Isakhiwo sikahulumeni e-United States yisimiso esiqinile sobuzwe, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni bezwe, nohulumeni bendawo besebenza njengezindawo ezingaphansi kwezifundazwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owenza lokho (kusukela kumphathi-dolobha edolobheni lakho kuya kuMongameli eWashington, D.C.) ubalulekile kumfundi wezemfundo. Isilinganiso ngasinye sinemithwalo ehlukile, imithombo yegunya, nezinqubo zokulandisa. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izindima, imibuso, kanye nokusebenzelana kwabaholi bendawo, izigebengu, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nezikhulu zikahulumeni, zinikeza ipulani ecacile yokufundisa abafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezibophelele.

Abaholi Bendawo: Umngcele Oyinhloko Wokubusa

Abaholi bendawo bathintana ngokushesha nezakhamuzi eziningi. Basingatha izinkonzo nezimiso zansuku zonke ezithinta imiphakathi. Ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wendawo usondelene kakhulu nabantu, ngokuvamile unamandla aqondene kakhulu nezinga lokuphila, kusuka esimweni semigwaqo ukuya endaweni ephephile yomakhelwane.

Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Uhulumeni wendawo e - United States uvame ukwenza izinhlobo ezintathu:

  • Imisebenzi:[ amadolobha, amadolobhana, nemizana enikeza izinkonzo phakathi kwemingcele yayo. Ibuswa umkhandlu wemeya, umphathi-mkhandlu, noma i-ace.
  • Izindawo: Izigaba eziphethe zezifunda ezinikeza izinkonzo endaweni enkulu, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingafakwanga. Ohulumeni besifunda baphatha imisebenzi enjengemibhalo yempahla, ukhetho, nempilo yomphakathi.
  • Izifunda-zihlukene: Izifunda ezizimele zenzelwe ukwenza umsebenzi othile, njengezifunda zesikole, izifunda zamanzi, noma iziphathimandla zokuthutha. Lezifunda zinezibhodi ezikhethiweyo nezinegunya lokukhokha intela.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yabaholi Bendawo

Abaholi bendawo baphatha izinhlobonhlobo zemithwalo yemfanelo eqondiswe emphakathini. Isihluthulelo semisebenzi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphepha okungalawuleki: Ukubona iminyango yamaphoyisa, izinkonzo zomlilo, nokusabela okuphuthumayo kwezokwelapha.
  • Izakhiwo: Ukulondoloza imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi, indlela yokukhuculula indle, kanye nokuthutha komphakathi.
  • Imfundo:[ amabhodi esikole ahlela izikole zomphakathi wendawo, kuhlanganise nezifundo, uhlelo lokuhlela, nokuqasha amaquarter.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ukuzinika neZwe Usebenzisa:[ Ukwakha nokumisa imithetho elawula lokho okungakhiwa nalapho, kusukela ezindaweni zokuhlala kuya ezifundeni zezentengiselwano.
  • [ Uhlelo lokuhlela Imali lwendawo: Ukuhlela nokuvumela uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke, ukuhlela amanani entela yempahla, nokuboleka imali yemisebenzi emikhulu.
  • [[[QUT]] Isivumelwano se-community: ubambe izikhalo zomphakathi, uphendule izinkathazo ezihlanganyelwe, futhi ukhuthaze ukuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Izibonelo Zabaholi Bendawo

  • I-Mayor: Umphathi omkhulu wedolobha, ophethe ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yedolobha, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nokumelelwa kwedolobha ezindabeni zesifunda. Ama-meya angaqina (ngegunya elibalulekile lokuphatha) noma abuthakathaka (ngokwesiko) kuye ngedolobha.
  • Ilungu loMkhandlu waseDolobheni: Isishayamthetho esikhethiwe esivota ngezimiso, sivumela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi simelela igumbi noma isifunda ngaphakathi edolobheni.
  • UKhomishane we-livery: waqashelwa ebhodini yesifundazwe, enomthwalo wezinkonzo zesifunda sesifunda esibanzi njengamajele, izinkantolo, nempilo yomphakathi.
  • [ Ilungu lebhodi le-School: imisa inqubo yesifunda sesikole sendawo, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zemfundo, ukuhlela izakhiwo, kanye nezivumelwano zothisha.
  • Thostship Trustee: Kwezinye izizwe, ohulumeni bamadolobhana baphatha imigwaqo yasemaphandleni, amathuna, nosizo olungeluhle.

Indlela Abaholi Bendawo Ababhekwe Ngayo Futhi Babe Nesibopho Sokulandisa

Abaholi bendawo abaningi bakhethwa okhethweni olungekho pulistal noma olunomdla, ngokuvamile ngeminyaka emide noma phakathi nokhetho lukamasipala (umz., May noma November). Amagama ayahlukahluka: amameya ngokuvamile asebenza iminyaka engu-2-24, amalungu omkhandlu iminyaka engu-2-4, namalungu ebhodini lesikole iminyaka engu-4-4. Izakhamuzi zingaba khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi, zinxuse ukuthatha izinyathelo zokhetho, futhi zivote kukhetho lwendawo (umks. ." ngokuvamile i-chemout) iyancipha, kodwa lolukhetho luye lwanciphisa ithonya ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Abameli Bombuso: Abasunguli Bomthetho KaHulumeni

Abashaya imithetho yoMbuso basebenza phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nohulumeni. Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho esebenza kuwo wonke umbuso, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nokwengamela izimali zikahulumeni. Umbuso ngamunye unendlu yomthetho, ngokuvamile i-bimaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enesishaya-mthetho esine-un - cameral), eyakhiwe yiSigeqe (indlu engaphezulu) nendlu yabameleli noma i-Assembly (indlu ephansi).

Izindima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yabameli BoMbuso

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezingaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. imithwalo yazo eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • Ukwenza umthetho:[ Ukulungisa, ukuphikisana, nokuvota ezikweletini eziba imithetho kazwelonke. Lezi zihlanganisa izindawo ezinjengezindinganiso zemfundo, imithetho yezempilo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, nokufaka amabhizinisi ezikweletini.
  • Imposiso: Izabelo zemali zikahulumeni, imali engakanani ekhokhelwayo yemfundo ephakeme, imfundo ephakeme, ezokuthutha, iziluleko, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zinquma indlela yokwenga imali ezintela zeholo, izintela zentengo, nemali.
  • Ukudlulisa: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zokuhlola (isib., uMnyango wemoto Vehicles, uMnyango wezempilo) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenzisa imithetho ngokuphumelelayo nangempumelelo. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukuzwa nokuphenyiswa kwamakomiti.
  • Incazelo: Isebenza njengezwi labameleli enhloko- dolobha, iphendule imibuzo, isize ekuqondiseni isifundazwe, futhi iletha ukukhathazeka ezindaweni zonke.
  • Izichibiyelo ze-Custitution: Ukuguqula umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, okumelwe uvunyelwe ngabavoti e-arendium.

Izibonelo Zabaphathi Bombuso

  • Isimo se-State Senator: Ngokuvamile ikhonza egumbini elincane (20-50 amalungu) namagama amade (iminyaka emine emiphakathini eminingi). Izihlalo zivame ukumelela izifunda ezinkulu kunabameleli futhi zingaba nendima ezikhethekile njengokumisa i-gubernator.
  • Ummeleli weSizwe (noma Ilungu Lomhlangano): Usebenza egumbini elikhulu (50-10) ngamagama amafushane (iminyaka emibili ezifundazweni eziningi). Ivame ukufinyelelwa kakhulu ngenxa yezigodi ezincane.
  • Governor: Nakuba engesona isishayamthetho, umbusi uyisakhamuzi esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni ongasayina noma afake izikweleti, ashaye izikhawu ezikhethekile, futhi ahlongoze uhlelo lwemali. Umbusi usebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe umbuso.
  • [ Umbusi ophethe: uqondisa umbuso owengamele ezifundazweni eziningi futhi uphumelela kumbusi uma kudingeka.

Indlela Imithetho KaHulumeni Eboniswa Ngayo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zikhethwa ngabavoti ezifundeni ezidwetshwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kwe-U.S. Censurections, nezinqumo zimele amaqembu amakhulu (iDemocratic neRepublican) kanye nezigaba zesithathu. Imingcele yemithetho ikhona kwezinye izindawo (umz. California, Michigan, Florida), kuyilapho ezinye zingenayo imikhawulo. Izinhlelo ze-mthetho ziyahlukahluka: ezinye zihlangana minyaka yonke, ezinye zihlangana njalo, kanye nezinsuku ezingu-30/90 noma ngaphezulu.

Izikhulu Eziwuhulumeni: Isizwe Siyabusa

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenza ezweni lonke, ziphethe imibuso ebaliwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. Zisingatha izindaba eziweqa imingcele kahulumeni, njengesivikelo sombuso, ukufuduka, ezentengiselwano ezisezweni, inqubo yangaphandle, namalungelo omphakathi. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlukaniswa ngamagatsha amathathu: i-provic (i-Preference), umphathi (iNkantolo) nenkantolo yombuso.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezikhulu Zombuso

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela

ISishaya - mthetho sakhiwa amagumbi amabili: iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Izindima zabo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwenza imithetho:[ ukungenisa, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa izikweletu okuthinta izwe lonke. UKhongolo-mthetho lunegunya ezindaweni ezihlelwe eqenjini I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo, njengokukhokha imali, ukumisa impi, nokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe.
  • Ukukhipha ugesi: Ukudlula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ukugunyaza ukuchithwa kwazo zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlelo, kanye nezindawo ezisemthethweni (Ukulondeka, i-Medicare, njll.). Umhlangano uhlela futhi inkambiso yentela.
  • Ukudlulisa:[ ukuhlolwa kwezenzo zegatsha eliphetheyo ngokuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli (Sante), kanye nokugunyazwa kwezivumelwano (i-Senate).
  • [ Indlu ingazibeka izikhulu zikahulumeni (kuhlanganise noMongameli) kumacala amakhulu kanye namaphutha," futhi iSigele siqhuba icala ukuze sisuse.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli Nezimo Zokuphuthuma

  • : Inhloko kahulumeni nohulumeni, umphathi-nhloko yamabutho ahlomile, umphathi-mmeli omkhulu, nomphathi omkhulu. Umongameli umisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukhipha iziyalo zezikhulu, uhlela izimali, umisa amajaji nohulumeni, futhi unikeza izintethelelo.
  • uMongameli weVICE: uMongameli weSigele, kuqala ohlwini lokulandelana, nomphathi kuMongameli.
  • [[I-APT:0] Amalungu e-Cabinet kunye ne-Agency Heads: izisekelo zeminyango (Umbuso, iZwe, iNdawo yezimali, njll.) kanye namanhloko ezinhlangano ezizimele (EPA, NASA, njll.) zengamela izindawo ezithile zenqubo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: INkantolo Ephakeme Nezinkantolo Eziphakeme

  • Izahlulelo zeNkantolo: izijaji eziyisishiyagalolunye (kuhlanganise noMahluleli oyedwa omkhulu) ochaza umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni, ozwa izikhalo emacaleni abalulekile, futhi amise izimpawu ezingokomthetho ezibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.
  • AbaHluleli beNkantolo Yesifunda: Bakhonza ku 13 Izinkantolo zokudlulisa Amacala zase-U.S., ukuqulwa kwezikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda.
  • Inkantolo yamajaji evuna: abahluleli becala ezifundeni ezingu-94 zikahulumeni, besingatha amacala omphakathi nobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Izibonelo Zezikhulu Ezizimele

  • U.S.A. i-Senator:[ 2 sifundazwe, isebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha. Izikhulu zimelela sonke isifundazwe futhi zinendima enkambisweni yenye indawo (imvume yokwelashwa) kanye nezilungiselelo zokwahlulela.
  • U.S. Ilungu lendlu:[ amalungu ovota angu-45, asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili. Amelela izigodi zenhlangano ezisezifundazweni futhi aqala izimali zemali.
  • Umphathi we-United States: waqanjwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine nge-Electoral College.
  • Ubulungisa benkantolo: buhlelelwe ukuphila, bungaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele.

Ukuqhathanisa Izinga Elithathu Likahulumeni

Nakuba zonke izigaba zikahulumeni zibalulekile, ziyahluka ngobukhulu, igunya, nokulandisa.

Umehluko Oyinhloko

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction City, county, or special district Entire state Entire nation
Primary Powers Police power, zoning, public works, education (local control) Education, transportation, criminal law, health, licensing National defense, immigration, interstate commerce, currency
Funding Property taxes, fees, state aid, bonds Income taxes, sales taxes, federal grants Income taxes, corporate taxes, tariffs, borrowing
Accessibility High — meetings are frequent and public Moderate — sessions are public but often remote Lower — D.C. is far, but representatives have local offices
Term Length 2–4 years typically 2–4 years (legislators); 4 years (governor) House 2 years, Senate 6 years, President 4 years, judges life

Ukuwa Kakhulu Nokungenela

La mazinga awakholeki, asebenzelana ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi:

  • Federal Grants-in-Aid: Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izimali ezizweni ngezinjongo ezithile (umzk., UMedicaid, ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu), ngokuvamile ezinezimo ezixhunyiwe kuleyosimiso sokwakheka.
  • Intethelelo: umthetho weFederal uphakeme kakhulu kunomthetho wezwe ngaphansi kweSupremacy Claus, kodwa izimo zingathatha isinyathelo ezindaweni ezingahlehliswanga. Ngokwesibonelo, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile zikahulumeni zibeka iphansi; izimo zingathatha imithetho eqinile.
  • Isimo seMandadays kuMazwe eMkhandlwini: Izwe lifuna ukuba ohulumeni bendawo banikeze izinkonzo ezithile (umzk., ukuxhasa imfundo, impilo yomphakathi) futhi bangalinganisela igunya lendawo ku-Dilton's Sounce (ohulumeni bendawo banemibuso enikwe umbuso kuphela).
  • Imithwalo yemfanelo ehlanganyelweyo: Ukusabela kwenhlekelele kuhilela iziphetho zokuqala zendawo, izinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo sikahulumeni, kanye ne-FEMA ka-Australia. Ukugcinwa komthetho kuyabambisana ngemisebenzi edayisa izidakamizwa ne-inthanethi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Lendima Kubaluleke

I-demokrasi esebenza kahle ixhomeke kukhetho olunolwazi. Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha lokho okusiza izakhamuzi:

  • I-Directals ku-Origional: Imbobo iyindaba yendawo; umgwaqo omkhulu wezwe udinga i-DOT kazwelonke; i-interstate kahulumeni iwela ngaphansi koMnyango Wezokuhamba wase-U.S.
  • Paricipate Ephumelelayo: Ukuvota endaweni ngokuvamile kunethonya elisheshayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kunomjaho womongameli. Ukhetho lwebhodi yesikole lunquma uhlelo lwezifundo nokusekela imali.
  • Abaphathi abanecala:[ Uma isishayamthetho sikahulumeni sihluleka ukusingatha isidingo somphakathi, abameleli bangavota noma bangenele isikhundla ngokwabo.
  • Izinkonzo zikaHulumeni ze-Navigate: Kusuka kumalayisense okushayela (isifunda) kuya ku-Social Security (i-federal) ukuya ekwakheni imvume (endaweni yakhona), ukuqonda izingqimba kunciphisa ukukhungatheka.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo: Labo Okumelwe Bathintane Nabo Ezimpikiswaneni Ezivamile

  • Umgwaqo wakho unesibani esiphukile somgwaqo: ubiza umnyango womphakathi wedolobha noma ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha.
  • Isikole sendawo sidinga imali engaphezulu exhasayo: ukuya emhlanganweni wesikole futhi ummeleli; futhi thintana nommeleli wezwe lakho mayelana nezindlela zemfundo.
  • Ufuna ukuqala ibhizinisi elincane: Uthola ilayisense yebhizinisi yendawo (idolobha/i-odoli) bese ubhalisa nombuso ngentela.
  • A umthetho kahulumeni ulimaza imboni yakho: xhumana nelungu lakho lendlu noma i-Senator yase-U.S.; bangaphatha izindlebe noma bamise umthetho.
  • Ukhathazekile ngenqubo yokushintsha isimo sezulu: Ukuhlanganyela kuwo wonke amazinga: ukuhlanganiswa kwendawo kwesakhiwo esiluhlaza, imvume yamandla kahulumeni evuselelwayo, kanye nemithetho yekhabhoni kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwezindawo, isifundazwe, nezikhulu zikahulumeni kuyisici esivelele sokubusa kweMelika. Nakuba isimiso singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi, siklanyelwe ukulinganisela igunya, ukuvikela inkululeko, futhi kuvumele izixazululo ezivumelanayo ezisezilinganisweni ezihlukene. Abaholi bendawo bakhuluma ngezidingo zomphakathi eziseduze; izishaya-mthetho zokulinganisela izithakazelo zezindawo nesimiso sokulawula; izikhulu zikahulumeni zilawula izinto eziza kuqala futhi zinikeze uhlelo oluhlanganisayo. Ngokuqonda lezindima, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo, ummeli wenguquko, futhi zinikele empilweni yeRepublicractic. [FFF:[5], [FFT],[5], [FLT],[FT].[FT] U. uhulumeni ophakeme][FFL.[FUT] [FL], umquluN.[5]