Umthetho wesigebengu ungenye yezinsika zanoma yimuphi umphakathi ohleliwe, uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi ubeke imiphumela kulabo abawephulayo. Imisebenzi yomthetho wobugebengu idlulela kude kakhulu ngaphandle kwesijeziso; imisa ukuhleleka komphakathi, ivikela amalungelo omphakathi, futhi icacisa izindinganiso zomphakathi ozithandayo kakhulu. Enhliziyweni yalesi simiso imisebenzi emibili evumelanisayo: ukugcinwa kwamandla, okwenziwa yizinhlangano zomthetho, futhi ukuqulwa, kuqhutshwa abashushisi bomthetho. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi ngokujule kwembula indlela izimiso ezingokomthetho eziguqulela ngayo ekubeni igebethi yangempela. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwesimiso sokumangalelwa, sihlola isigaba ngasinye ekuhlolweni kwecala ngalé nangalé.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu: Imisebenzi Yama - core Nenjongo Yabantu

Umthetho wesigebengu uyindikimba yemithetho nezimiso ezichaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe uhulumeni ngoba usongela ukuphepha komphakathi, inhlalakahle, noma ukuziphatha. Ngokungafani nomthetho womphakathi, oxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, umthetho wobugebengu ufaka amandla okuletha amacala kuhulumeni owenzela abantu. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yomthetho wobugebengu ihlanganisa:

  • [ I-Deterance - - kuyadumaza osoni ngabanye (isithiyo esiqondile) nomphakathi ovamile (ukunqanda) ekwenzeni ubugebengu ngokumisa izijeziso ezicacile.
  • [ Isijeziso [ - ukubeka isijeziso esilingana nomonakalo owenziwe, ukugcwalisa umuzwa wobulungisa.
  • Ukulungiswa kwemithetho - - ukunikeza izinhlelo kanye nokungenela okuhloselwe ukulungisa izaphula-mthetho nokunciphisa ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqamuka kwe-cide.
  • Icapadiction – ukususa abantu abayingozi emphakathini ngokuboshelwa noma ukuqondisa ukuze kuvikelwe umphakathi.
  • [ Impumuzo – kwezinye izindawo, ihlanganisa izici ezilungisa ukulimala kwezisulu nemiphakathi, ngokuvamile ngezindlela zobulungisa zokuvuselela.

Lemisebenzi ayiyoyodwa; isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu esisebenza kahle siyazilinganisela ngokwesimo somthetho nezidingo zomphakathi. Ukuphoqelela nokushushisa izikhali kuyizindlela eziyinhloko lemisebenzi esetshenziswa ngazo.

Indima Yomthetho Ophoqelelwa Emthethoni Wesigebengu

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho – kusukela eminyangweni yamaphoyisa yendawo kuya ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezinjengeFederal Bureau of Investigation noma i - Drug Inforcement Administration – iyiphuzu lokuqala lokuxhumana phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu nomphakathi. Igunya laso lihlanganisa ukuvimbela ubugebengu, ukuphenya amacala, ukuthatha izinsolo, nokuqoqa ubufakazi. Ukubekwa kwezenzo zabo ezingokomthetho nokucophelela kuthinta ngokuqondile isigaba ngasinye senqubo yobugebengu.

Ukucwaninga Ngobugebengu: Ukwakha Isisekelo

Inqubo yophengululo itshe eliyikhomba-mthetho lomthetho. Iqala ngokutholwa kobugebengu, kungaba ngombiko wesakhamuzi, ngokuqapha, noma ngokubuthana kobuhlakani. Abangenisi basebenzisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene:

  • Ukulungisa isigcawu [ - - ukuvikela indawo, ukubhala ubufakazi obungokoqobo, nokuqoqa amasampula aphathekayo, iminwe, noma izinto zobuchwepheshe bemidwebo.
  • izingxoxo zoFakazi nezisulu – izinkulumo eziqoqayo lapho ulondoloza uhide lwelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana futhi ugwema imibuzo eholela ekubekeni izaba okungahlehla.
  • Ukuhlola kweFensic - - ukusebenzisa i-DNAprofilfication, i-balletic, ubuchwepheshe bobuthi, kanye ne-akhawutics ukuhlobanisa ukusolwa nobugebengu noma ukukhipha ngaphandle abantu abangenacala.
  • Ukuhlanganisa kanye nezimemezelo - - Ukuthumela imisebenzi yobuso noma ofakazi ababambisanayo ukuqondisa umsebenzi wobugebengu oqhubekayo.

Ukuhlola ngakunye kumelwe kuvumelane nezithiyo zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuseshwa nokuthatheka, ukuphenywa kwezingane, nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphulwa kwalezisivikelo bungakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho wokuzihlukanisa, ongavimbela icala eliqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, icala leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Mapp v. Ohio [1961]) wasungula ukuthi ukuthatha ngokungemthetho ubufakazi akunakusetshenziswa ekumangalelweni kwezwe, kufaka ukuxhumana okugxeka phakathi kokugcinwa okungokomthetho nokushunyaniswa okuphumelelayo.

Ukumangalelwa Kwezenzo Zokwedelela: Ukuboshwa Nezindinganiso Ezingokomthetho

Uma abacwaningi sebenasizathu esingaba sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu, amaphoyisa athatha ukuboshwa okusolwayo. Ukuboshwa kungakwenzeka ngemvume noma ngaphandle kwemvume, kuye ngokuthi isimo sinjani. Izinga elibalulekile elingokomthetho lihlanganisa:

  • [ Imbangela eqinisekile[ - inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa futhi osolwayo unecala. Lendinganiso iphakeme kunentethelelo enengqondo kodwa iphansi kunobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa.
  • Ukwenza i-Book kanye nokulungisa – ngemva kokuboshwa, izinsolo ziyathathwa, zithwetshulwe, zikhishwe iminwe, futhi zitshelwe ngamalungelo azo eMiranda. Ukwehluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso ze-Miranda kunganikeza izikhangiso zelungelo le-authmission ezilandelayo.
  • Izinqubo zeposi-larms - - izisoli kumelwe zilethwe phambi komahluleli ngokushesha (ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48) ngesizathu esingase sibangele ukuzimisela nokubonakala kokuqala, lapho kubukezwa khona izimo ze-ebsayithi kanye nezikhalo.

Indlela yokwesaba ihlanganisa nokusebenzisa izimiso eziphoqelelwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Graham v.Connor (19989) yamisa indinganiso enengqondo enenjongo yokuhlola ukuphoqelelwa okukhulu, ifuna izinkantolo zicabangele ubuqatha bobugebengu, usongo olubangelwa yisisombululo, nokuthi umsoli umelene nokuboshwa.

Ukuqoqwa Kobufakazi Nesibopho Selungelo Lokugcina

Ubufakazi busemqoka. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kubhalwe uchungechunge lokuwinwa kwezingane-umlando womlando womuntu owasingatha ubufakazi, lapho, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo – ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona futhi uthembekile. Amagebe noma ukuphuka kweketanga kungaholela ekuziphatheni okuphumelelayo. Izindlela zanamuhla ezinjengokumakhamera okugcina isibopho somzimba kanye nezimiso zobufakazi zobuchwepheshe zithuthukise ukubonakala, kodwa iphutha lomuntu lihlala liyindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchazwa kabi kwezimpawu noma ukungcoliswa kwemifanekiso yobugebengu kungaholela ekukhonzweni okungalungile noma ekulahlweni kwamaqembu anecala.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa Ekubuseni

Ukuphumelela komthetho olandelwa umthetho kuxhomeke ekuthembekeni komphakathi. Imishini yokuqondisa ihlanganisa amabhodi okubukeza abantu, izikhawu zezindaba zangaphakathi, nemithetho yasenkantolo engabutholi ubufakazi obungekho ngokomthetho. Izinguquko zamuva ziye zagxila ekuqeqesheni ukucunula, ukunciphisa ubandlululo, nokusetshenziswa kokwaziswa ukuze kubonwe izindlela zokuziphatha okubi. Ngaphandle kokuziphendulela ngokuqinile, ukuphoqelela kungaba yizenzisa noma ukukhipha umthetho, kunciphise ukufaneleka kwaso sonke isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu.

Umsebenzi Wokumangalela: Ukusuka Ekumangaleleni Kuya Ekuqulweni Kwecala

Icala liyinqubo engokomthetho isifundazwe esimangalela ngayo umuntu ngecala lecala lobugebengu futhi sifuna ukuqiniseka.

Isinqumo Esishukumisayo: Ukuhlakanipha Nezindinganiso

Abamangaleli bahlola ubufakazi obunikezwa yi-application yomthetho ukuze bahlole ukuthi ikhona yini imbangela engagxekwayo [ ukukholelwa icala elenzekile nokuthi ubufakazi banele yini ukufakazela icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo uma kuqulwa. Bacabangela futhi:

  • Ukungasebenzi kobufakazi – kuwubufakazi obutholakele ngokomthetho futhi obungavunywa cishe? Ubufakazi obubuthakathaka noma obungcolile bungaholela esinqumweni sokungabhali amafayela amacala.
  • [ Izici zesithakazelo se- – ukungathi sína kwecala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ithonya ezisuluni, kanye nokutholakala kwezici ezihlukile njengezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa noma izinkantolo zezidakamizwa.
  • Imithombo yemithetho evimbelayo - izimali ezilinganiselwe kanye nokuthwetshulwa kwecala kuphoqelele abashushisi ukuba bahlele amacala abangela usongo olukhulu ekulondekeni komphakathi.

Ukukhetha komthetho kungelinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu. Kungaholela ekuhlukahlukanisweni, njengoba abanye abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi uhlanga, isimo sezenhlalo, noma ithonya lezesayensi yezwe lihlasela izinqumo. I-American Bar Association’s iMigangatho yobuMahluleli ePhakeme inxusa ukuba kusetshenziswe ukukhanyisa, ukungaguquguquki, nokungaguquguquki kobuhlanga.

Izinhlungu Ezinkulu Nezindlebe Eziqanjiwe

Ezikhundleni eziningi, ngaphambi kokuba icala lecala liqhubeke liqulwe, umshushisi kumelwe amise imbangela okungenzeka ngecala elikhulu elibekwa abahluleli noma icala lokuqala. Ijaji elikhulu liyiqembu lezakhamuzi elizwa ubufakazi ngasese futhi linqume ukuthi likhiphela icala noma cha. Icala lokuqala liyicala elivulekile eliqhubekela phambili lapho umahluleli ehlola ubufakazi. Kokubili kusebenza njengesesha emandleni angenawo umshushisi, nakuba abacushisi beqaphela ukuthi izigebengu ezinkulu azivamile ukulahla icala.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala: Ukulahlwa Kwecala

Icala lobugebengu liyiqophelo eliphezulu lenqubo yokuqulisa. Umshushisi unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa zonke izici zecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

  • [ Ukukhetha - abameli babuza abangase babe abahluleli bejaji be-panel yokukhetha i-panel. Izinselele zembangela nezinselele zokukhulula zisetshenziselwa ukwakha amajaji.
  • [ izinkulumo ezivulayo [ - abashushisi banikeza ubufakazi ayobunikeza; ukuzivikela kunganikeza inkolelo - mbono yalendaba.
  • unikezelo lobufakazi - abashushisi babiza ofakazi, bethula imiboniso, futhi befaka ubufakazi. Ingxube yokuvikela ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuphuma komshushisi, ukuzivikela kungabiza ofakazi bakho noma kukhethe ukunganikezi ubufakazi.
  • Izimpikiswano ezivezayo[ - uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikise isinqumo. Umshushisi ukhuluma kuqala futhi anganikeza iphikiswana.
  • [[QURT:0] Iziqondiso eziqinile kanye nokuzindla - umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ohlobene nomthetho nendinganiso yobufakazi. Amajaji asebenza ngamabomu ngasese futhi abuyisa isinqumo sokuba necala noma ungabi necala.
  • [ Ukuqinisa[- – uma isahlulelo sinecala, umahluleli uphoqelela umusho phakathi kweziqondiso zomthetho, ecabangela ukuhlanganisa nokulinganisela.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nangomphakathi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi nelungelo lokululekwa.

I - Plea Barganing: Indlela Yokunquma Yecala Engashintshanga

Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-90 ecala lobugebengu e-United States axazululwa ngokuncenga kunokuqulwa. Esivumelwaneni, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala, ngokuvamile ngokumangalela okuncane noma ngokugunyaza, ngokugomela ukunxenxa ukuqulwa komshushisi. Nakuba isicelo sokufaka isicelo silondoloza izimali zokwahlulela futhi sinikeza isiqinisekiso sazo zombili izinhlangothi, siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphoqelelwa, ikakhulukazi lapho abamangalelwa bebhekene nesigwebo esinzima kakhulu. Brady v. United States[FLT:] (1970]), isekela ukukhomba okuqinile kwezikhalo ezithile, kodwa izimo ezilandelayo ziye zahlola indima esebenzayo yosizo lweseluleko phakathi nezingxoxo.

Ukuhlangana Kokuphoqelelwa Nokushushiswa: Ukwakha Icala Elibolile

Ukuquliswa kwecala okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ekuxhumaneni okuqinile nokugcinwa komthetho. Lobubu buhlobo buqala phakathi nophenyo, lapho abashushisi bengase banikeze isiqondiso esingokomthetho emaphoyiseni ngokuphathelene nezincwadi zokufuna noma izingxoxo zofakazi. Ngemva kokuqulwa kwamacala, iqembu labashushisi lisebenza nabacwaningi ku:

  • Ukuvumelana kokuthola imfihlo [ - ukushushisa kumelwe kwambule ubufakazi bokudlulisa (ubufakazi obuvumelana nolwelwelwelo) ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland[ [1963]). Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekuhlikisweni ekudlulisweni.
  • [ Uhlelo lofakazi – ukukhuthaza izisulu nofakazi abangochwepheshe bobufakazi kuyilapho ugwema ithonya elingafanele.
  • Gcina uketa lwelungelo lokuhlala [ - - ubhale ubufakazi bokusingatha ukuvimbela ukucindezelwa.

Ukuwohloka kokukhulumisana phakathi kwamaphoyisa nabashushisi kungaholela ekumangalelweni kwezephulamthetho, izinkolelo ezingalungile, noma ukwehluleka ukwenza izaphulamthetho zibe necala. Izindawo eziningi ziye zamukela izikhangiso eziqinile, lapho umshushisi ofanayo esingatha khona icala ngenxa yokumangalela ngokudlulela esimweni sokugcina, ethuthukisa ukubambisana okuseduze nabaphenyi.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezinguquko Emitangweni Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuphoqelelwa nokuquliswa kwecala kubhekana nezingcindezi eziqeda ubugebengu, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kobugebengu, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, nokufunwa kobulungisa bezinhlanga nezomnotho.

Ukuzitika Ngokweqile Nokushintsha Kwamaphoyisa

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuziphatha okuningi kuphazanyiswa, kuthweswa umthwalo oqinile womthetho kanye nabashushisi amacala amancane angasingathwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Lokhu kuholela ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi futhi kuthinte ngokungenakuqhathaniswa imiphakathi encishiswe ngokwezinga eliphansi. Izinguquko zihlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwecala lemilaliso ethile, ukwanda kwezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, nokulungisa okususa izaphulamthetho eziphansi esimisweni sesiko.

Ukulandisa Nokubonana Kwangaphandle

Ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi - njengokugodla ubufakazi bokukhohliswa, ukusho okungafanele enkantolo, noma ukusebenzisa izinselele zokukhipha isigwebo esisekelwe ngokohlanga - kulula ubulungisa. Imizamo yokwandisa ukulandisa ihlanganisa ukusungulwa kwezimiso zobuqotho, ukuqeqeshwa okuthuthukisa ukuziphatha, nokusetshenziswa kwamabhodi okuhlola ukumangalela nokuncenga. Ezinye izifunda manje zidinga ukuqondisa okuzimele kwabashushisi.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nobufakazi Bezinombolo

Ukwanda kobufakazi be-inombolo - kusukela kuma-software naku-wenums kuya kuma-meters ayimfihlo yokuxhumana nokuhlola - faka izinselele ezintsha. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kusebenzise iziqondiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa okuphathelene ne-teknoloji (bona i-Rley v. California, 2014, idinga izimvume zokuhlola ucingo). Abashushisi-mthetho kumelwe bazifundise ngezibalo ukuze banikeze ubufakazi obunjalo ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho behlonipha amalungelo abo eyimfihlo.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ukungezwani phakathi kokugcinwa kwamandla asemthethweni nokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi kuhlala njalo. Izenzakalo ezinkulu ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa, ukuphambaniswa, nokukhomba okungalungile kuye kwabangela izinguquko zemithetho yomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinguquko ezimisweni ze-ebsayithi, imithetho yokuthola, neziqondiso zokugweba. Iprojekthi yeInnocence [ iye yaba neqhaza ekuvezeni amaphutha esimiso sokusebenza nokusekela izinguquko ezifana nokuguqula kofakazi bokuhlola nokubhala imibuzo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Ngokuphoqelelwa Nokushushiswa

Nakuba ukuqashelwa nokuquliswa kwemithetho yecala kusebenza emhlabeni wonke, isimo sawo siyahlukahluka phakathi kwamasiko angokomthetho. Ezimisweni zomthetho njengase-United States nase-United Kingdom, ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlola ngokwako, futhi abashushisi basekela umbuso phambi komahluleli abangathathi hlangothi. Ezimisweni zokuqulwa kwecala ezivamile eYurophu, ukuhlola izimaji zengamela kokubili ukuhlola nokumangalelwa, ukunciphisa indima ye-adversarial advocacy. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuveza imiphumela yesimo sokukhetha okungokwezelelwe. Isibonelo, [[FLT:] i-Eufilon Union ye-Unionstian Union ye-Crigist Cooperation (Urust)[FOLD] inciphisa ukuhlangana kwemigqa phakathi kwemidalo yezelelwano yezemthetho ehlukene.

Isiphetho

Imisebenzi yokuphoqelela nokuququlisa izigwegwe yimishini elawula umthetho wobugebengu ukusuka emehlweni ongekho mthethweni ongokomthetho. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa umthetho zihlola, zibophe, ziqoqe ubufakazi, zimise iqophelo labashushisi abahlola ubufakazi, benze izinqumo, futhi basekele ukulandisa enkantolo. Ubuqotho balesi simiso buxhomeke ekunamatheleni ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho, ukucaca, kanye nokuhlonipha amalungelo abo bobabili izisulu nabamangalelwa. Njengoba umphakathi uguqula, kanjalo kumelwe uthathe inqubo yokuphoqelela nokuphikisa nokuphikisa – ukwamukela inguquko lapho kudingekile, igcina ubulungisa njengomgomo omkhulu. Ukuqonda lemisebenzi kunika izakhamuzi amandla okufeza inzuzo esemthethweni yezimiso zobulungisa, nokusekela isimiso sobulungisa esisebenza ngempela ekwahluleleni.