ukuba enze uphando olungenamda lwamakhaya nempahla. Injongo engundoqo yokulungisa kukukhusela abemi ekungeneni kukarhulumente ngokunyanzelisa ukuba uphando ngalunye lugwetyelwe kukukrokraza kwabantu ngabanye. Kwimbali-mbali yaseMelika, isicelo soMyezo-Mdathiso sasichane ngokungqalileyo: yayilawula ukuhlasela komzimba kwekhaya lomntu, umntu, amaphepha, okanye iziphumo. Uphengululo lwenzekile xa umphathi othile engene kummandla okhuselwe ngomgaqo-siseko, kwaye waphangwa xa urhulumente ethatha impahla.

Izigqibo ezibini zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eziqwalaselweyo zalungisa kwakhona uhlaziyo lweSine soMphetho-mva kwinkulungwane yama-20. Olstead v. United States [1928], iNkundla yathi ukukhupha ifowuni kumele ukuba i-'mfono-mfono-mfono' ayizange ime uphando okanye ithathe ityala kuba kwakungekho nto ingenayo ngokoqobo kwikhaya lommangalelwa. UJajijisda Brandey waziwayo, uphikisa ukuba ilungelo lokuvunyelwa kuphela lilelo olubanzi lwamalungelo nokungaxatyiswa kakhulu ngabantu abaphucumileyo. Ngokufutshane amashumi amane eminyaka kamva, iNkundla ephezulu yeNkuhlola iOMMMGatho-masterce kunyakatho lwe-athomo. Oku kumele ukuba kuqwalaselwe ukuqinisekisa okungaluvo olulukileyo.[Flpt:]

Ucelomngeni Lwamanani Lokuzikhusela Kwizinto Eziqhelekileyo Zobuqu

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwanyusa i Katz isakhelo semali ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, ubuninzi obupheleleyo bolwazi lomntu ngamnye oluvezwe ngamacebo adlula kude nayiphi na into egcinwe kwikhaya eliphathekayo. I-cell phone yale mihla iqulathe hayi nje kuphela izigxobo kodwa nee-imeyili, imiyalezo, iifoto, imbali yezempilo, iingxelo zemali, kunye ne-----apps -- ingxelo enenkcukacha zobomi bomntu bemihla ngemihla. Okwesibini, ugcino-lwazi oluninzi oluhlalayo aluhlali kwisixhobo ngokwaso kodwa kwififu okanye kwisithathu seseva, ifaka izicelo zesine soMbetho, i-Gawulayo. Phantsi kwe "3-party readbyt syt," imfundiso, iNkundlu yezongalo, ibonise ukuba abantu balahlekelwe kukuthemba kwabo okuzinyolileyo. Umzekelo, [FT] kumzekelo:[1] "F.[3]

Noko ke, iimpawu ezingaqhelekanga zobugcisa bamanani zishukumisele iinkundla ukuba ziphinde ziqwalasele imfundiso yesithathu eyinxalenye. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yakuqonda ukungasebenzi kwesakhiwo esidala kwiimeko zangoku ezilandelelanayo. Isiphumo esisebenzayo kukuba abameli bomthetho ngoku bayakwazi ukuqwalasela ngendlela engathethekiyo, kuquka ulwazi lwendawo yeseli (CSI), iGPS ukulandelela i-intanethi yomthetho wokuhlola idilesi, ukuqokelelwa kwe-metadata, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwe-mgodi ye-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zivumela urhulumente ukuba aqokelele iinkcazelo ezineenkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zeembutho zabantu, imibutho, imikhwa, nemikhwa ngaphandle kokuzimela kwimpahla yabo.

Isigqibo senkundla ePhakamileyo esiYeyona iPhakamileyo siphazamisana nemfihlo yamanani

Jones (202)

kwiUnited States v. Jones, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ukuba ukudibanisa isixhobo sokulandelela iGPS kwisithuthi nokuhlola intshukumo zaso iintsuku ezingama-28 kwamisa ukuphengulula. Urhulumente waphikisa ngelithi akukho phengululo lwenzekileyo kuba ummangalelwa wayengenalo olusengqiqweni lokuzimela intluphelo-mzamzamlo yemoto. Inkundla yakhetha ngokuxhasa uJones, kodwa iJaji yenze okusesikweni kwahlukana ne-'gcunts'. Uninzi lwemicingela-mvo yathi yesixhobo yathimba ityala ukuba ukudibana kwento ekhoyo kwento ekhoyo yemoto kungummangaliso, kwaye ngenxa yoko uphando lweSigqibo-Gastricke. IJajini i-Genelkm, ichaza uvavanyo olude lwezomthetho, i-Altz, ingqina ukuba i-ethe, i-ethe ukuva i-ethe ngqine, i-ethe-ethe yobulungisa, i-ethe-ethe-

EKhalifoniya (2014)

. Kwiqela leKhalifoniya, iNkundla yabuza ukuba amapolisa angawuphendla na umnxeba weselula ofunyaniswe ngaphandle kwemvume. INkundla yavumelana ukuba ayinakuba. IJaji enkulu uRoberts yabhala ukuba "icell phone, njengeqela, ifaka imibandela yemfihlo ngaphezu kwaleyo ikhankanyiweyo yipakethi yomdiza, isikhwakhwa, okanye isikhwakhwa semali. Imbono yagxininisa ukuba icell phone ayiyo enye into ephathekayo; iqulathe "i Pricies zobomi" kwaye iyakwazi ukugcina izixa ezininzi zogcino-lwazi, ezinye zazo ezingafumanekiyo kwisixhobo ngokwaso. Inkundla yala impikiswano karhulumente yokuphendla i-mfonobologoqonga i-ogral i-oggn, okanye ukuphendla i-odoboodood tractiesties, xa kufunwa ukubanjwa okusemthethweni.

Umqhubi m. United States (208)

Isigqibo esibalulekileyo sobuqu bamanani sokufumana i- i-Carpeent v. United States. Urhulumente wafumana iintsuku 127 zendawo ye-cell yolwazi oluvela ku-Sprint, egquma intshukumo yommangalelwa, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umbuzo wawusithi urhulumente ufumana i-CSLI ekwindawo yesithathu yeSiphengululo seNkqutyana. Kwisigqibo se-eseli, iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba injalo. ISikhulu setyala, siphinda sibhalele abantu abaninzi, siqonda ukuba "be nokulindela okufanelekileyo kwimisebenzi yabo yonke ephathekayo."." INkuvo yasekuqaleni inguqululo ithetha ukuba iprojelo yesithathu yemfundiso, njengemeko [FTLT] [5].[5]

Imigudu yomthetho nomthetho wokukhusela amanani obuqu

Ngeli xesha iinkundla zithathe amanyathelo abalulekileyo, iNgqungquthela kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ziye zasebenza ukuhlaziya ukhuseleko lwezobucala lwexesha lamanani. [Umthetho wonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo] ka-1986] waba ngumzamo wakudala wokwandisa ukhuseleko lwezixokelelwano ze-elektroniki, kodwa amalungiselelo ayo aye aphelelwa lixesha. Umzekelo, iECPA ivumela urhulumente ukuba afumane ii-imeyili ezigcinwe iintsuku ezili-180 nge-ethoba kuphela, hayi ngemvume. [[FLT:] USUS[FFFFFF:3] Act, umthetho othelelweyo wodwa kakhulu [ngengoomati, -- --impereances ezithengwayo ze-omatike], u-X20] u-X20] u-20] u-ekhotho lwe-X201, uthelela ulawulo oluninzi lwemiqatha lwezobuGenethi [ekhompume] [ethe] [ethe, ngokoku.[FFF

I- ye-American Liberties Union ibiye yaba ngummeli ophambili wokhuselo lweziNgqozo zeSine sokuHlaziya, iphikisa ngelithi imfundiso yesithathu mayilungiselelwe ukuqaphela ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lwahlukile ngokwenyani kwiingxelo zoshishino kwinkupho SMT.

Ingqungquthela Edityanisiweyo: Ukubhala Ubuxoki, Ukuhanjwa KukaRhulumente, Ugcino - lwazi Lwezinto Eziphila Ngomlinganiselo Olinganayo

Ubuchule bokuhlola obukhoyo bunika ucelomngeni oluninzi. Ingxoxo nge-'FLT:0] ebambeneyo ifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho "ukufikelela kokhuseleko" ngokuchasene nokhuseleko kunye nobumfihlo babo bonke abasebenzisi. I-FBI' 2016 izama ukunyanzela i-Appley ukuba i-San Bernardo umpurdo ivule incoko yesizwe nokuba urhulumente angafuna iinkampani zobugcisa ukuba zaphule imiqathango yazo yokhuseleko. Akukho nkundla igqibelele ukulawula ngokugqibeleleyo kwimfuno-mGaqo-siseko phantsi koMfuno-Mphetho-Mda wesine. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa komthetho wobuxhaphono-oka [[FLT] [FLT] [12] [iiiiiii-evidumsced'o'odroption''''irsed projectivessssss projectivesssssssssss proant -- inyusa ukuba ngabakhangeliciption

uphando oluthe ngqo lomntu okhoyo , kuquka ulwaluko lobuso, uhlalutyo, kunye nokuhlola iminwe, kunika olunye umaleko wobuntlola. Iinkundla zidla ngokumamela ukuba umntu akanalo ulindelo olufanelekileyo lokuzimela ubumtu bento zobuqu ekubonakaleni kwakhe, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lwe-biometricmetric kubangela ukuba ukwazi ukulandelela nokuqonda okuqhubekayo kobuso, nokuqwalaselwa ngumthetho, maxa wambi kudityaniswe neenkcazelo ezinkulu zephepha-layisensiti ye-mputha yomqhubi, kubangele ukuba kumangalelwe ukuchaswa koMphetho-Mphengululi wesine. [[FLT:LYN]. v[FLT][FLT] [3], uGONDONDO oluPhakamileyo lweNkathi, uGenethi yeNkathi ye-Eli, uGenethiyokuphetho-Genethi ye-Gene]

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokukhangela Kwamanani Nokungaphili

I-United States ayiyodwa exakekiseni nale miba. I-European Union's Jikelele ukhuselwano logcino-lwazi lokukhusela ubomi (GDPR) inikela ukhuseleko olunamandla kugcino-lwazi lobuqu, kwaye iNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo aBantu iqaphele ukuba ukujongwa kwamalungelo abantu nge-elektroniki kunakho ukuchasana neQumrhu 8 le-Europe elikwiNgqungquthela yamalungelo abantu, eliqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlonela ubomi bobucala. Kwimeko yophawu uMzalwanaw. uBukumkani obumanyene[FLT:] [20] [20], iNkundla yaseYurophu ibambe ukuba ulawulo lwe-UK'alight luchasa amalungelo abantu. Okwangokunje amazwe ase-Australia kunye neUnited States agqithisele imithetho yezo ezorhwebo ukuba anikezele ngokufihlakeleyo, ukuba anikezele ii-gxobo-od nxamnye ngoncedo oluzibo lwemithetho-mthetho-ogropolut.

Ugcino-lwazi lwehlabathi lonke olwabelanayo, njenge-US-UK Data Accessition Act phantsi koMthetho we-CLOUD, vumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kwelinye ilizwe ukuba ucele ugcino-lwazi lwezombane kubanikezeli kwelinye ilizwe. Ezi zivumelwano ziphakamisa imibuzo yesiGqibiso-Mdathiso malunga nokuhlola imingcele yemida enqamlezayo kunye nokuba imvume ezikhutshwe ziinkundla zamanye amazwe zanelisa imfuneko yeSine soMvumelo-Mvumelwano. [[FLT: 0] United States v. Microsoft Corp. [2017], iKhontramente ephumelelayo iphakamisa ityala ngokudlulisa uMthetho weCLOUD, enika igunya lomthetho lokwenza uluntu ukuba lufumane ugcino-lwazi olugciniweyo olusuka kumazwe amazwe ase-US.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Unqabiseko Nenkululeko Kwixesha Lokulawula Kwamanani

Ilungelo lokukhululeka kuphendlo olungekho ngqiqweni luye lwangqinelana ngokungqinelayo ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyakwazi ukutshintsha utshintsho lwezobugcisa iqhubekeka iwugqitha umthetho. Icebo elisuka ku [[FLT: 0] Katz ukuya ] ibonise ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqonda ukuba ugcino-lwazi lweziqumrhu lufuna isakhiwo esitsha-- lowo ushiya uvavanyo lwempahla olusekelwe kwingxenye yesithathu yemfundiso. Kodwa ke, iNkuhlela ishiya imibuzo emininzi ingaphendulwangaphenduleki. Ingaba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana i-intanethi yokhangelo lwemihlathi? ulwazi lweDNA olunentsingiselo ye-oralbar? Le mibuzo iza kufikelela kwiimeko ze-modetabase?

Isenzo somthetho sihlala sibalulekile. IBhunga kufuneka lihlaziye i-ECPA ukuze lifune imvume kuzo zonke iindlela zonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha kunye nogcino-lwazi olugciniweyo, kungakhathaliseki ubudala okanye indawo. Kufuneka lidlulise umthetho wezobucala wesizwe obeka isiseko sokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente kunye nengqokelela yeenkampani. Kwangaxesha linye, imfuneko esemthethweni yokuqinisekisa ulwaphulo-mthetho nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kufuneka lufakwe kwiinkqubo ezicace gcathayo, ukuvelela, nokutshona kwengxelo yokutshona kwengxelo yomthetho, kunye neengxelo zokutshona kwe-opolitive. Umphelo weSine asiyo iprojekte yomgaqo-mthetho ozibo abafuna ukuzibulala; yinkqubo yomgaqo ofanelekileyo. Kwixesha lamanani, ukuvavanywa komgaqo kuchaza oko "ukuthand ’ ukuba kuthethwa ngurhulumente, xa ubuchule bokuva, nokulandele iirekhodi zobomi bethu.

Njengokuba iJaji Brandeis yalumkisa ixhomekeke kwi-'olmstead', "Eyona ngozi inkulu yokuzimela ngokufihlakeleyo ekungeneni kwabantu benzondelelo, iinjongo ezintle kodwa ngaphandle kokuqonda." uphuhliso lwelungelo lokukhululeka ekuphandeni okungaqiqiyo kwixesha lobuzwe luza kuxhomekeka ekuqondeni okudibeneyo kweenkundla, abenzi bomthetho, kunye noluntu olungekho mfihlo aluyo ithutyana lexesha lephepha-pepa ne-all kodwa luyimeko ebalulekileyo yenkululeko kwihlabathi elinxulumeneyo. Isizukulwana esilandelayo semfundiso yokuHlunyuselwa kwemidatha kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba ubugcisa buncede abantu, hayi ukujika. [[FLT:]