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Ukuqonda Ubugunya Kumhlaba Wanamhlanje Wezobupolitika

Ubuququzeleli bumela enye yezona ndlela zihlala zihleli nezineziphumo eziphambili zombutho wezobupolitika kwimbali yoluntu. Emongweni wayo, yinkqubo yolawulo apho amandla agxininise kwigunya elinye okanye kwiqela elincinane elilawulayo, ngokunempumelelo imisela inkululeko yabantu, ubuninzi bezobupolitika, kunye nokuhlola kwezeziququ. Kubafundisi-lwazi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abaququzelelweyo, ukuphuhlisa ngokucacileyo ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lobuzwilakhe akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo ephambili ekutolikeni kweziganeko zehlabathi, ukuvuma izisongelo kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi, nokuxabisa ixabiso lolawulo-mpaka.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, umhlaba ubone ukurhoxa nokubuya kuvuselelwa kwezenzo zobuzwilakhe. Ngoxa amanye amazwe eye atshintshela kwidemokhrasi, amanye aye aguquka ngokwedemokhrasi okanye aqiniswa komthetho olawulayo. Oku kuntsonkothe kwenza ukuba ukufundwa kolawulo lolawulo-othotho kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngokuhlolisisa iimpawu zalo, imizekelo engokwembali, umahluko wokwakhiwa, kunye nempembelelo yentlalo, sifumana ubuchule bokuqhuba inkqubo yedemokhrasi efunekayo ukuze sihambele phambili kwihlabathi elinolawulo oluneyo apho iimodeli zikhuphisana ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuchaza Imithetho Karhulumente: Imigaqo Nemida

Ukuze ubani aqonde ubuzwilakhe, kuqala kufuneka abusahlule nezinye iintlobo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uJuan Linz sanikela enye yeenkcazelo ezinempembelelo kakhulu, ichaza ubuzwilakhe njengenkqubo yezobupolitika enemiqathango elinganiselweyo, engenatyala, engalawulwayo, engobupolitika; eswele iingcamango ezizintsonkothileyo; eneengqondo ezahlukileyo; kwaye engenazo intsebenziswano zezobupolitika ngaphandle kwamaxesha athile. Le nkcazelo ihlala isisiseko sohlalutyo oluthelwe ngokwezo lwezobupolitika.

Ulwahlulo Oluyintloko Oluvela Kwidemokhrasi

Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yedemokhrasi efumana ilungelo elisemthethweni kwimvume ethandwayo nekhusela inkululeko yabemi ngokuvavanywa kwemibutho, oorhulumente abalawula ngempatho-mbi basebenza ngemigaqo eyahlukileyo. Olona mahluko ubalulekileyo uquka:

  • Umthombo woMthetho: oorhulumente bedemokhrasi bafumana igunya labo kunyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, ngelixa ulawulo lolawulo olungqongqo lusoloko luxhomekeke kwisithethe, ukhokelo lwezibonelelo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye iingqiniba zengqiqo.
  • Ukhuphiswano lweProtalication: luququzelela ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi kwaye lukhusela ilungelo lokungavumelani; iinkqubo ze-athorithorithi zithintela okanye ziphelise inkcaso yezobupolitika enentsingiselo.
  • I-Rouble yoMthetho: Kwidemokhrasi, umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, kuquka nabo banegunya; ulawulo lolawulo olungqongqo lusebenzisa iinkqubo zomthetho ukulungiselela izilangazelelo ezilawulayo nokukhusela abasebenzi ekubekeni ityala.
  • Inkululeko yokuthetha: Inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, neyonqulo zisisiseko kwidemokhrasi; la malungelo ancitshiswa ngokucwangcisiweyo phantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo-lawulo oluphezulu.

Ukwahlula Ubugunya noozwilakhe

Ingongoma eqhelekileyo yokudideka ibandakanya umahluko phakathi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ngoxa zinxulumene, ezi ngcamango zahlukile ngobungakanani nangobukhulu. Ubuzwilakhe bumela uhlobo oluthile lolawulo olungqongqo apho urhulumente efuna ukulawula phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu kunye nobobusese, ngokufuthi ngengqiqo ebanzi nangeliso eligqugqisileyo. Imizekelo yembali iquka iJamani yamaNazi kunye neSoviet Union phantsi koStalin. Ulawulo lobuzwilakhe, nangona inyanzelela umlinganiselo othile wentlalo kunye noqoqosho ngaphandle kwezobupolitika, ukuba abemi bangalingelingelingelinge igunya elilawulayo ngqo.

Umahluko ubalulekile kuba unceda abahlalutyi bahlole ubungqingqwa boorhulumente abahlukeneyo baze baxele kwangaphambili indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Oorhulumente abagunyazi bangakunyamezela ukushishina kwabantu ngasese, ukuqhelisela unqulo, kwanengxoxo kawonke wonke elinganiselweyo, lo gama nje le misebenzi ingasongeli ukuphatha korhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oorhulumente abalawuli abanobuzwilakhe banyanzelisa ukuvumelana nokufuna ukuguqula indalo yomntu ngokwayo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nendaleko YobuOsteritarianism

Ulawulo lobugosa lwamandulo, ubukhosi, ulawulo lookumkani, neenkosi zesizwe samandulo ngokufuthi zazibonakalisa iimpawu zolawulo olungqongqo, nangona zazingenazo izixhobo zolawulo lobundlobongela namandla obugcisa aphawula amagunya aphantsi kwamazwe anamhlanje.

Iifomu Zangaphambi Kwenkqubo

Ngaphambi kwexesha langoku, ulawulo lolawulo olunegunya eliphantsi ludla ngokuthatha uhlobo lolawulo olupheleleyo, apho abalawuli babesithi banelungelo lobuthixo kwaye besebenzisa igunya elingathintelwayo. UBukhosi bamaRoma, ubuGqiba obuhlukeneyo bamaTshayina, kunye noBukhosi base-Ottoman bonke basebenza ngegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuthinteleni okulinganiselweyo. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zazinyanzeliswa zizithintelo zolawulo olulawulayo ```i-compuzation'''''''') yaye inkoliso abemi abanolawulo bafumana ulawulo ngokuyintloko ngemi phakathi yasekuhlaleni kunokuba bangenelela ngqo kungenelelo lukarhulumente.

Ukuvela Kobugunya Banamhlanje

Inkulungwane yama-20 yakubona ukuvela kweentlobo zale mihla zolawulo olungqongqo, eziye zabangelwa yinkqubela yobugcisa yonxibelelwano, ezothutho, kunye nokujongwa. Uphuhliso lwezoshishino lwadala iindidi ezintsha zentlalo kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho, ngelixa ijelo leendaba livumela ulawulo loluntu ukuba luvelise uluvo olunempumelelo kunangaphambili. Ixesha lemfazwe yemfazwe yonyaka (1918-1939) langqineka linesiseko esichumileyo semibutho yolawulo olungqongqo, njengoko uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho, ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika, kunye nelifa leMfazwe Yehlabathi I lithoba ukuthomalalisa ukholo kwimimandla yedemokhrasi kulo lonke elaseYurophu nangaphaya.

Imizekelo ebalaseleyo yembali eyaguqula indlela abantu ababuqonda ngayo ubuzwilakhe banamhlanje iquka oku:

  • iSoviet Union (192-1991): Phantsi kweLenin kwaye ingakumbi uStalin, iSoviet Union yavelisa imo yecading edityaniswe nolawulo lwengqondo kunye noxinaniso olusasazekileyo, ukwenziwa kwentsebenziswano, kunye nophuhliso. Ukusetyenziswa korhulumente kwamapolisa asemfihlekweni, iinkampu zomsebenzi, kwaye kuboniswe iimvavanyo zokumisela isikhokelo solawulo lolawulo lwe-ophakal ’ entla.
  • umkhosi waseJamani (1933-1945): [ ulawulo lukaHitler lwamela uhlobo olunengqwabalala kakhulu lolawulo lobuzwilakhe, ukudibanisa iingcamango zobuhlanga, ubuhlanga obunobundlobongela, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga. Ukugxininisa kwalo kwinkokeli kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemikhosi yemigunyaziso yootholo kwayahlula kwezinye iimodeli.
  • I-Itali e-Fascist (192-1943): ulawulo lukaMussolini lwavelisa ubuchule obuninzi bobugqeba bobuqhaqhatha gwenxa kunye nolawulo lwezoqoqosho lobukhoporatike, luphembelela kamva intsebenziswano yempatho yempatho etho ephantsi komhlaba jikelele.
  • iSpeyin (1939-1975):[[FLT] iSpeyin phantsi kukaFrancis Franco imela uhlobo oluthe ngxi, lwesizwe lobuKatolika oluye lwanyamezela kangangamashumi eminyaka, lubonisa indlela ulawulo olunjalo olungalufumana ngayo uzinzo lwexesha elide ngokudityaniswa kocinezelo olude kunye nokukhetha.
  • Pinochet's Chile (1973-190): [ Lo rhulumente wamisela idemon yomkhosi, efikelela kumandla ngonikezelo lobundlobongela olunogonyamelo kwaye ezalisekisa utshintsho lwezoqoqosho olukhululekileyo kunye nocinezelo olunzima lwezobupolitika.

Ubugunyazi bobuRhulumente basemva kweKhalathali

Inkqubo yokuthoba ityala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yavelisa ulawulo lwedemon eninzi eAfrika, e-Asia, naseMbindi Mpuma. Amazwe amaninzi azimeleyo afumana ilifa lezakhiwo zolawulo lwamakoloni anamandla anamandla kunokuba azahlulele. Ngaphezu koko, ukhuphiswano lwemfazwe yezomlomo lwakhokelela kwiUnited States kunye neSoviet Union ukuxhasa amagunya alawulayo ahambisana nezilangazelelo zawo zolawulo lwequmrhu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi na ezo zenzo zasekhaya. Lo mgaqo we-Phondo wehlabathi waguqula ngokuphawulekayo ukusasazwa kwehlabathi lonke kolawulo olunempembelelo enyanzelisayo kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo ecuthayo yokuhlolisisa ubuOuthoritarianism

Ezi nkcukacha zinceda ekucaciseni isizathu sokuba kubekho ulawulo olungqongqo, indlela olulondoloza ngayo igunya, yaye phantsi kweemeko ezinokuguqukela kwidemokhrasi.

Ingcamango Yale Mihla

Ingcamango yokuzinzisa yale mihla, enempembelelo phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, yacebisa ukuba inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho ikhokelele ngokwemvelo ekuthotyelweni kolawulo-mthetho. Ngokutsho kwale mbono, njengoko imibutho ityeba, imfundo engakumbi, kwaye ifikeleleka ngakumbi, ikhula isigaba esiphakathi esifuna amalungelo ezobupolitika kunye nokuziphendulela koorhulumente. Ngoxa le ngcamango inamandla abalulekileyo okuchaza izinto. /udemokhrasi zixhaphake kakhulu kunee-omatshini abatyebileyo abatyebileyo (*) kwaye azikwazi ukuphendula kwiimeko ezifana neSingapore okanye iTshayina, apho inkqubela yezoqoqosho iye yaqhubeka ingakhange inikezeli kwezobupolitika.

Ukufikelela kwezakhiwo kunye nezophuhliso

Ezi ndlela zihlolisisa indlela amaziko ezobupolitika, ukwakhiwa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentlalo epheleleyo kweziphumo zobuzwilakhe. Izinto ezifana nobutyebi bendalo bovimba (uMthombo otshabhileyo), imiqathango yembali yobuthanga, izahlulo zobuhlanga, kunye nendlela yokuyila imibutho yezobupolitika konke okunempembelelo nokuba ilizwe liphuhlisa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe okanye ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Umzekelo, amazwe anemiqathango emininzi ye-oyile idla ngokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zolawulo oluphantsi kwegunyazisa ngenxa yokuba ubutyebi bemali buvumela abalawuli ukuba bathengezozozo ezobuhlanga, izahlulo zobuzwe, ulawulo kunye nomelo olusekelwe kwidemokhrasi.

Ingcebiso yeNkcubeko neyokuziphatha

Bambi abaphengululi bagxininisa oothunywashe benkcubeko, bethi amanye amaqela anemilinganiselo okanye izithethe eziwenza amkele ulawulo olungqongqo. Ngoxa le ndlela ibeka iziphumo ezingalindelekanga okanye isithintela, ibalaselisa indlela izithethe zezobupolitika eziquka ngayo isimo sengqondo ngegunya, imbono yomntu ngamnye, kunye noluntu, .-----------asessss a propatitical arces ang projectrial ang griel Gabriel Almond no Sidney Verba ezibonisa ukuba ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kufuna isithethe esixhasayo esiquka ukuthemba, ukunyamezelana, nokuba nenxaxheba.

Iimpawu zoMlawuli oPhambili

Ngoxa ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lwahluka kakhulu kumalungiselelo alo angqalileyo, asabelana ngeempawu eziliqela ezahlulayo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kubalulekile ekuchazeni izenzo zolawulo olungqongqo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukunikela ingqalelo Nokungahlawulwa Kwamandla

Umba ochaza ubuzwilakhe kukuxinaniswa kwamandla kumntu omnye, kwiqela elinye, okanye kwiqela elincinane. Eli gunya alikho phantsi kovavanyo olunentsingiselo okanye ukuphendula. Kulawulo lomntu ngamnye, inkokeli isebenzisa ulawulo lobuqu kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo zikarhulumente; kulawulo lwemikhosi, imikhosi exhobileyo idityanisiwe ibambe amandla; kumaphondo akwicandelo elinye, izixhobo zeqela zilawula onke amasebe karhulumente.

Ukucinezelwa Kwenkcaso Yezobupolitika

Ulawulo olugunyazisayo lucinezela inkcaso yezobupolitika ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Imiqathango engokwasemthethweni isenokuvalwa amaqela enkcaso, ibeke imiqathango imisebenzi yawo, okanye imisele iimfuno ezincinci zokubhaliswa. Amanyathelo okuxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo aquka ukujongwa, ukuhlaselwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukungcuthekiswa, nokubulawa kwabachasi bezobupolitika. Umgangatho wokucinezelwa kwezobupolitika uyahluka kwii-orhulumente naxa lithile, kunye nokulawulwa ngokulawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nempembelelo ekhethekileyo kunokuba kuphenjelelwe ingqwala.

Ulawulo lolwazi kunye nolwazi

Uphawu lolawulo lobuzwilakhe kukulawula ulwazi oluphumayo. Ulawulo lwezikhundla ze-intanethi luphumeza oku ngolawulo lwezibonelelo ezingundoqo ze-media, izifuno ezikhupha amazwi azimeleyo, imiqathango esemthethweni ekunikeni ingxelo, nokusetyenziswa kobuqhetseba ekulolongezeleni uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Kwixesha lamanani, oorhulumente abaninzi abanobuzwilakheli bobucukubhede bekhompyutha baye bavelisa amandla antsonko kukuhlolwa kwe-intanethi, uphatho-ndaba-ndaba, kunye nokuchophela kwe-intanethi. Okubizwa ngokunjalo kumela eyona nkqubo ibanzi yolawulo lwaseTshayina"enomenti-ne, kodwa ubugcisa obufanayo busetyenziswa ngurhulumente abasuka kwi-Iran ukuya eRashiya.

Ulawulo lweNkqutyana yoMgaqo-nkqubo

Ulawulo oluninzi lolawulo olungqongqo lwexesha linye lugcina imiqathango esesikweni yedemokhrasi − ii-demokhrasi, iipalamente, kunye nonyulo-ezinzileyo zicutha imveliso yazo. Unyulo luyenzeka kodwa alukhululekileyo kwaye alulunganga; ijaji ikho kodwa ayinazintsebenziswano; izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziyadibana kodwa azinagunya. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba "yinkqubo yolawulo-demokhrasi" okanye "impatho yegunya-demokhrasi," ivumela ulawulo ukuba luthethe ngokusemthethweni ngelizodwa ngoxa luthintela ukhuphiswano lwezobupolitika lokwenene.

Ulawulo olugunyazisiweyo

Ukuqonda iinguqu zolawulo lwedemon kufuna indlela yokubhala ephawula iintlobo nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Ukwahlulwa okulandelayo, nangona kungadibanisi, kufumana ezona zinto ziphawulekayo.

Ubuntu okanye ulawulo olungqongqo

Kulawulo lomntu ngamnye, igunya libhekiselele kwinkokeli nganye esebenzisa igunya elizimeleyo, elikhululekileyo kwimiqathango yeziko. Aba rhulumente badla ngokubonakalisa amahlelo obuntu, i-nethipoka, kunye nokuthotywa kwemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo. Iinkokeli zobuntu zingaqalisa ukulawula ngonyulo (ngoko kugqwethwa iinkqubo zedemokhrasi), ulawulo lwemikhosi, okanye intsebenziswano yezakhelo. Imizekelo yembali iquka ulawulo luka Ferdinand Marcos ePhilippines, Mobutu Seseko eZaire, kwaye kutshanje, umthetho ka-Aleksandre Lukashenko e-Belarus.

Umkhosi

Ulawulo lomkhosi, okanye ijuntas, luvela xa imikhosi exhobileyo ithatha ulawulo lukarhulumente, ngokuqhelekileyo ngombhukuqo odityanisiweyo. Le mikhosi idla ngokuthi ingenelele okwexeshana ukubuyisela ucwangco okanye ukuchanabeka kwabemi bomkhosi, kodwa emininzi isala inegunya lamaxesha angaphezulu. Ulawulo lomkhosi lungabekwa kwiziqu zolawulo zoburhulumente, olunamandla ahlulwe phakathi kwamagosa amakhulu kunokuba aqukelwe ngumntu omnye. Imizekelo iquka i-Myanmar phantsi kweBhunga loLawulo loBurhulumente (2021-present), iPakistan phantsi koMphathi-mikhosi uPervez Muharfraf (19999-2008), kunye naseBrazil ebudeni bolawulo lolawulo lomkhosi (19649-19985).

Enye- Icandelo

Kwiinkqubo zecandelo elinye, iqela elinye lezobupolitika lilawula igunya lezobupolitika, licinezele okanye lifake elinye iqela. Eli qela lisoloko lilawula iqumrhu lombuso, umkhosi, namanye amaziko angundoqo, lidala isakhiwo seqela elinye. Imithetho yecandelo elinye isoloko inobukho bobungangamsha obungaphezulu bobuzwe kunye nolawulo lwengqiqo kuneentlobo ezithile ze-dentinali. IRiphabliki yabantu yaseTshayina imele eyona zwe libalulekileyo lingurhulumente omnye, lilandelwa yiVietnam, iLaos, neCuba.

Iintlawulo Zobuthixo Nezonqulo

Igunya lolawulo lobuthixo limisela igunya lezobupolitika kwimfundiso yonqulo, iinkokeli zonqulo ezinegunya elipheleleyo okanye zisebenzisa impembelelo epheleleyo ekulawuleni. IRiphabliki yamaSilamsi yaseIran imela owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wangoku, apho iNkokeli ePhakamileyo (isikhundla sabefundisi) inegunya elipheleleyo kumaziko anyuliweyo. Eminye imikhosi, enjengeSaudi Arabia, idibanisa ulawulo olupheleleyo kunye negunya lobuthixo ngaphandle kokulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngobuthixo.

IiNqakathi Ezineengqiniba Nezikhuphiswano

Iinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zanamhlanje azivumelani nokuhlelwa, zidibanisa iintlobo zedemokhrasi kunye noqheliselo lobuzwilakhe. Le mikhosi ixhaphakileyo igcina unyulo oluvumela ukhuphiswano kodwa luqinisekisa ngokusebenzisa uxhatshazo, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokungalawuleki okungenakuphulukana nokulawulwa kwequmrhu. IRashiya phantsi kweVladimir Putin, iHungary phantsi kweViktor Orbán, kunye neVenezuela phantsi kweNicolás Maduro exemplel, apho amaziko e-demokhrasithiki akhoyo kodwa engenayo idemokhrasi.

Impembelelo Yentlalo Nezoqoqosho Neyomntu Yobugunya

Imiphumo yokulawula ngolawulo olunegunya ifikelela kuyo yonke imilinganiselo yobomi bentlalo, ukususela kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye ukusa kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho ukusa kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokukhululwa Kwabemi

Ulawulo lobugunya lulungelelanisa ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu njengoko kuchazwa ngumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kwaphula umthetho kubandakanya ukubulala okugqithisileyo, ukuthuthumbisa, ukuvalelwa, ukunyamalala, nokucinezelwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, kunye nonqulo. Imibutho yabemi ijongene nemiqathango enzima, kwaye ujongo lwamalungelo abantu oluzimeleyo lungavunyelwa okanye lunyanzelwe ngokuqatha. Ingxelo yonyaka ye-Freedom House [ ikhutshelwa ngokungaguqukiyo ukurhoxiswa kwamalungelo ezobupolitika nenkululeko yabemi kumazwe afumana ukuquluzelwa kolawulo olunegunya.

Uphuhliso

Ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo olungqongqo kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho lunzima kwaye luphikiswana. Olunye ulawulo lobuzwilakhe luye lwaphumelela ulwando oluphawulekayo lwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi eMpuma Asia (eMzantsi Korea phantsi kwePark Chung-hee, eSingapore phantsi kweLee Kuan Yew, kunye neTshayina yexesha eliqhelekileyo). Ezi meko zicebisa ukuba ulawulo lwedemon lunganika uzinzo kunye nocwangciso lwexesha elide olufunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, ulawulo olulawula ngegunya likwakhenkene neengxaki: ukunganyaniseki kukhula ekungabi namalungelo okuziphendulela, amalungelo empahla ahlala engakhuselekanga, kwaye ukwenza izigqibo zezoqoqosho kusoloko kusenziwa ngokutyibilikayo.

Uphando lucebisa ukuba ngoxa eminye imikhosi ye-athomthority iphumeza ukukhula okufutshane, inqabile ukuvelisa uphawu oluxhathisiweyo, oluquka ukuphuhliswa kolawulo-moya olusebenza kakuhle. Ukunqongophala kokuhlola okusemthethweni kukhokelela ekuzifumaneni kwezibonelelo eziphosakeleyo, ubuKapitali obungaqondakaliyo, nokuchanabeka kwiingxaki zokulandelela iinkokeli. Ngaphezu koko, impumelelo yezoqoqosho yolawulo olungqongqo idla ngokubangelwa ngamalungelo omsebenzi, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle.

Ukwahlukana Kwentlalo Nokuphazanyiswa Kwezobupolitika

Ubugunyazi budla ngokubangela ulwahluko lwentlalo olukhoyo okanye budala olutsha. Iingxaki zobuhlanga, zengingqi, okanye zonqulo zingabangela uxinezeleko lokwahlula inkcaso zize ziqinise inkxaso yazo. Okanye, ukucinezelwa kungakucinezela ukungquzulana okubonakalayo ngeli xesha izikhalo zikhula ngaphantsi komphezulu, ekugqibeleni zigqumathelela ebundlobokeni xa ulawulo lorhulumente ludodobala. Amava eArabia Spring, apho ing, apho ingxinzelelwano ekudala igqugqisile iqayo iphakathi kweMpuma ephakathi, ibonisa indlela uzinzolo olunempembelelo enzulu olugqugqithileyo olugqugqisa ingxabano.

Iziphumo zengqondo nezenkcubeko

Ukuhlala phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo kuguqula indlela yomntu ngamnye yengqondo kunye nenkcubeko ngendlela ezinzulu. Abahlali bangazenza bangabi nantembelo phakathi kwabo, bahlakulele ukungathembani ngamaziko kunye nabemi abangoomatiloshe, baxhalabe ngokungapheliyo ngokukhangelwa nokohlwaywa. Ingcamango "yobuntlola" iye yafundwa kakhulu yizazi ngengqondo, eziphikisayo ukuba abathile batsalele kwiinkqubo zolawulo olulawulayo ezithembisa ulungelelwano, ukuqiniseka, kunye nokhokelo olunamandla. Imveliso yenkcubeko, umculo, unyanzelelwa kukukhangelwa nokuzilawula, ukuyila nokuphuhlisa ingqiqo.

Intshukumo nendlela zokulwa eziya ekucinyweni

Phezu kwawo nje amandla amakhulu amagunya olawulo olungqongqo, imibutho yokuxhathisa iye yaphumelela ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali. Ukuqonda le ntshukumo kunika ukuqonda ngempembelelo yeenguqu zobupolitika neemeko apho ulawulo olunegunya liwela khona.

Ukuchasa Okungenabundlobongela Noluntu Lwasekuhlaleni

Ukuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela kuye kwangqinwa njengenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zolawulo olunengcelele. Iteknoloji efana nokuqhayisa okukhulu, ukubetha, ukuphosa, ukungathobeli kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nokudalwa kwemibutho ehambelanayo kungenza urhulumente angabi nagunyazelo kunye nokusebenzisana. Umsebenzi womphengululi uGene Sharp wabonisa ukuba isenzo sokungabi nabundlobongela sinokwenziwa ngokucwangcisiweyo kwaye sisetyenziswe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo, enomlinganiselo ophezulu wempumelelo kunempumelelo engaphezulu kunokuvukela kwedemokhrasi ekufikeleleni ienguqulelo zedemokhrasi.

Imizekelo yembali iquka iNguquko yamandla yaBantu basePhilippines (1986), iMvukelo yeVelvet eCzechoslovakia (19989), umlo wokulwa ne-apartheid eMzantsi Afrika, kunye neMvukelo-Mbala kumaphondo asemva kweSoviet. Kwimeko nganye, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, imibutho yabafundi, imibutho yabafundi, imibutho yorhwebo, kunye namaziko onqulo adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuxhathisa nokugcina ingqeqesho engenabundlobongela.

Indima Yengcinezelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Abadlali behlabathi bangaphembelela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngohlobo oluthile: ukuvunywa kwezoqoqosho, ukwahlukaniswa kwezentlalo, ukuxhasa ibutho labantu kunye namajelo eendaba azimeleyo, kunye noncedo olunemiqathango. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iEuropean Union, kunye neNkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho yezizwe ngezizwe ivelise iinkqubo zokukhuthaza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokubeka ityala kwiinkokeli zolawulo lobudemokhrasi ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kwengcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe kulinganiselwe ngokukhuphisana ngezilangazelelo ze-jiyo yezepolitiki, ukufumaneka komnye umbutho wolawulo olunompaka nolawulo oluphezulu, nokuxhalabelana ngolawulo kunye nokungenelela.

Umthetho wamanani kunye notshintsho lobugcisa

I-Intanethi kunye ne-media yentlalo ivelise amathuba amatsha okuxhathisa ngelinye ixesha kuxhotyiswa izixhobo ezintsha zolawulo lukarhulumente. Amaqonga amanani enza abaxhasi balungelelanise ngokukhawuleza, babelane ngolwazi ngaphaya kolawulo lolawulo lukarhulumente, kwaye atsale ingqalelo yehlabathi lonke. Noko ke, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe luye lwaziqhelanisa ngokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zobuntlola, ukusetyenziswa kwamaphulo okususa amanani olwazi, kunye nokulawula i-intanethi yesiseko se-intanethi. Isiphumo sifana nogqatso oluqhubekayo phakathi kwabaxhasi abafuna ukujika ulawulo noorhulumente abaphuhlisa ubugcisa bolawulo oluntluntluntlukwano.

Ukuphumelela Kwezinto Ezingekhoyo Nokuwa

Ulawulo lolawulo olugunyazisayo lusoloko lujongene nocelomngeni olukhoyo ngexesha lotshintsho lokhokelo. Ukufa okanye ukucazululwa kwenkokeli elawulayo, ukulwa ngokulandelelana phakathi kwezangqa ezilawulayo, okanye ukuphambuka okuphezulu kungadala imivulo yemikhosi yedemokhrasi. Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kulandele ixesha lokungazinzi kokhokelo notshintsho phantsi kobuRhorbacheba; iNqaku yama-Arabhu yaqala ngokwenxenye ngemibuzo elandelelanayo eTunisia, eYiputa, naseLibya. Ukuqonda ezi ziganeko zibalulekileyo kunceda abahlalutyisi bafumane amaxesha xa kunokwenzeka ukuguquka kwedemokhrasi.

Ukubhala Ngenkulungwane Yama - 20: Iingxaki Ezintsha

Imekobume yangoku inika inkqubela kunye nophuhliso olutsha kulawulo lobuzwilakhe. Izinto ezintathu zifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo.

Imithetho yamanani kunye neKapita loMkhosi

Ubuchule bobugcisa obukhoyo boorhulumente bobuzwilakhe buye banda ngokuphawulekayo. Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, uphando lwezentlalo, kunye nobugcisa besixeko obuchuliweyo buvumela imigangatho engathethekiyo yokuhlola kunye nolawulo lwentlalo. I-Tshayina iye yavelisa ubuchule bobugcisa bezobugcisa bokulawula ngenkqubo yayo yokuthenga ngetyala lentlalo kunye nezibonelelo ezibanzi. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zithunyelwa ngokuqhubekayo koorhulumente abalawuli bolawulo-demokhrasi, zinyusa inkxalabo ngemigangatho yokuhlola ihlabathi.

Ukuxhasa idemokhrasi kunye nedemokhrasi ye-Illibarel

Kumazwe amaninzi ngaphambili awayegqalwa njengothotho lwedemokrasi, iinkokeli ezinyulwe ngokulandelelana ziye zathoba idemokhrasi ukusuka ngaphakathi. Le nkqubo yokuguquka kwedemokhrasi ibandakanya ukuhlasela kwenkululeko yokugweba, inkululeko yoondaba, uluntu kunye nengqibelelo yonyulo olusemthethweni . . Zonke ezi zinto ziqhutywa ngokwendlela ezisemthethweni. I-Hungary nePoland kwi-European Union, i-Indiya phantsi kwe-Narendra Modi, kunye ne-United States ebudeni bolawulo lweTrump zifumana onke amava edemokhrasi. Le nto ivavanya ukuba ukukhutshwa kolawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, xa luphunyezwe, ayilungiseki.

Ukuqalisa Kwegunya Elikhulu

ITshayina, iRashiya, namanye amagunya amakhulu aye akhuthaza imizekelo yolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu njengezinto ezinokusetyenziswa kulawulo-mpumlo lwedemokhrasi yaseNtshona. Ngomanyano lwezoqoqosho, impembelelo yonxibelelwano, kunye nokubonakaliswa kwamandla athambileyo, la mazwe anika ubuncwane kunye negunya kumagunya aphakathi kwemikhosi yolawulo lwedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi luye lwaba lukhuthazo oluphambili kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngenkulungwane, oluchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwinkqubo yorhwebo ukuya kutshintsho lwemozulu kwintsebenziswano yoluntu.

Umlinganiselo kunye noHlomelo loBugunya

Abaphengululi noogqirha baye benza izixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulinganisa nokulandelela ulawulo lwedemon emhlabeni wonke.

I Inkululeko yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNgeniso kwingxelo yehlabathi ivavanya amalungelo ezobupolitika kunye nenkululeko yabemi minyaka le, ichaza amazwe njengakhululekileyo, akhululekileyo, okanye angenayo inkululeko. I-Economist Intellitical Information’s Democracy Index inikeza uhlolo olufanayo, olubalulekileyo njengolawulo-lawulo-melo-lupheleleyo, oluneedemokhrasi oluneedemokhrasi, oluneeyikekileyo, ulawulo-mputha, okanye ulawulo-mthetho-mpulusho. IV-DEM Institute (Iindawo Yolawulo-odemokhrasi) inika ugcino-lwazi oluninzi lwedemokhrasi neempawu zolawulo-bukhosi, yenza ukuba lukwazi ukuhlalutya okucothekiswe ngokucothekisiweyo.

Ezi zixhobo zokulinganisa zityhila intsingiselo yomhlaba wonke: emva kwamashumi eminyaka okwanda kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, idemokhrasi iye yafumana ixesha lokungahlali phakathi koo-2000. Inani lamazwe agwetywa njengedemokhrasi lihlala lisesona simo samandla, kwaye ukumgangatho wolawulo-demokhrasi kumazwe amaninzi ngokusesikweni alawulwa ngedemokhrasi uye wawohloka.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuqonda Ukuba Ngumbhali

Ukuqonda ubuzwilakhe bubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi kwihlabathi elilungelelanisiweyo. Njengoko iinkqubo zolawulo zikhuphisana ngokomthetho nangempembelelo, abemi bamele bakwazi ukuphawula imigaqo yedemokhrasi, ukuqonda imvelaphi yabo engokwembali, nokuqonda iimeko ezenza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luphumelele.

Kubafundisi-lwazi, ukuphanda ngegunya lobuzwilakhe kunika abafundi izixhobo zokucingela ngokugxeka igunya, amaziko namalungelo. Idibanisa uhlalutyo lwembali neziganeko zale mihla kwaye ikhuthaza ukudibana ngemibuzo esisiseko ephathelele inkululeko, okusesikweni, kunye nokulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Kubenzi benkqubo nabaxhasi bomthetho nabaxhasi abaqhelekileyo, oku kukwazisa iindlela zokukhuthaza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, nokuxhasa imibutho echasayo.

Ukuzingisa nokuqhekeka kolawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi kusikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ugcino-lwazi olusebenzayo, hayi ukwamkelwa ngokungenamdla. Imfundo ye-BIBIC, amajelo eendaba azimeleyo, uluntu olumanyeneyo, kunye nomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe konke kudlala indima ekuxhaseni imigangatho yedemokhrasi kunye nezixhobo zolawulo-othoba ezicelw'iii. Kwixesha lokukhuphiswano olukhulu kunye notshintsho lobugcisa, ukukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kolawulo-demokhrasi kunye nolawulo-demokhrasi , kwaye ukucacisa ixabiso langaphambili, kuhlala kuyinto ebalulekileyo kubemi neenkokeli ngokufanayo.

Kumntu ofuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunzulu kule miba, imibutho enjenge International International Institute for Democratic kunye ne-Electoral Uncedo-lubonelelo inikela ubuncwane obuninzi kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuthembeka konyulo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ubuzwilakhe asiyondlela nje yemfundo yokufundisa."Isiseko sokwakha nokukhusela uluntu olukhululekileyo ngenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu.