Amalungelo Abantu Abavamile Ezokuqhubeka Okungokomthetho: Isisekelo Sobulungisa

Amalungelo omphakathi abantu abasemacaleni angokomthetho afana nesisekelo sanoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi, eqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abusona nje isici esicatshangelwayo kodwa buyinto engokoqobo kubo bonke abantu abangena enkantolo. Lamalungelo avikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sombuso ngokungenamthetho, avimbela ubandlululo olusekelwe ezicini eziqinile, futhi asekela isithunzi esiyisisekelo sabo bonke abahlanganyela enqubeni yokwahlulela. Kusukela esikhathini lapho umuntu emangalelwa ngobugebengu noma abe yiqembu eliyiqembu lempikiswano yomphakathi, isoshayo somthetho nesomthetho-mthetho wesisekelo siqala ukusebenza, siklanyelwe ukulinganisela inkundla yokudlala phakathi kwabantu ngabanye namandla amakhulu kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwalezi zikhundla. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinqumo ezingokomthetho, ukuqulwa komthetho kungabeka izingozi ekubeni amathuluzi okucindezelwayo kunokuba kube yizindlela zokulawula iqiniso nokulunga. Ukuqonda izimo, ukumiswa kwalendawo, nokusetshenziswa kwalezimiso ezisebenzayo kwalezimiso zomphakathi kusungulwa noma ukuthuthukisa noma ukuthuthukisa amalungelo angokomthetho.

IZisekelo Ezingokomlando Zamalungelo Omphakathi Esimisweni Sokwahlulela

Amalungelo omphakathi abantu abawajabulelayo namuhla enkantolo awumphumela wamakhulu eminyaka empikiswano, inguquko engokomthetho, nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, amabhukwana asungulweyo `Umthetho-sisekelo neSikhathi samaLungelo − abeka isisekelo ngokudweba izivikelo eziqondile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu, ngokwesibonelo, siqinisekisa ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile yomthetho nesivikelo ekumelaneni nokuzimela, kuyilapho iSimemezelo seSithathu sokuzinqumela ngokusheshisa nangokomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, kanye nosizo lwezeluleko. La malungiselelo ayeyinguquko esikhathini sabo, ebonisa ukungathemba amandla kahulumeni avinjelweyo kanye nesibopho sokuzimela ukuzenzela umthetho.

Nokho, izithembiso zalezi zinguquko azizange zidluliselwe kubo bonke abantu ekuqaleni. Kwadingeka iMpi Yombango kanye neSichibiyelo seSiphendulo se-Reconstructon (iMpi Yombango seshumi nane, yeshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu) ukuze kususwe isakhiwo esingokomthetho sobugqila nokubekwa kohlanga. ISiphendu se 145 seSiphendu seSimemezelo esihlangene ne-'Iproject Celates yaba amathuluzi anamandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni, hhayi nje uhulumeni wezwe, amalungelo ohlonishwayo. Kodwa ngisho nalezi zinguquko zachazwa kancane amashumi eminyaka, zivumela uJim Crow nezindlela zokucwasana nokunye okungalinganiswa kwezimiso. Ukuqonda amalungelo omphakathi ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho kwaqalwa phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 Creast Couragend Activesment

Izehlakalo eziyinhloko ezifana ne- Gerideon v. Wainwright (63), ezamisa ilungelo lokunikeza izigebengu ezikhombayo ezisemlandweni wezwe, kanye imaddav. I-Arizona [1966], eyayidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise amalungelo abo ukuba ahlale ethule futhi athole ummeli, andise isivikelo esitholakala kubantu ngabanye. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT:]] Babatson.[FLT] v. [1986]) abashushici benqabeli ukusebenzisa izinselele ukuze bakhiphe imingcele esekelwe empini, isivikelo esilinganayo, kwezinye izimo, futhi abenzi behlukene, ngendlela efanayo, ngokushintsha kwenani eliphakathi kweze lishintshe.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Ezenzweni Zanamuhla Ezingokomthetho

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

Inqubo eyisisekelo yamalungelo omphakathi enkantolo. Idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Leli lungelo linezilinganiso ezifanele zomthetho nezincane. Inqubo engokomthetho iqinisekisa isaziso samacala noma iziphakamiso, ithuba lokuzwakala ngendlela enengqondo, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongathathi- hlangothi. Ezicabeni, lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokuba nenqubo efanelekile evikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho nalapho kunezintambo zokuvikela eziyisisekelo, nakuba ukusebenza kwalo ezimweni ezingokomthetho kulinganiselwe kakhulu.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yagcizelela ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi inqubo efanele ivumelana nezimo futhi ixhomekekile. [Ku-Mathews v. Eldidge [1997], iNkantolo ihlela ukuhlolwa okulinganiselayo okulinganisela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esisengcicini, ingozi yokuncishwa okunganembile ngaphansi kwezinqubo zamanje, kanye nesithakazelo sikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yemithetho yemithetho emisiwe neyokuphathwa.

Ilungelo Leseluleko

Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho liyitshe eliyinhloko lesimiso somthetho. Ezenzweni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza bonke abamangalelwa ilungelo lokuboshwa, nesinqumo sengqopha - mlando Gideon v. Wainwright[ unyuse lelilungelo ezinkantolo. Amacala acaciswe ukuthi ilungelo lokukhomba ezinkantolo ezigabani ezibucayi zomshushici, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwemvume, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokukhokhwanywa kwezicelo. Ilungelo lokululeka alilona nje ilungelo lokuba nommeli okhona ngokomzimba kodwa futhi ilungelo lokuphumelela ekusizeni izinkantolo, njengoba kusungulwe [FOL:].[FT]lktlandland. [2][3][3]

Ezimweni zomphakathi, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko aliqiniseki, ngaphandle kwezimo ezilinganiselwe njengokuqedwa kwamalungelo abazali noma izivumelwano zomphakathi. Leligebe lidala ukungalingani okukhulu, njengoba abantu bethola imali ephansi ngokuvamile bebhekana nezimpi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokuma kwezemfundo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge i-American Civil Liberes Union (ACLU) kanye ne-[FRANCP] Intevicence yasemthethweni ne-Educational Fund[ zisebenza ukuze zandise ukufinyelela kweseluleko nge-ligigation nange-adiactive.

Ilungelo Lokuvikelwa Ngokulinganayo

Isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, esiqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo seshumi nane, sidinga ukuba bonke abantu baphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esikholisayo sokuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile. Emkhakheni wezomthetho, lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ubuzwe, nezinye izigaba ezisolwayo azinakusetshenziswa ukuphika umuntu ukungena ezinkantolo, ukuqulwa kwecala okulungile, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngabahluleli nabejaji. INkanto ePhakeme isebenzise ukucubungula okuqinile ezinhlalweni ezisekelwe ezinhlangani, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelekile nokuthi izindlela zingenziwanga lutho ukuze afinyelele leso sithakazelo.

Ukusetshenziswa okunzima kokuvikelwa okulinganayo embuthweni ongokomthetho, ukunqabela ukunqatshelwa kokukhethwa kwamajaji okungalawuli izigebengu ku- [FT:] Batson v. Kentucky. Uphahla lwe-Batson luvumela ummangalelwa ukuba abeke inselele izikhalazo ezibonakala zisekelwe ohlalweni, zifuna umshushisi ukuba anikeze incazelo yohlanga engathathi hlangothi. Amacala anwetshwe e-Batson adlulele ebulilini nasebangeni labamangalelwa becala, nakuba inqubo yokuphonselela ihlala ingaphelele. Izifundo ziyaqhubeka zibonisa ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ekukhethweni kwejaji, ziqokomisa isidingo esiqhubekayo sokuqapha.

Ilungelo Lokuya Ecaleni Lomphakathi Nokufinyelela Ubulungisa

ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa abamangalelwa bomphakathi ngokuquliswa kwecala lomphakathi, okufeza izinjongo eziningi: liqinisekisa ukubonakala kwamacala, likhuthaza ukulandisa kwesimiso sokwahlulela, futhi livumela umphakathi ukuba ugcine ukuphatha kobulungisa. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ekutheni ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi aliphelele futhi lingase lingabi nokungavikeleki kofakazi noma ugcine uhlelo enkantolo. Nokho, noma ikuphi ukuvalwa kwenkantolo kumelwe kulungiswe futhi kusekelwe yizinto ezithile ezicaciwe.

Ngaphandle komongo wobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi nakho kuyazuza ekukhululekeni. IsiHlanzi sokuQongo sokuqala sinikeza umphakathi kanye nomhleli ilungelo elifanele lokungenela icala, njengoba kuqashelwa ku- Richmond Maphephandaba, Inc. v. Virginia (1980). Ukufinyelela emarekhodini asenkantolo nasemehlweni kukhuthaza ukuqiniseka komphakathi futhi kuvumela ukucubungula ukuziphatha komthetho. Enkathini yobuchwepheshe, izinkantolo eziningi ziye zamukela ukufakwa kwezincwadi zezemishini kanye nokungena kwazo ezinxingenisweni zezobuchwepheshe, kodwa ama-tecryctic ewecreacty nemfics kuyaqhubeka ukuvela.

Izinselele Zamanje Kumalungelo Omphakathi Ekuqhubekeni Okungokomthetho

Ubandlululo Nezici Ezingafani Ezilawulwa Uhlelo

Naphezu kwesiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo, izinhlanga nezigaba ezimbalwa ziyaqhubeka zibhekene nemingcele engalinganiyo phakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhishobhi bamaHispanic basengozini kakhulu yokuvalelwa ngaphambi kwezenkantolo, ukwamukela imigwebo emide, futhi babhekane nezicelo zokhahlo kunemikhonzo enzima kunabamhlophe abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngezomthetho ofanayo. Impi yezidakamizwa, imithetho egunyaziwe yokugweba imingcele elinganiselwe, nezimiso zemali zemali ziye zaqhubekisela phambili lezindawo ezihlukene. Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezizimele ziye zabekela lemicikilishosho empini ehlangene ehlangeneni ehambisana nemithetho eyingozi yokugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho kanye nokukhethwa kwejaji evunayo.

Ukuhlola ukuthutha kunikeza inselele enkulu kakhulu. Izenzakalo zokususwa kwazo azinalo ilungelo eliqinisekisiwe lokunikezwa iseluleko, futhi eziningi zibonakala zingenabameli. Ubunkimbinkimbi bomthetho wokufuduka, kanye nemingcele yolimi nokwesaba iziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kushiya abantu abaningi bengakwazi ukuveza amacala abo ngokuphumelelayo. [[FLT: 0] I-Deention Watch Network kanye namanye amaqembu azimele abhala ukuphulwa kwenqubo efanele yezethutho ekuvaleni nokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzwa kobulungisa.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni Nasegebeni Lobulungisa

Ilungelo leseluleko alisho lutho uma abantu bengenakukwazi ukuthenga ummeli. E-United States, kunegebe elikhulu lobulungisa: amaMelika athola imali ephansi awalutholi usizo olungokomthetho lwezinkinga zawo eziningi ezingokomthetho. Izinhlelo zokusiza ezingokomthetho zihlala ziphansi, futhi izinkonzo ze-probono azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo. Laba baqashi ababhekene nokuxoshwa kwabantwana, abazali abancintisana nokugcinwa kwezingane, nabathengi abavikela ukuqoqwa kwezikweletulo ngaphandle kokumelelwa. Imiphumela iyabhubhisa: amaqembu angenakhombathiwa kakhulu, alahlekelwa amakhaya abo, alahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo, noma aphulwe amalungelo abo.

Izithiyo Zezinombolo Nokungalingani Kwezobuchwepheshe

Njengoba izinkantolo zihamba kuyi-intanethi ngokwandayo − ikakhulukazi ngemva kobhadane lwe-COVID-19 oludala oluphathelene namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuzwa kukude kungathuthukisa ukutholakala kwabantu abathile, kodwa futhi kwakha imingcele kubantu abangathembekile, imishini, noma ulwazi lokubhala. Imishini ezimele ukulwa nokuzama ukusebenzisa imishini yokugcina izinto ze-electronic, futhi inqubo engokoqobo inganciphisa ikhono lokunikeza ubufakazi noma ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo ngeseluleko. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe azibandlululi abantu abasengozini futhi zinikezwa izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele.

Ukubulala Ngokweqile Nokuthumba Okuningi

I-United States ifaka abantu abaningi kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe, okunamalungelo ajulile omphakathi. Isilinganiso esikhulu sesimiso sokwahlulela esiwubugebengu sisho ukuthi izigidi zabantu zibhekana nokuphulwa kwamalungelo azo ngasikhathi sinye: kusukela ekuboshweni ngokuqulwa kwecala nasekugwetshweni, kuya ekugwetshweni ngemva kokuqulwa. Ukuxoxisana, okuxazulula amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwa 90%, ngokuvamile kucindezela abamangalelwa ukuba bawaphule amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokugcwele imiphumela. Ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokushesha lingase lilulazwe yizinkantolo, nelungelo lokuthola usizo oluphumelelayo lwezeluleko lwezeluleko olugcwele lwezelelwe abavikeli bomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuqaphela Amalungelo Omphakathi Nokuqapha

Imfundo Engokomthetho Nomphakathi Kuyawazi Amaqhawe Akho

Ukunika abantu amandla ngolwazi lwamalungelo abo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lawomalungelo ahlonishwa. "Yazi Amalungelo Akho" amashabhu, ngokuvamile eqhutshwa yizinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU kanye namahhovisi osizo olungokomthetho endawo, ukufundisa abantu ukuthi yini okufanele bayenze uma bemiswa amaphoyisa, ukuthi bangaliqinisa kanjani ilungelo labo lokuthula, nokuthi bangamthola kanjani ummeli uma bengakwazi ukuthenga. Izikole, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nezinhlangano zokholo zingangenisa lezi zikhawu ukuze zifinyelele kubantu abagciniwe. Imithombo yeze-techtech, kuhlanganise namavidiyo nama-apples, kunganezela ekuqeqesheni i-person.

Izinkonzo Zezomthetho Ze - Progo neMicikilisho Yomthetho Eqinile

Amafemu omthetho namanxusa emithetho anendima ebalulekile ekuvuleni igebe lobulungisa ngomsebenzi we-probo. Izifemu eziningi zinezinhlelo ezihleliwe ezihambisana nabameli bokuzithandela abanamakhasimende ahlawulwa kancane ezicini zomphakathi. Izinhlangano phakathi kwezikole zomthetho nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza imitholampilo yamahhala lapho abafundi bezuza khona okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo lapho bekhonza umphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zeNhlangano Yezezimali esemthethweni, ezinikeza usizo lwasemthethweni kulo lonke izwe, kuhlala kuyinqubo ephambili kumasekela.

Ukufaneleka Kwesimiso Nenguquko Yokwakha

Ushintsho lwendlela yokusebenza ludinga ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulawula nokulawula. Amaqembu ezisebenzi asekela imithetho enweba ilungelo lokululeka ezicaleni zomphakathi (njengelungelo lokululeka ekuxoshweni kwezindaba), ukususa ibheyili yemali, futhi iqede imilandu elinganiselwe ebophekile. Ushintsho lweNkantolo lungathuthukisa ukungenela kwabahumushi, izinqubo ezilula zokuhlanganisa i-projecters, nokugunyaza ukwaziswa okuphathelene nombuso nezinhlangano zemithetho yendawo, imikhandlu yokwahlulela, nezishayano zomthetho kudingekile ukuguqula izimiso zisebenze.

Ubuchwepheshe Njengethuluzi Lokufinyelela

Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kobuchwepheshe kungasiza ekunqobeni eminye imigoqo. Ama-opera afake izimemo ezincane, amafomu akhiwe ngemishini ebhalwe ngokwezincwadi ezivamile zomthetho, nezinkonzo ezisetshenziswa yinkantolo zokuchaza zithembisa intuthuko. Nokho, noma iziphi izinto zobuchwepheshe kumelwe ziklanywe ngezidingo zomsebenzisi futhi zihlolwe ukuba zitholakale. Abameli bamalungelo omphakathi kufanele bahileleke ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe benkantolo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi abenzi imigoqo emisha.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo abantu abasemthethweni abasemacaleni angokomthetho awazona izimfundiso ezingokomthetho eziqinile; ayizimiso eziphilayo okumelwe zivikelwe futhi zandiswe isizukulwane ngasinye. Kusukela elungelweni kuya enqubweni nasekwelulelweni okufanele ukuvikela nokulingwa komphakathi okufanayo, lezi zivikela ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela sihlala siyindawo yobulungisa kunethuluzi lokucindezela. Nokho igebe phakathi kwesithembiso salamalungelo nengqondo neqiniso laso lihlala lilikhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanombala, abaphansi, nabangenayo. Ukuvala lelogebe lidinga umzamo ohlangene: imfundo yokwazisa amalungelo abantu, ukulwa kwemithetho nemikhuba ekhuthaza ukungalingani, kanye nokuzibopha isibopho esisha esiyisisekelo semfanelo eMelika esifanelwe yinkantolo elungile. Isimiso somphakathi siyawanikeza amalungelo; amathuluzi, futhi anikezwa umphakathi.