Table of Contents

Amacala asenkantolo kaFederal amelela ingxenye egxekayo yesimiso somthetho waseMelika, kodwa izakhamuzi eziningi zizithola zidida futhi zinzima ukuyiqonda. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhileleke ekufuneni impikiswano, ukulandela icala eliphezulu, noma ukufuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi siphula yonke into oyidingayo ngokuphathelene nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kusukela ekulawuleni nasekuhleleni inqubo kuya emalungelweni akho nasemithwalo yemfanelo.

Ukuqonda Icala Lenkantolo Yesifunda: Yini Eyenza Icala Libe Yicala?

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingazwa kuphela izinhlobo ezithile zamacala agunyazwe uMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezinegunya elikhulu lokulalela cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwecala.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Igunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lichazwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho ye-conotional, nezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States. ISiphakamiso III sinikeza ukuthi amandla okwahlulela "kunganwebela" ezinhlotsheni "zezinsika" nezingu 9 ze "izikhulu": zonke izimpikiswano zomthetho kanye nokungaguquguquki ngaphansi komthetho, imithetho, nezivumelwano ze-conotional, nezivumelwano ze-United States; zonke izimpikiswano ezithinta amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi kanye nezikhulu; zonke izimpikiswano zezindawo ze-admirario nezifunda zamazwe angaphandle; izimpikiswano iUnited States eyiqembu; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezwe amabili noma ngaphezulu; izimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zombuso nezakhamuzi zombuso othile; izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezwe elihlukene; izingxabano zezwe elikhona ngaphansi kwezwe elizinye; izakhamuzi ezithiyo ngaphansi kwemibuso ezindaweni ezihlukene; izakhamuzi ezilwayo; izikhulu zezizwe eziphikisana nezakhamuzi ezikhona phakathi kwemibuso ezihlukene; imibuso ezihlukene; izakhamuzi ezibusayo; izakhamuzi ezibusayo, izakhamuzi nezakhamuzi ezibusa izakhamuzi ezibusa

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Ukubusa kwemibuzo okuzimele kuvumela umuntu ngamunye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unani lalokho okuthi uzokumangalela enkantolo kahulumeni uma kuvela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. Lena enye yezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezithola igunya emacaleni.

Izindaba ezihilela ukulawulwa kwemibuzo kahulumeni ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene:

  • Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nokwephulwa Kwawo
  • Izimiso nezimiso ezizimele
  • Izivumelwano zomphakathi nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe
  • Ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni
  • Ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi
  • Izingxabano zePaten, zomgunyathi, nezokuphawula

Ngokuvamile, ukuze kube ne-athoff ephethe uhulumeni, isikhalo se-atlantiff kumelwe sibe sesihoxisiwe kahle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhalo sokuqala somphathi-mthetho kumelwe sibe nezikhombo zombuzo kahulumeni nempikiswano kahulumeni evusa. Umbuzo kahulumeni nempikiswano akunakuphakama ngesivikelo esilindelekile, kumelwe kunikezwe ekukhononeni kokuqala.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Ukubusa ngokwezinhlobonhlobo ngokuvamile kuvumela abantu ukuba balethe iziqu enkantolo kahulumeni lapho ukumangalela kungaphezu kuka - R250 000 futhi amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene.

Ukuze kubekwe umthetho kahulumeni enkantolo kahulumeni, wonke ama-paltiff kumelwe abekwe ezifundeni ezihlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, futhi "ekuphikisaneni" kumelwe kube ngaphezu kuka-R350 000. Lemfuneko yokuhlukahluka ngokuphelele isho ukuthi ngisho nommangalelwa oyedwa ovela esifundeni esisodwa njengomhlane angabhubhisa imingcele ehlukene.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amacala obugebengu angase angabi ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukahlukene. Izwe lingase lilethe ukuquliswa kwecala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungaletha ukuquliswa kwecala enkantolo kahulumeni.

Izakhiwo ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

Ukuqonda isigaba sezinkantolo zikahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilawule isimiso futhi ziqonde indlela amacala athuthuka ngayo ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okubukeza.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseUnited States

Izinkantolo zesifunda ziyizinkantolo ezivamile zesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni. Inkantolo ngayinye yesifunda inejaji elilodwa lesifunda lase-United States, elimiswe uMongameli futhi eliqinisekiswe iSigele ukuze liphile. Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha amacala phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni – kokubili umphakathi nobugebengu.

Kunezigodi zokwahlulela ezingu - 94 kulelo nalelo zwe, okungenani kunesifunda esisodwa esikhona. Lezi zinkantolo ziqala lapho kuqulwa khona amacala kahulumeni, lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, lapho kufakazelwa khona ofakazi, futhi kukhishwa khona izinqumo zokuqala.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States

Uma inkantolo yesifunda sezwe isinqume icala, icala lingase lidluliselwe enkantolo yecala yase-United States. Kunezifunda eziyishumi nambili zikahulumeni ezihlukanisa izwe zibe izifunda ezihlukahlukene. Inkantolo yesifunda ngayinye inomthetho olawula izinkantolo zesifunda endaweni yayo.

Izikhalo ezikhongozwayo ezinkantolo zesifunda ziqala ukuzwakala yiqembu, elihlanganisa amajaji amathathu enkantolo yesifunda. Amaparies abhala phansi "amajijiya" enkantolo, aphikisa ngokuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo senkantolo kufanele "siqinisekiswe" noma "siphikiselwe''." Ngemva kokugcinwa kwalezi zikhangiso ezimfushane, inkantolo izohlela ukuthi kubekwe impikiswano "impikiswano ephiwayo" lapho abameli beza khona phambi kwenkantolo ukuzoveza izimpikiswano zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo yabahluleli.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo Yesifunda Yezikhwelo inegunya ezweni lonke ezindabeni ezithile ezinjengokugunyazwa kwezakhiwo, inikeza ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ezindaweni zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, izinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile zisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala:

  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic: Isifunda ngasinye sikahulumeni futhi sinenkantolo ewise imali kulezozigigaba
  • Inkantolo yeTaxi yase United States:[ Ezinye izinkantolo zinegunya ezweni lonke lokulawula izindaba ezinjengentela (United States Trust Court)
  • Inkantolo yase-United States ye-Federal Athi: Abaphathi basho ukuthi bamelene nohulumeni kahulumeni
  • United States Court of International Trade: ikheli lezindaba zezohwebo nezokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe

Inqubo Yecala Lenkantolo Yomphakathi: Ukusuka Ekuphoqeleni Kuya Esinqumweni

Ukuqonda izigaba zecala likahulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilindele okuzokwenzeka futhi zilungiselele ngendlela efanele.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

I-Plaintiff ifaka iCANDELO, iveza amaqiniso nemibono engokomthetho esekelwe kuyo icala. Lencwadi yokuqala ibalulekile ngoba imisa isisekelo secala futhi kumelwe ibonise ukuthi inkantolo kahulumeni inegunya lokulalela lendaba.

Ukukhononda kumelwe kuhlanganise:

  • Inkulumo yegunya lenkantolo
  • Incazelo ecacile yamaqiniso abangela ukuqamba amanga
  • Isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho okushiwo yi-pasttiff
  • Ikhambi elifunwayo

Ukusabela Komlweli

Amafadi avikelayo anganikeza iMPENDULO ku-Scount, noma afake inhloso yesifo, ephikisa ngokuthi icala alikhonondi ngokuthile, okuqashelwa umthetho. Uma umlweli wamaface efuna ukuxosha, iNkantolo kumelwe iqale ibonise ukukholeka kwecala ukuze iqhubeke.

Ukuxosha kungabekela izici ezihlukahlukene zalesi simo inselele, kuhlanganise nalezi:

  • Ukuntuleka kwegunya lendaba
  • Ukuntuleka kwegunya lomuntu siqu
  • Indawo engafanelekile
  • Ukwehluleka ukusho ukuthi ukukhululeka kunganikezwa kuphi
  • Umsebenzi wenqubo onganele

I - project

Lena inqubo ehleliwe yokunikezana ukwaziswa phakathi kofakazi nobufakazi abazobunikeza lapho bequlwa. Ukuxilongwa kwenza ukuba labo abaquliswayo bazi ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale ukuthi bunganikeza ubufakazi obuni.

Ukutholakala kwangaphambi kwezokuhlolwa kusho ukuthi lamaqembu anikezwa isikhathi sokuzama ukusungula ubufakazi bokusekela amacala awo. Izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu ziyinkathi ejwayelekile yokuthola amacala kahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Zamathuluzi Okuthola

Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezicelo zokuthola: (1) izakhiwo; (2) izicelo zokuphenya; (3) izicelo zokungenwa; (4) izicelo zokwenziwa kwezincwadi. Izimemo ziyizingxoxo ezingokomthetho zobufakazi.

Izinqumo: Phakathi nokutholwa kwangaphambi kwezomthetho, umbutho ngamunye angase afune omunye ukuba aphendule okubhaliwe IMPROGATORIES – okudinga umphikisi ukuba aphendule imibuzo ebhaliwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Lemibuzo ebhaliwe ivumela ukuba amaqembu aqoqe ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo ngeziphakamiso zomphikisi, izikhuseli, nobufakazi.

Izilinganiso: ngokuvamile ziyingxenye ebizayo nende kakhulu yokuthola kwangaphambi kwezomthetho. Ukubekwa kwemali kusho ukuthi iqembu ngalinye lingafuna noma ubani elikhetha ukuza ehhovisi lommeli futhi liphendule imibuzo ngaphansi kokufungisa ngalokho elikwaziyo ngecala. Izikhombi zinikeza ithuba lokuhlola ukuthembeka nokuvala ubufakazi ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Izicelo zempumelelo:[ Imikhosi ingacela amabhukwana, ulwazi olugcinwe ngemishini, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo obuvumelana nendaba. Iqembu elisebenza ngesicelo sokwenza incwadi linezinsuku ezingu-30 zokuphendula.

Izicelo zezicelo zomthetho: Izicelo zokugunyazwa zibuswa umthetho 36, ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo njengezicelo ze-Advacts ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Iqembu lasebenza nesicelo linezinsuku ezingu-30 ukuphendula (Rule 36(a)(3)) futhi akukho mikhawulo ngaphansi kwemithetho enanini lezicelo ezingafakwa.

Indawo Yokuthola

Ngaphandle kokuba kulinganiselwe ngemvume yenkantolo, izinga lokuthola lokhu linje: Amadili angathola ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezingezona ezingekho ezihlobene nokuzisho noma ukuzivikela kwanoma iziphi iziphi izikhulu ezisemcimbini noma ukuzivikela futhi okuvumelana nezidingo zalelicala, uma kucatshangelwa ukubaluleka kwezindaba ezihilelekile esenzweni.

Imfuneko yokulinganisela ingeyamuva futhi imelela umngcele obalulekile ekutholeni izinto. Izinkantolo manje zicabangela ukuthi umthwalo nezindleko zokuthola okuhlongozwayo kudlula yini inzuzo yakho yokuxazulula icala.

Izingcezu Nemihlangano Yokuqala

Umthetho 26(f) ukwenza kube yisibopho ukuba abameli bahlangane futhi baphane ngaphambi kokuthola nokwembula. Lomhlangano ophoqelelwe ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuwo ngokuthi "umhlangano wokuqala weseluleko" futhi unikeza indawo lapho iseluleko singaxoxa khona obala ngenqubo yokuhlola izindaba nokuthola.

Lemfuneko yokuqala yokubambisana ihlukanisa umkhuba kahulumeni ezimisweni eziningi zenkantolo yombuso futhi ikhuthaza amaqembu ukuba asebenze ndawonye ahlanganise inqubo yokuthola nokuxazulula izingxabano ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Ukwahlulela Ngokufingqiwe

Ukwahlulela ngokufingqa kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokulahla amacala kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi njengoba amajaji kahulumeni enezikhalo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ungacabanga ngesahlulelo esifingqiwe njengokuzama icala ephepheni. Uhlangothi ngalunye luzobhala izimpikiswano zalo, kanye nezingcaphuno ezithathwe kumarekhodi abhaliwe, izimpendulo zophenyo, kanye namaphepha akhishwe lapho kutholwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukunxela iNkantolo esikhundleni sabo.

Isahlulelo esifingqiwe sivumela izinkantolo ukuba zixazulule amacala ngaphandle kwecala eliphelele uma kungekho mpikiswano yangempela ngamaqiniso ezinto ezibonakalayo. Uma ukuthatha umqashi isahlulelo esifushanisiwe kunqatshelwa, icala lizobekwa ukuba liqulwe. Uma livunyiwe, icala liphelile futhi okuwukuphela kwekhambi ukulifaka enkantolo ephakeme.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ngokuthatha inyathelo ukuze likhishwe isahlulelo futhi lifingqwe, liqhubekelwa ecaleni. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kunganqunywa umahluleli (icala elibotshelelwe) noma ijaji, kuye ngohlobo lwecala kanye nokukhetha kwamalungu. Phakathi nokuqulwa, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ubufakazi, zihlole ofakazi, futhi zenze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zisekela izikhundla zazo.

Inqubo yokuhlola ihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhethwa kukaJury (ekuqulweni kwecala lamajaji)
  • Izinkulumo zokuvula
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi yi - caltiff
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi wommangalelwa
  • Ubufakazi obuphindwayo
  • Izimpikiswano ezivalayo
  • Iziqondiso zeJury (ekuqulweni kwecala lamajaji)
  • Ukuzimisela nesinqumo

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izingcingo: Ukufuna Ukubukezwa Kwezinqumo ZeNkantolo Yesifunda

Ilungelo lokudlulisela icala liyisici esiyinhloko sesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, esinikeza inqubo yokulungisa amaphutha nokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokungaguquki.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Igunya lokuqulwa kwecala linegunya lokuhlola izinqumo ezenziwa izinkantolo eziphansi. Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala azinamacala amasha. Zihlola umlando enkantolo equlweni futhi zinqume ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa yini.

Izinkantolo ezihlolwayo ngokuvamile zibukeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimpikiswano ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezihlukene:

  • [[UMTL:0] Imibuzo yomthetho:[ Ibukezwe de novo (ukubukeza okusha ngaphandle kokungabekezeli enkantolo equlwayo)
  • Imiphumela engokoqobo: Ibukezwe ngephutha elicacile (ukuzithoba okusemthethweni enkantolo equlweni lenkantolo)
  • [[Izinqumo:0] Izinqumo ezicatshangelwe: zibukezwe ngokusetshenziswa kabi kokuhlakanipha

INkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni. Amadili afisa ukudlulisa icala elivela eNkantolo Yesifunda ye-U.S. yezokudlulisa Amacala noma inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni angase anxuse iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngokuqamba ucingo lwe-ceretari ukuba lizwe icala lawo elihilela ukuqulwa kwecala elibalulekile likahulumeni noma lomthetho we-U.S. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume ukuthi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isinqumo esizonikezwa i-withs. Inkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Inkantolo ephakeme yase-U. ingamukela izicelo ezicishe ezingu-10 000 ze-writ of ceretoriritaririar unyaka ngamunye futhi izwe izinkantolo ezingaba ngu-75-80.

Ukuhlola okukhethayo kweNkantolo Ephakeme kusho ukuthi amacala anikeza imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi avunyelwe ukubukezwa.

Amagama Angokomthetho Abalulekile Okufanele Wonke Izakhamuzi Zazi

Ukuqonda amagama ayisisekelo angokomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele ukuqulwa kwenkantolo futhi ziqonde izincwadi ezingokomthetho.

Izenzakalo Zemithetho

  • Plaintiff:[ Iqembu eliqala icala lomphakathi ngokufaka isikhalo
  • I-defanti:[ Iqembu liquliswa icala noma libekwe icala ngokuqhubeka okungokomthetho
  • I-petroli:[ Iqembu elifaka isikhalo noma isicelo enkantolo ephakeme
  • I-Resent:[ Iqembu elisabela ekudlulisweni noma ekucelweni

I - Jurisdiction Ne - Venue

  • Juldiction: Juristion inquma ukuthi inkantolo inegunya elingokomthetho lokulalela icala
  • Isihloko iMatter Jurisdition: ilapho ukubusa komuntu siqu kubusa lapho amaqembu engase azwelwe khona, ukubusa kwendaba yesihloko kubusa lokho inkantolo ekwazi ukukuzwa ngokuqondile
  • EXIFURYY: ukubusa komuntu siqu kuyigunya lenkantolo phezu kwamaqembu athile endabeni ethile, ikakhulukazi ummangalelwa. Inkantolo ingabopha iqembu kuphela ezinqumweni zayo uma linegunya lomuntu siqu phezu kwawo
  • I-Vennue:[ umbuso we-econography, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi indawo, unquma indawo ethile ngaphakathi kwesimiso senkantolo lapho icala kufanele lizwakale khona. Ngisho noma indaba nezimiso zomuntu siqu zisungulwa, icala kumelwe ligcinwe endaweni eqondile yendawo

Izinqumo Neziqondiso Zasenkantolo

  • Motion:[ Isicelo esingokomthetho enkantolo sesinqumo esithile noma uhlelo
  • rder: Isiqondiso esilotshiwe senkantolo noma umyalo
  • Isinqumo sokugcina senkantolo sokuxazulula izimpikiswano eziyinhloko ecaleni
  • Vict: Isinqumo sejaji ngemibuzo eyiqiniso enikezwa bona
  • Appal:[ Isicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokubukeza nokushintsha isinqumo senkantolo ephansi
  • Remand:[ [Lapho inkantolo edlulisayo isigwebo ithumela icala emuva enkantolo equlweni lecala ukuze kuqalwe ezinye izindaba

Amagama Angokwesayensi

  • Ukufaka:[ Izitatimende ezibhalwe ngendlela esemthethweni ezigcinwe enkantolo, kuhlanganise nezikhalo, izimpendulo, kanye neziphetho
  • Brief:[ Impikiswano ebhaliwe engokomthetho edluliselwe enkantolo
  • [[INDANGO: 0] Ukubekwa: Ubufakazi obungaphandle kwekhomu ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala
  • Subpoena:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umuntu avele enkantolo noma akhiqize amabhukwana
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuletha icala, elidinga ukuthi ummangalelwa ulimele ngempela

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso: Ukuqonda Ukungafani

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zinqume ukuthi isiphi isimiso senkantolo esisebenza esimweni sazo.

Ukungafani Kwemibono Ephambene

I-US iphethe izinkantolo ezimbili, izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zihambelana, ngasinye sinemingcele emisiwe. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinemingcele elinganiselwe. Zingalalela amacala agunyazwe ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni. Zisingatha amacala kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwemibuso, namacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuquliswa kwecala lobugebengu, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, izimpikiswano, amacala omuntu siqu, nezindaba eziphazanyiswayo.

Ukulahlwa Kwamanje

Impikiswano phakathi kwenkampani yaseNew York nenkampani yaseCalifornia engamaRandi angu - 1 800 000 ingafakwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukahlukene, noma enkantolo yombuso. Ukukhethwa kwe-forum kuyisinqumo esingokomthetho.

Lapho icala liqulwa enkantolo kahulumeni kodwa ngabe labekwa enkantolo kahulumeni, ummangalelwa angase akhethe "ukulisusa" icala enkantolo kahulumeni, alidlulisele esimisweni sikahulumeni.

AbaHluleli AbawuFentshi: Ukumiswa Nendima

Ukuqonda indlela ekhethwe ngayo nemithwalo yayo yemfanelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuzimela negunya lejaji likahulumeni.

Inqumbi yokunqumelana usuku

Amajaji ahlangene (neNkantolo Ephakeme "Ubulungisa") akhethwa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe "ngeseluleko nemvume" yeSigele futhi "azobamba amahhovisi abo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle" abahluleli bangase bathathe isikhundla sabo kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, kodwa abaningi bayeke noma bathathe umhlalaphansi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Bangase basuswe futhi ngokungagunyazi ngeNdlu yabameleli nangokuvunyelwa yiSigele.

Lokhu kumiswa kokuphila konke kuhloselwe ukuvikela amajaji kahulumeni ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuwavumele ukuba enze izinqumo ezisekelwe kuphela emthethweni naseMthethweni, ngaphandle kokukhathalela umbono womphakathi noma imiphumela yokuzikhethela.

AbaHluleli Abanekhono

Okunye okungavumelani nokumiswa kokuphila konke amajaji ezwe, akhethwa abahluleli besifunda futhi asebenzise igama elithile. Amajaji aqagelayo asiza abahluleli besifunda ngokusingatha izindaba zokwandulela, ukuqhuba izingqungquthela zezingxoxo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi aqondisa amacala ngemvume yamaqembu.

Ukufinyelela Amarekhodi Enkantolo Yomphakathi Nokwaziswa

Icala lenkantolo livulekele umphakathi, futhi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokungena emarekhodini enkantolo futhi zibone ukuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kudinga ukubonakala ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembela komphakathi esimisweni sokwahlulela.

IPACR: Ukutholakala Komphakathi Enkantolo Kwamarekhodi E - electronic

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilondoloza isimiso sogesi esibizwa ngokuthi i-PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) esivumela noma ubani ukuba afune futhi athathe izincwadi zenkantolo kahulumeni. Nakuba kunemali encane yokufaka izincwadi eziningi, lesi simiso sinikeza umphakathi ithuba elingenakuqhathaniswa lokuthola izikhankaso zenkantolo zikahulumeni.

ENGOKWEPACHER, izakhamuzi zingaba:

  • Hlola amacala ngegama leqembu, inani lamabhokisi, noma ezinye izimfuneko
  • Buka amakhasi esikhumulo abonisa zonke izingqwembe ezisebhokisini
  • Kukhishwa izikhalazo, ukuthatha isinyathelo, iziyalezo, namanye amaphepha asenkantolo
  • Hlola intuthuko yezenzakalo eziqhubekayo
  • Cwaninga imibono nezinqumo zokwahlulela

Ukuqhubeka Kwezinkantolo

Icala eliningi likahulumeni livulekele umphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingaba khona emacaleni, emacaleni, nasezimpikiswaneni zomlomo ukuze zibonele mathupha inqubo yokwahlulela. Ezinye izinkantolo zifuna ukuba izivakashi zidlule ngokuhlola ukulondeka, futhi ezinye izinkulumo ezibucayi zingavalwa ukuze kuvikelwe izindaba zomuntu siqu noma zokulondeka kwesizwe.

Amalungelo Akho ENkantolo Ye - Federal

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowokumangalelana, ufakazi, noma umane uyingqapheli ethakazelayo, ukuqonda amalungelo akho enkantolo kahulumeni kubalulekile.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Uma bengenakukwazi ukukhokha, inkantolo imisa iseluleko ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile akukho lungelo leseluleko esimisiwe, nakuba ezinye izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zinikeza ukumelelwa kwabantu ngesihle.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesisivikelo esiyisisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwenkantolo kahulumeni kulungile, ukuthi abantu bathola isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala, nokuthi izinqumo zisekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini hhayi ezicini eziwumthetho eziwubufakazi.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kwamajaji

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli enkantolo, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo ezimweni eziningi zombango.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Asezinhlalweni Ezizimele

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezivamile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho igunya lenkantolo likahulumeni lisebenza.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Amacala obugebengu ahlangene ahilela ukwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yobugebengu, kuhlanganise nalokhu:

  • Ukushushumbisa nokusakaza izidakamizwa
  • Ukuphanga nokukhwabanisa ebhange
  • Ukuphazanyiswa Kwezindawo Ezithuthayo
  • Ukubalekela intela nokukhwabanisa
  • Ukwenza Umgunyathi Nokukhohlisa
  • Ubuphekula nobugebengu bokulondeka kwesizwe
  • Ubugebengu obuhleliwe nokuphambana ngempoqo
  • Ubugebengu nokukhwabanisa ngama - computer

Amacala Amalungelo Omphakathi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ngamacala ahilela lokhu:

  • Ubandlululo lomsebenzi olusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, umsuka wesizwe, ubudala, noma ukukhubazeka
  • Ukusakaza ukwephulwa kwamalungelo
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa kanye namandla eqile
  • Ukubandlulwa kwezindlu
  • Ukucwaswa kwemfundo nokutholakala
  • Ukuphulwa KweSichibiyelo Sokuqala

Izindawo Ezingakasetshenziswa

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhethekile emacaleni agunyaziwe futhi zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi zomgunyathi nezimpawu zomthetho. Lamacala ahlanganisa:

  • Ukugxambukela nokufaneleka okunobugovu
  • Ilungelo lombhali eliphihliwe
  • Izingxabano eziwuphawu
  • Ukuhweba ngezimali kuyimfihlo

Izinkinga Ezingalawuleki

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhethekile ekuwiseni kwemali, okuvumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele kabusha noma bakhulule izikweletu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni owehlayo. Icala lemali lihlanganisa:

  • Isiqephu 7 ukunciphisa
  • Isahluko 11 Sebhizinisi Lokuhlelwa kabusha
  • Isahluko 13 sezikweletu zomuntu ngamunye

Amacebiso Awusizo Enkantolo Yesifunda

Uma uzithola uhilelekile ecaleni lasenkantolo kahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyiqembu, ufakazi, noma ingqapheli, la macebiso awusizo angakusiza ukuba usebenzise le nqubo ngokuphumelelayo.

Funa incazelo Engokomthetho Efanelekayo

Umkhuba wenkantolo kaFederal uhilela imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nemithetho encinci elawulayo. Uma ungummeli enkantolo kahulumeni, ukuqasha ummeli onolwazi enkantolo kutuswa kakhulu. Umkhuba we-Federal uhluke kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwenkantolo, futhi ulwazi olukhethekile lubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho nezithakazelo.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yenkantolo Nemithetho Efile

Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokuthola kukahulumeni ilawulwa i - FRCP, imithetho evamile nemithetho yendawo eqondile enkantolo yesigodi lapho icala libekwa khona, neyalo eqondile ejajini lesigodi elabelwe, futhi uma kunokwenzeka, umahluleli wamajikidisi wabelwe ukusingatha zonke izindaba ezitholakele.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziphoqelela ngokuqinile ukuba kugcinwe isikhathi, futhi ukuphuthelwa isikhathi esimisiwe kungaba nemiphumela engathi sína, kuhlanganise nokuxoshwa kwemithetho noma izikhungo zokuvikela.

Gcina Amadokhumende Nobufakazi

Uma nje kulindelwe noma kuqalwa, amaqembu agcina izincwadi ezifanele nobufakazi. Ukubhujiswa noma ukwehluleka ukulondoloza ubufakazi kungaphumela ekutholeni izijeziso ezinzima, kuhlanganise nokuveza noma ukuxoshwa kwemali.

Zilungiselele Ukuthola Okuzotholakala

Ukuthola kungaba ukuthatha isikhathi nokuthatha isikhathi. Kubalulekile ukusebenza nommeli wakho ulungiselele ukuphendula imibuzo eningiliziwe ngecala lakho, uveze amabhukwana ahlobene nendaba yakho, futhi uhlalele ukuyothola imvume.

Cabangela Enye Impikiswano

Izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zikhuthaza noma zifune ukuba amaqembu azame ukuthatha isinyathelo noma ezinye izinhlobo zesinqumo esihlukile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Lezi zinqubo zingalondoloza isikhathi nemali kuyilapho zinikeza ukulawula okwengeziwe komphumela kunokuba kube yisinqumo sokuqulwa kwecala.

Intuthuko Yamuva EMcikilisweni Wenkantolo Yezezigebengu

Umkhuba wenkantolo kahulumeni uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomthetho, nokucabangela okuwusizo.

Ukundiza Nezinyathelo Ezikude Zobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zamukela izimiso ze-electronic stems, ezifuna ukuba amabhukwana amaningi afakwe ngomakhalekhukhwini nge-CM/ECF (Indlela yokulawula ye-CM/Electronic Case Falls). Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 wandisa ukwamukelwa kwemicimbi eqhelile, futhi izinkantolo eziningi manje ziqhuba ukuqulwa kwamacala ngisho nokuqulwa kwecala nge-video.

Ukutholakala Kwencazelo

Ngenxa yalemfuneko entsha "yobupropati", odokotela bombuso ngokuvamile bazithola bethatha izintambo zokuhlela ukuze baphoqelele lapho izihloko zesivikelo ezisheshayo kudingeka baphikisane khona ukuthi i-octived directory i-ace. Lemfuneko ihloselwe ukuvimbela ukutholwa ukuba kunganzima kakhulu noma kube okubizayo ngokuphathelene nezigxabeko zecala.

Ulwazi Olugciniwe Ngobuchwepheshe

Izinkantolo zezengcingo ziye zasungula imithetho nezindlela zokusingatha ukwaziswa okugcinwe ngemishini (ESI), kuhlanganise nama-imeyili, imiyalezo, izikhungo zezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana, kanye namarekhodi emininingwane yemininingwane.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngezinkantolo Zesizwe

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyakwazi ukuthola imithombo eminingi yemfundo.

Ama - Webster Enkantolo Engokomthetho

I-website ye-United States Courts ( www.ustourts.gov) inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zemfundo, izibalo zenkantolo, kanye nokuxhumana namawebhusayithi enkantolo ngamanye.

Izikhungo Zolwazi Olungokomthetho

Izinhlangano ezinjenge Cornell Law School’s Legal Information ( www.law.corell.edu) zinikeza ukufinyelela mahhala kwimithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yenkantolo, nakwii-encyclopedia zomthetho ezichaza izinqubo zenkantolo yombuso kanye nomthetho ongaphansi.

Ukuvakasha Kwenkantolo Nezimiso Zemfundo

Izindawo eziningi zenkantolo zikahulumeni zinikeza ukuhambela komphakathi nezinhlelo zemfundo ezinikeza ukuqonda ngenqubo yokwahlulela.

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yezindaba Ezizimele

Ukuqonda izinkantolo zikahulumeni kudinga ukwazisa indima yazo esimisweni sethu somthetho - sisekelo. Ijaji likahulumeni lisebenza njengenhlolo - vo emagatsheni emithetho nawabaphathi, liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho - sisekelo futhi livikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ebushiqelani obuningi.

Igebe lezindawo eziphethe phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni liyisici esibalulekile sesimiso sombuso waseMelika. Lengxenye iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngayinye ikhulumela izinhlobo zamacala ezifanelana kangcono nobuchwepheshe nezindima zazo.

Inkathi yokuphila yamajaji kahulumeni, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuphikisana, ifeza injongo ebucayi yokwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuzenzela kuvumela abahluleli ukuba benze izinqumo ezingathandeki kodwa ezilungile ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa izikhundla zabo.

Isiphetho: Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla Ngokuqonda

Amacala asenkantolo kahulumeni athinta ezinye zezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingokomthetho ezibhekene nomphakathi wethu, kusukela emalungelweni omthetho - sisekelo kuya ezingxabanweni zezentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhilelekile ekufuneni imvume, ulandela icala lomphakathi elinesithakazelo, noma ufuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi, ulwazi ngezinqubo zenkantolo kahulumeni nombuso lubalulekile. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho kahulumeni, ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, nasekuxazululeni izimpikiswano ezithinta abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nomphakathi wonke.

Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingawaqonda kangcono umthetho, ziqaphele lapho uhulumeni usebenza, futhi zisebenzise isimiso ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu uma kudingekile. Ukuveza izinkantolo zenkantolo, kuhlangene nokuthola izincwadi zenkantolo nempahla yemfundo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokwahlulela ihlala inecala kubantu ekhonzayo.

Njengoba isimiso sethu somthetho siqhubeka sisabela ekushintsheni kwezinguquko zobuchwepheshe, ezishintshayo zezenhlalo, nasezinkingeni ezintsha ezingokomthetho, ukuhlala sazi ngezinqubo zenkantolo kahulumeni nentuthuko kusabalulekile ukuze kube nesabelo sezakhamuzi. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima eyinhloko ekulolongeni umthetho nomphakathi waseMelika, okwenza ukuba izakhamuzi ziqonde lezi zinhlangano kunanini ngaphambili.