Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni: Isivikelo Ekumelaneni Nonya

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kahulumeni abe amagatsha amathathu ahlukene", okungawasebenzisi kahle amandla, okuphethe, nokuhlulele, kuyisisekelo sentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sakhiwo, esakhelwe ekuqondeni komcabangi wokukhanyiselwa uBaron de Montesquieu, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongalawula igunya. Isimiso esilandelayo sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisebenza njengesivikelo ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla, ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokugcina ukulandisa kohulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela la magatsha asebenza ngayo ngamanye futhi asebenza ngayo njengeqembu libalulekile kubaluleke kumninindlu ngamunye ofisa ukusebenzelana nohulumeni wawo.

Ukuhlakanipha kwesimiso saseMelika akukona nje ukuhlukanisa amandla kodwa ekuhleleni ukuba isifiso sixazulule isifiso. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku-[Federal:0] u-Federalist No. 51, "Ukuzimisela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwisane nokuvelela." Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa amathuluzi okumelana nokugxambukela kwabanye, kudala ukulingana okunamandla okuye kwadlula emakhulwini amabili eminyaka enguquko yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima eningi nemithwalo yegatsha ngalinye futhi sihlola indlela imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela kwenqubo yezeluleko nendlela yokusebenza.

Igatsha Elisemthethweni: Izwi Lezwi Lesizwe

IGatya eliyi-Legislative Brants, elamiswa yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. liyindikimba eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho. Isakhiwo sayo se-bimeral .Indlu yabameleli neSigele (indlu) (indlu yabameleli) (isakhiwo) yayiyisakhiwo esihloselwe ngokucophelela phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. Indlu, enezinkulumo zeminyaka emibili nezimpawu ezisekelwe emphakathini, yayiklanyelwe ukusabela ngokushesha emzweni womphakathi. ISigele, enezimo zeminyaka eyisithupha kanye nomelelo olulinganayo, yayihloselwe ukunikeza ukuqina nokuqaphana kwezindaba zesizwe.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yomhlangano

UKhomishane ubala imibuso ehlanganisa igunya lentela ye-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo zamazwe ahlukene nakwamanye amazwe, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela, futhi yenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanele" yokukhipha lemibuso. Indlu iyodwa iqala izikweleti zemali futhi ibambe izikhulu zikahulumeni. ISigele sinegunya lokuzama ukukhokha intela, ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli, nezivumelwano ze-raify ngenani elikhulu elingu-3.

  • Indlu yabameleli:[ amalungu okuvota ahlukaniswa yizakhamuzi zikahulumeni; asebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emibili; aqala ngentela futhi achithe izikweletu; akhetha uMongameli ngesehlakalo se-electoral College.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Amalungu ayikhulu (isifundazwe ngasinye); akhonza amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha; aqinisekisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, amajaji ombuso, namanxusa; kumelwe kuvivinywe izivumelwano; kuzame zonke iziteshiso.

Inqubo Yomthetho

Isivumelwano kumelwe sidlulise womabili amagumbi afanayo ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Lenqubo ihilela ukubukeza kwamakomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, ukulungisa, nokuvota. AmaKomiti − njenge Komiti yendlu yoMdindishoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshosho yeSigele se-Graventions(ukudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekucoliseni umthetho nasekuqondiseni. Igatsha lemithetho yokushaya umthetho lisebenzisa amandla esikhwama semali, lilawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali nomthetho wokulawula, okuyikhokha inqubo yempathilo.

I-Congregational umqondisi we-Congregational uhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukuhlola, namandla ezincwadi ezingaphansi kanye nofakazi. Leligunya liqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe nezikhulu zihlala zinesibopho sokulandisa kubameleli babantu. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, ukukhula kwezwe lokuphatha kuye kwenza ukuba ukuphatha kwenhlangano yesizwe okuqinile kube okubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lisebenzisa UMthetho

ISiphakamiso II samandla aphezulu oMthetho-sisekelo kuMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli ukhonza njengawo womabili inhloko kahulumeni, onomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, wokuqondisa imithetho yamazwe angaphandle, nokuyala amabutho ahlomile. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli ophethe, i-Complicate, izinhlangano ezizimele, kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni zezisebenzi ezingabalelwa kuhulumeni eziyizigidi ezingu-2.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • [ Ukuphoqelelwa kweMithetho: uMongameli uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yiziKhomishane i-"yenziwa ngokuthembeka" lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa uMnyango wobulungisa, uMnyango Wezokuvikela Ikhaya, nezinye izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho.
  • I-Pilogali ne-National Security: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezingaphansi kokubekwa kweSigele), umisa amanxusa, futhi usebenza njengesikhulu sezempi. Izivumelwano eziphethe, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSigele, ziye zaba yithuluzi elivamile lokuqhuba izigijimi.
  • Ukumisa nokususa: UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala beKhabhinethi, nezikhulu eziphakeme, ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele. UMongameli angase asuse futhi izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe eziningi ngentando.
  • [ Amandla asemthethweni:[ UMongameli angagunyaza umthetho, atuse izinyathelo eziya eSishaya-mthetho, futhi abize uMkhandlu esiqephini esikhethekile. Amandla iveto ayi-ihlolo eqondile egatsheni le-avision.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Neziphathimandla Zaseburhulumenteni

Iziqondiso zezikhulu ezikhishwa nguMongameli olawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba benethonya lomthetho, bangaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela futhi bangagumbuqelwa yiSishaya-mthetho ngomthetho. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa i-Emancipation Proclation ne-Mongameli Truman's's i-deseault of busovir. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, iziyalezo zezikhulu ziye zasetshenziswa ezindabeni ezisukela enqubweni yokufuduka kwendawo ezungezile.

I-priciom yombuso − ihlanganisa neminyango enjengoMnyango woMnyango, uHulumeni, nemfundo, kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency neFederal Reserve − amakhareji alahla ukuphatha imithetho yombuso ngosuku nosuku. Lezi zikhungo zikhipha imithetho ephethe umthetho, umkhuba owaziwa njengokumisa imithetho. Ukulawula kwegatsha eliphethe i-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-plomzam zenza libe nethonya elikhulu ekumisweni kwemithetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Umthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso III simisa iGatya Lejaji, eliholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ijaji likahulumeni liyisimiso esilawulayo esihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zezicelo (izinkantolo ezidluliselwe ezisemhlanganweni), neNkantolo Ephakeme. Amajaji eSikhungo samaFederal amiswa ukuze aphile, atholwe ukuziphatha okuhle, okuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasekulondolozeni ukukhululeka kokwahlulela.

Ukumangalelwa Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zizwa amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, izivumelwano, nezingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma izakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene. Amandla okubukeza kokwahlulela. "Igunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokubusa) elingekho ngokwemithetho-sisekelo] lamiswa icala eliphawulayo Marbury v. Madison (1803). La mandla enza ukuba ijudicary ibe igatsha elilinganayo elikwazi ukuhlola kokubili iKhongolo noMongameli.

INkantolo Ephakeme ilawula ngokusemthethweni, ikhetha amacala angaba yikhulu kuya ku-100 ngonyaka kusuka ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo. Izinkantolo zinqunywa ngombono wabaningi, ngokuthatha futhi ngokuphikisana imibono ngokuvamile ithinta incazelo engokomthetho yesikhathi esizayo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo zimisa izenzakalo ezibopha izinkantolo eziphansi, zizenze zibe umsizi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi Nenqubo Yokuhloma

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda:[ izigodi zokwahlulela ezingu-94, ezisingatha ukuqulwa kwecala nemicimbi yokuqala. Lezi yizisebenzi zamahhashi ejaji kahulumeni, zizwa kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu.
  • Amakhonsathi okudlulisa izingcingo:[ izifunda eziyi 13 (izifunda eziyi-11, kanye ne-D.C. isifunda ne-Federal Friestl struction). Babukeza izinqumo zenkantolo yesigodi nezinqumo zezinhlangano, bagxila emaphuthani angokomthetho kunasezimpikiswaneni eziyiqiniso.
  • Inkantolo ye-'FLT': i-authority engu-9; ukulawula kwasekuqaleni eqenjini elilinganiselwe lamacala (umz., izingxabano phakathi kwezimo); ukubusa kwecala lazo zonke izinkantolo zezwe nezwe ezihlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Zezomthetho zingamisa izenzo eziphula amalungelo angokomthetho noma angokomthetho, njengoba kubonakala ezimweni eziningi zibekela yonke into inselele kusukela ekuvinjelweni kokuhamba kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyona inkolelo-lwazi efingqiwe; iyinqubo ephilayo edlala ngesikhathi esikhona sokulawula. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi amaningi okulinganisela amanye, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi alikho igatsha elilawulayo.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • IVEto Engananzi: Isikhongozeli singadlula i-veto kamongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu emagumbini womabili, indlela enamandla yokumisa umthetho phezu kokuphikisa kukaMongameli.
  • Indlu ingayehlisa uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa "yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu namacala angafanele." Khona - ke iSigele siqu siqulisa icala. Abameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump balahlwa yindlu; akukho noyedwa owalahlwa.
  • I-Advice kanye ne-connect: ISigele siqinisekisa noma senqabe ukumiswa kukamongameli futhi sidlulisele izivumelwano. Lomandla aye asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela noma ukuhlehlisa ukumiswa okuphikiswayo kuwo wonke umlando.
  • [ Amandla entengo: uhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Ingasusa izinhlelo zokuqondisa noma ibeke izimo ezicini zokubhucuzwa.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amagatsha Angokomthetho Nahlulele

  • I-Veto Power:[ UMongameli angakwenqaba umthetho odluliswa yisiKhongolo, aphoqelele ukuba icebo elikhulu lokulawula lishaywe phansi. Leli ithuluzi eliyinhloko lesikhulu sokushaya umthetho.
  • [[QULT: 0] Ukumisa AbaHluleli: UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, alolonga ijaji amashumi eminyaka. Ukumisa ukwahlulela kuphakathi kwemithetho ehlala njalo kaMongameli.
  • [ Amandla e-pardon: UMongameli angathethelela ubugebengu bukahulumeni, i-cheke ekwahluleleni kwejaji.
  • Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo:[ Ngenkathi icushwa, iziyalo eziphethe izikhulu zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise imisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okusheshayo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: INkantolo Ephakeme ingashaya imithetho edluliswa yiziKhongolo nezenzo ezithathwa uMongameli njenge-constitunial. Izibonelo zihlanganisa Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) ukuqeda igebe lohlanga kanye United States v. Nixon[7]) iphoqelela uMongameli ukuba aphendule amakhasethi e-metergate.
  • Ukufakwa kwemithetho: izinkantolo zeFederal zichaza imithetho, futhi izinqumo zazo ziphethe amandla omthetho. UKhongolo lungaphendula ngomthetho okhombayo, kodwa incazelo yokuqala yezinkantolo ima ngaphandle kokuba ishintshwe.
  • I-Tenure: abahluleli beFederal bavikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kubavumela ukuba babuse kumbono othandwayo noma izithakazelo ezinamandla.

" Ukunqwabelana kwawo wonke amagunya, izishaya-mthetho, isikhulu, nejaji, ezandleni ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngawenye, ambalwa, noma amaningi, futhi noma ifa, ezizimisile, noma ezikhethweni, kungabizwa ngokufanele njengencazelo yobushiqela." — James Madison,

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kuye kwavivinya isimiso somthetho - sisekelo sezombangazwe, ukukhula kwamandla aphethe, nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwanamuhla konke kuye kwawuvivinya umthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abaholi bathembela kakhulu eziqondisweni eziphethe nasemisebenzini yokuphatha ukuze bafinyelele imigomo yezimiso lapho uMkhandlu uvalwa. Nakuba lokhu kungaphumelela, abagxeki baphikisa inqubo yomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa uMongameli Obama's Defered Action for Childhoomers (DACA), ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba kukaMongameli Trump, kanye noMongameli Biden's ukuboleka kwentengo yabafundi icebo lokuthethelela izinselele ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo ziye zahlehlisa, zashaya izisulu kuyilapho zisekela abanye, zibonakalisa ukuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kokuhlola kwezokwahlulela.

I - Gridlock Engokomthetho Ne - Filibuster

Ukuhlukana kwemithetho kuvame ukuholela ekuthatheni umthetho. Icebo lesigele i-filbuster .Izigebengu elidinga amavoti angu-60 ukuqeda impikiswano ezikweletini eziningi .(*) liye laba yisithiyo esikhulu ekudluliseni umthetho. Lokhu kuye kwakhuthaza amaMongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle komshoshaphansi futhi ashintshele amandla egatsheni eliphethe. Iziphakamiso zenguquko, njengokususa noma ukuguqula i-monicbuster, ziphikisana kakhulu, ziveza imibuzo ejulile ngokuthi igatsha lemithetho yemithetho kufanele lisebenze kanjani enkathini ehlukile.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Indima efanele yezinkantolo ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo isalokhu iyimpikiswano. Abahluleli abathatha inyathelo lokwahlulela bazimisele kakhulu ukuqeda imithetho nesimiso sokulungisa; labo abavumela ukulawulwa kwamagatsha akhethiwe. Izimpi zokuvimbela izikhali ziye zaba yimibono eyandayo, futhi bobabili abafuna ukumisa abahluleli abavumelana nemibono yabo. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ngokwayo iye yaba indawo efinyele, njengoba ibonakala emazwini aphikisanayo kaMahluleli Brett Kavanough kanye nokuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kukaMahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett.

Umbuso Ophethe

Amanxusa azimele manje asebenzisa amandla amakhulu ngokubeka imithetho nangokufushanisa. Abanye baphikisa lokhu ngokuhlukanisa amagunya ngokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zemithetho, izikhulu, nokwahlulela phakathi kwezinhlangano ezizimele. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngalokhu ezimweni ezifana Sebelius v. I-Clapper[ [202] kanye [[FLT] ne-West Virginia v. EPA [2022], kanye nokunciphisa ikhono le-EPA's's' lokulawula amagesi ashisayo ngaphansi kwe "imibuzo yezentengo zezentengiselwano"""" Isilinganiso phakathi kwezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi ne-'mibutho sihlala siwumbuzo oyinhloko we-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko wezwelonke.

Isiphetho: Gcina ukulinganisela

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni awayona nje imiqondo engaqondakali; ayizivikelo zokwakha ezivikela idemokrasi ekugxileni emandleni. Abasunguli basungula isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuhlisa ijubane, sidinga ukubambisana, futhi sinikeze izindlela eziningi zokulandisa. Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezizinqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokubeka uhulumeni endongeni.

Kulenkathi yokuphaphanyiswa kwezikhulu, ukungalawuleki komthetho, nempikiswano yokwahlulela, izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ukuhlangana nomphakathi (‘umthetho-zwelonke, ukuxhumana nabameleli, nokufunda umlando ongokomthetho (icala eliba sesizukulwaneni ngasinye.) Ukuhlolwa kwemithombo eyinhloko engemva kwaloluhlelo, abafundi bangahlola umbhalo ogcwele .S.Constitution[[ esuka eSibonelweni seSivumelwano sezwe, [[FLT:]] iFLT] i-FOLT [irbast Pages eMtatsheni yeminyango engcono, futhi bangayihlola kanjani enye izakhamuzi, futhi baqhubeke umsebenzi.