Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente eUnited States luchazwa nguMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, omisa inkqubo yorhulumente. Le nkqubo yahlula-hlula amagunya phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe, iqinisekisa ukuba awanawo amandla anamandla kakhulu. Ngoxa omabini amanqanaba aneembopheleleko zawo, amanye amagunya abanjwe ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Ukuqonda la magunya azimeleyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo yezobupolitika esebenza ngayo, ukusuka ekukhuseleni kwesizwe ukuya kumgaqo wezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku lihlola iindawo ezingundoqo apho urhulumente wesizwe angenalo igunya elilawulayo, elinokunikela imizekelo engokomgqwebeko, inguwonga, imizekelo engqinelayo, kunye nemimiselo esemthethweni ebonakalisa ulwahlulo lwamandla.

Amandla aGqityiweyo kaRhulumente woManyano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika amagunya akhethekileyo karhulumente wesizwe, abizwa njengamagunya adweliswe, kwiCandelo I, elicandelo 8. La magunya ali-18 adwelisweyo abumba isiseko segunya lesizwe yaye akhatywa ngokuphandle koorhulumente bakarhulumente. Amazwe akanakuwasebenzisa la magunya kuba ukwenza njalo kuyangqubana nokufana kwesizwe kunye nendlela karhulumente okhuselwe uhlanga lonke.

Ngokomzekelo, ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela onokuthi alawule urhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle. Eli gunya, elifumaneka kwiCommerce Claus, liye lasetyenziswa ukumisela imithetho egquma yonke into ukusuka kwimigangatho yomsebenzi ukuya kwimimiselo yokusingqongileyo. Amazwe awavumelekanga ukuphazamisana nokurhwebelana okanye ukubeka imikhosi yeempahla evela kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente wesizwe kuphela onamandla okuxhasa imali kunye nokulawula ixabiso layo. Amanye amazwe akanakushicilela imali okanye ukukhupha iziphumo ezisemthethweni, nto leyo ethintela ukudilika kwezoqoqosho nokuqinisekisa inkqubo ekhuselekileyo yemali kwilizwe lonke. Amandla okubhengeza imfazwe nawo anyusa imikhosi amele urhulumente wodwa, njengoko amazwe engenawo onke amamikhosi okanye aphumele kwimisebenzi yomkhosi ngaphandle kogunya likarhulumente. Amanye amazwe awaqukisela i-ofisi kunye nee-posi, ukukhuthaza nokukhuthunga ulawulo lwemali, nokukhuthaza ukuququququzelelwa kwe-odroyinti, kunye nokukhuthaza ii-abhutyesi kwiilwandle.

I-Ilifanetic and Seant Claus, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-reasting translate translate, inyusa igunya lengingqi ngokuvumela iBhunga lenze imithetho efunekayo ukuze iphumeze amandla alo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana litolikiwe ngokubanzi yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, njengaku Mcloch v. Maryland [18], exhasa ukudalwa kwebhanki yesizwe nangona ingazange idweliswe ngokucacileyo. Amazwe akanakubiza igalelo elifanayo ukuze andise amandla awo, njengoko uLawulo lweshumi loMndululo lungawandisi-Angxel-Anglentil.

Ukulawula Irhafu Nokuchitha

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elibanzi lokuhlawula iirhafu kunye nokwandisa iimali zemali ukwenzela iinjongo zesizwe. Oku kuquka ukumisela irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yeshishini, ukuhlawula irhafu eqengqelekayo, kunye nokukhupha irhafu kwiimpahla ezithile ezifana nepetroli notywala. Uqingqo-mali lwemali yesebe lugubungela iinkqubo zokukhusela ilizwe ukuya kwintlalo-ntle-ntle yabantu, kwaye amandla okusebenzisa intlalo-ntle anika iNkokeli-ntle inikeza uvukelo lokuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkcitho. Amazwe anawo amandla awo okuhlawula irhafunxa kodwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafu okanye ukuphazamisana nemisebenzi karhulumente. Umbatho-mali akakwazi ukuhlawula i-posi okanye ukuhlawula imicimbi ye-mali e-mali e-mali e-U.S.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali yemali kusoloko kuphembelela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngemiqathango yemali enika inkxaso-ii-in-aid. Umzekelo, urhulumente wengingqi usebenzise inkxaso-mali yohola wendlela ukukhuthaza iimeko ukunyusa iminyaka yokusela ukuya kuma-21 kwaye amisele imida yesantya. South Dakota v. Dole [1987], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa lo msebenzi, ilawula ukuba iBhunga lifake iimeko kwimali karhulumente lorhulumente logama nje linxulumene nenjongo yenkqubo. EUnited States ayinakubeka iimeko ezifanayo kurhulumente worhulumente, njengoko amandla okusetyenziswa korhulumente ekwazi ukujongcelele phambili kwesizwe.

Ukongezelela, urhulumente wesizwe ungayikhulula imithetho yerhafu xa ingqubana nezilangazelelo zesizwe. Inkqubo yerhafu yemali yesizwe, emiselwe yiSihlazo seSihlanu seSihlanu, ivumela urhulumente ukuba aqokelele ingeniso evela kubo bonke abemi, ngoxa amazwe exhomekeke kwiinkqubo zawo zokwahlukana ngerhafu. Le rhafu idityanisiweyo iyavunyelwa, kodwa amazwe akanakuhlawula ingeniso efumaneka kwimali karhulumente esemthethweni okanye aphazamise amandla karhulumente okuboleka imali. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukwanika inkxaso yezoqoqosho ngexesha lokurhoxakeka kwemali, urhulumente akakwazi ukuhlawula ngenxa yeemfuno zawo ezilungeleleneyo zemali kunye nobuchule obulinganiselweyo bokuhlawula imali.

Ukuqhuba Imicimbi Yasemzini

Elinye lamagunya abalulekileyo akhethekileyo karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe yihambo yolwalamano lwamanye amazwe. UmGaqo-siseko unika umongameli igunya lokuthethana ngezivumelwano (ngecebiso leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye nemvume) nokumisela oothunywa becawa kunye noomeli. Amazwe awavumelekanga ngokucacileyo ukuba angene kwizivumelwano, izivumelwano, okanye amaqumrhu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uhlanga luthethe ngelizwi elinye kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe, lugcina ukungaguquguquki kwimigaqo nakunxulumano lwamazwe angaphandle.

Urhulumente wephondo unamagunya akwimfuno kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe angaphaya koluhlu oludwelisiweyo. United States v. Curtiss-Worright Rhweba ngaphandle. (1936), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba urhulumente unegunya elinegunya kwimicimbi yangaphandle, elisuka kulawulo lwesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazwe akanakubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi echaphazela inkqubo yamanye amazwe, enjenge-i-i-tarpinments kwimpahla yamanye amazwe okanye imigaqo yawo yokufuduka. Umzekelo, uthetha ukuba urhulumente akakwazi ukungena kwizivumelwano zentengiso namanye amazwe okanye ukuqaphela oorhulumente bangaphandle. Kuphela urhulumente orhulumente anokulawula ukufuduka nokulawulwa kwendalo, njengoko kumiselwe kwiimeko ezifana [FLT:]

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula imibutho kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, ezifana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye neNATO. Amazwe angathabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ethile yezizwe ngezizwe, njengokukhuthazwa korhwebo okanye iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana ngenkcubeko, kodwa ezi zinto azimele ziphikisane nenkqubo yorhulumente yamazwe angaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe akanakulwamkela isigwebo kumazwe asemzini angqubanayo ne-U.S. izigwebo okanye izivumelwano ezigunyazisa izivumelwano nezizwe zamazwe angaphandle. Urhulumente unika imicimbi yemibutho yokundwendwe lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, ulawula ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo, kwaye unika uncedo olugunya lamazwe angaphandle.

Ukumisa ukhuselo lwesizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ujongene kuphela nokhuseleko lwesizwe, kuquka ukulondoloza imikhosi exhobileyo kunye nokuvakalisa imfazwe. Inqaku Indinika iKhomishini amandla okuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukulungiselela nokugcina imikhosi yamanzi, kwaye imemeze amajoni ukuba aphumeze imithetho karhulumente, athintele ukuvukelwa kwemithetho, ahlasele nokuhlasela. Umongameli usebenza njengoMphathi kwiNtloko yomkhosi, ekhokela imisebenzi kunye nobuchule. Amazwe akanakukwazi ukugcina imikhosi emiyo ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente, okanye angakwazi ukuvakalisa imfazwe okanye angene kwimilo-mkhosi. Amaqela esizwe esizwe esizwe ngalinye anokuqhutyelwa urhulumente, kodwa akwaphantsi kokulawula urhulumente ngexesha lobunzima besizwe, njengoko kubonwa kuthutho lwezothutho lwamazwe aphesheya.

Inkqubo yokhuselo lomkhosi iquka ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo zezixhobo, ukugcina izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nokuqhuba imisebenzi yobulumko ngoorhulumente abafana neSebe loKhuselo kunye neCIA. Amazwe akanakwakha iinkqubo zawo zokuzikhusela ngezixhobo ezitshuliweyo okanye amise iziko lomkhosi wangaphandle ezizimeleyo. UMthetho wePosse Comitatus Act (1878) uthintela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi ekunyanzelweni komthetho eUnited States, uthintelo olungenawo amagunya awo esizwe xa ekwisikhundla sombuso. Noko ke, urhulumente wengingqi unokusebenzisa umkhosi ukunyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe, njengaxa kusemngciphekweni okanye kwiintlekele zemvelo.

Imizekelo yamandla okhuselo apheleleyo karhulumente iquka isigqibo sokuthumela amajoni phesheya, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano zomlilo, nokuhlasela komkhosi. Amazwe akanakurhoxa kwizivumelwano zomkhosi okanye amisele imikhosi yawo emileyo. ISigqibo seWar Powers sowe-1973 sokuzama ukumisela igunya lomongameli kunye ne-Bhunga lombutho, kodwa amaphondo awasebenzi ngokwezigqibo ezinjalo. Oku kubekwa komkhosi kuqinisekisa ukuba ukusabela ngokumanyeneyo kwizisongelo nokuthintela amazwe ekusebenzeni kwimigaqo yawo yamazwe angaphandle.

Imithetho Yomanyano Enyanzelekileyo

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya lokunyanzelisa imithetho esetyenziswa kwiintambo zikarhulumente kunye nemithetho ebekwe endaweni yayo. Amasebe agunyazisa umthetho aManyeneyo afana neFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), iDignFractive Administration (DEA), kunye neBureau of Alcohol, iTobacco, i-Firmarms kunye ne-Exlosives (ATF) ahlola kwaye amangalela amatyala aphula umthetho karhulumente. Amazwe akanakunyanzelisa imithetho yesizwe ngokwawo ngokwawo, kodwa asoloko esebenzisana ngeminyanzelo. Noko ke, imbopheleleko ephambili yokuthobela imimiselo karhulumente karhulumente, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo abantu, ukufuduka, neerhafuno zikarhulumente.

UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 ungumzekelo ophawulekayo wamandla omthetho ogunyazisiweyo. Walwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke kunye nomsebenzi. Urhulumente wesizwe wasebenzisa igunya lakhe ukuphelisa imithetho yokwahlula urhulumente nokunyanzelisa ukumanyana ngeSebe lezobulungisa. Amazwe awalwayo ukumangalelwa nokuphulukana nenkxaso yemali karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, iVoting Rights Act ka-19656 ivumela ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemimiselo yonyulo ukuthintela ucalulo. Amazwe awakwazi ukuseka imithetho ephikisana nezikhundla zikarhulumente, kwaye urhulumente urhulumente akangenelela ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho karhulumente kukwaquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamleza imida karhulumente, njengokuqweqwedisa, ukurhwebelana kweziyobisi, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-intanethi. Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwezizwe lunika ulawulo lukarhulumente lwezorhwebo oluchaphazela imisebenzi yezorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, njengokuphamba okanye ubusela kwimibutho yezorhwebo. Amazwe anokunyanzelisa imithetho yawo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa akanakumangalela amatyala karhulumente. I-Supremacy Clausleas iqinisekisa ukuba xa urhulumente nemithetho karhulumente echasene nomthetho karhulumente, umthetho worhulumente uyaqhubeka uyaqhubeka, uyalawula. Umzekelo, amazwe akanakukwazi ukuphelisa zonke izenzo zomthetho wezomgunya-Rhulumente, njengoko urhulumente egcina amandla okumangaliswa phantsi kwe-Actived Subster Stances Acts.

Amandla Apheleleyo Kurhwebo Nakumali

Amandla karhulumente karhulumente kumazwe angaphandle naworhwebo avulekileyo kwaye azimele. Oku kuquka ukukhokela izinto zokuthutha, unxibelelwano, kunye norhwebo phakathi kwamazwe namanye amazwe. Amazwe akanakunyanzela ukuba avume okanye asebenze kwimisebenzi yokurhweba ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente, kwaye akanakulawula ushishino olukhethwe yiKhomyutha yokushiya ingalawulwanga. Urhwebo lwezorhwebo luye lwasetyenziswa ukuthethelela yonke imithetho yesizwe ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwabantwana ukuya ekukhuselweni kokusingqongileyo, njengaku ukuva kwe-Atlanta Motel v. United States [1964], eyaxhasa amaLungelo asemthethweni esizwe asekelwe kwimpembelelo yayo kwimicimbi yezoshishino.

Ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela onokuthi axhobe imali aze alawule ixabiso layo. Amazwe awavumelekanga ekukhupheni imali okanye ekwenzeni nantoni na ngaphandle kwegolide nesilivere encinci elungiselelwe amatyala. Oku kuqinisekisa inkqubo yemali efanayo, eyimfuneko kulungiso lwezoqoqosho norhwebo. Urhulumente wengingqi unamandla kwimithetho yokubhalisa imali, efana ngaphaya kwelizwe. Ngoxa amazwe anokulawula i-inshorensi kunye nemali kwimida yawo, akanakuphazamisana nenkqubo yemali karhulumente okanye azenzele ibhanki yawo ephakathi. Inkqubo yeFederal Reserve, emiselwe yiKhomishini, ilawula ukunikezelwa kwemali kunye nenzala, amatyala angenakuphinda angene.

Ukusetyenziswa koMgaqo-siseko kunye nokuKhululwa

ISupremacke kwiGatya lesi-4 iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano zingumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, obophelela bonke abagwebi besizwe. Xa imithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente ingena kungquzulwano, umthetho wesizwe ulawula ngemfundiso yokuhlangulwa. Oku kunokuchazwa ngokucacileyo, ngomthetho wesizwe ochaza ngokucacileyo ukuba imithetho karhulumente iyakhutshwa, okanye ichazwa, apho umthetho karhulumente ubanzi unokuthi ungabi nandawo yokusebenza. Amazwe akanakunyanzelela imithetho engqubana nemithetho okanye imimiselo yomthetho karhulumente ebandakanya ukufuduka, inkunkuma yenyukliya, kunye nokunika irelathi yokutya.

Ngokomzekelo, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ulawulo lwenqanawa ehamba ngenqanawa enemiphunga lungawulawuli umthetho wezwelonke worhwebo lwamazwe. Ngokufanayo, Calionfornia v. ARC America Corp. [1999], iNkubonelo yathi imithetho elwa ukudityaniswa kwenqanawa ye-ocetrust iyakwazi ukuhlala kunye norhulumente logama lingangqubani. Noko ke, xa iBhunga lisenza ulawulo lwelizwe, njengomthetho wokufuduka, amatyala, akakwazi ukumisela imithetho yalo ngokwalo. Urhulumente akanakuyikhulula ngokwawo ukusuka kwimithetho phantsi kwemithetho yesiseko sokhuseleko, amazwe angenagunya-mthetho-orhulumente-oglobal-mthetho-mthetho-ognomentern

Amandla Agciniweyo Nawangoku

Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enamagunya akhethekileyo, amatyala akwanamagunya abekelwe phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa weshumi elinesithoba. Ezi ziquka amandla phezu kwemfundo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, urhwebo lwezorhwebo lwengingqi, kunye nomthetho weentsapho. Kodwa ke, umgca phakathi kwamandla azimeleyo nawomanyano angasoloko ucacile. Amagunya akhoyo, njengerhafu, ukuboleka, kunye nokuseka iinkundla, ahlanganyelwa ngamanqanaba omabini karhulumente. Umzekelo, oorhulumente kunye norhulumente bayakwazi ukuqokelela irhafuthelo, kodwa igunya lerhafu likarhulumente likhulu.

Amazwe akanawo amandla agunyaziswe ngokomGaqo-siseko anikwe urhulumente wesizwe, njengokuvakalisa imfazwe okanye ukuveliswa kwemali. Kodwa angabandakanyeka kwimisebenzi echaphazela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente, ukuba nje akangquzulwani. Umzekelo, amagunya anokukhupha imithetho yemo yendalo eqinileyo kuneyarhulumente, logama nje ingaphazamisani norhwebo lwamazwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yenza indima ephambili ekulungelelaniseni la magunya, isebenzisa iimfundiso ezifana neDorment Commercioc Claus ekwayse ukubetha imithetho karhulumente enzima kakhulu enxulumene nezoshishino lwamazwe.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yamandla Abalaseleyo

Kuyo yonke imbali yase-U.S., urhulumente wesizwe uye wasebenzisa amagunya akhe akhethekileyo ukucombulula iingxaki zesizwe. Ixesha leNgqungquthela Entsha yabonisa ukuba iNgqungquthela isebenzisa urhwebo lwayo kunye namandla ayo okuhlawula intsebenziswano yoqoqosho nokuseka iminatha yokhuseleko lwentlalo, enjenge-Social Security. Amazwe akanako ukuyila iinkqubo zawo zokhuseleko ezingqubana nodweliso lwenkqubo karhulumente. I-Civil Rights Movement yabonisa amandla orhulumente ukunyanzela ukupheliswa kwemithetho-siseko, njengoMphengululo we-14th, ngokuchasene nocalucalucalulo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wathatha ukhokelo kwi-seko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lommandla, urhulumente akanakungena ngokuzimele.

Kutshanje, urhulumente wesizwe ulawule iimpendulo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zesizwe, ezifana ne-9/11 yohlaselo kunye nesifo se-COVID-19. Amasebe omanyano afana neZiko lokuLawula nelokuthintela Izifo (CDC) kunye neSebe Lokhuseleko Lomhlaba Anegunya elinokuthi lingaphindaphinde lifumane. Amazwe analo igalelo ngomanyano lwamagunya karhulumente, kodwa akanako ukululawula ulawulo lwezolawulo kwiindawo ezizimeleyo, njengemiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe okanye ukusasazwa kwemijelo yezifo ngexesha lesifo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda oko urhulumente wesizwe anokwenza loo rhulumente ungenako ukukugqiba inkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S. UmGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wesizwe igunya elikhethekileyo kwiindawo ezinjengemicimbi yangaphandle, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, imali, urhwebo oluphakathi, nokugcinwa kwemithetho karhulumente. La mandla aqinisekisa umanyano lwesizwe, ukungaguquguquki, kunye namandla okucombulula iingxaki ezinokungalawulwa ngurhulumente omnye. Ngoxa amazwe egcina igunya elibalulekileyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, igunya likarhulumente elipheleleyo lisebenza njengesiseko sobume bezobupolitika baseMelika.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uhlolo lwezomthetho olufana no lwamandla ama-I kumzi woMgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye .GOv's uqwalaselwano lukarhulumente wequanto yequare[. Imizekelo esemthethweni efana [[FLT:]] uMcullo v. Maryland[[FLT:][5] kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT][FLT]]