Table of Contents

Amalungelo akho ezakhamuzi ayisivikelo esiyisisekelo nenkululeko eqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lamalungelo asebenza kuwo wonke umuntu kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omphakathi kukusiza ukuba uqaphele lapho isivikelo sakho seqinisiwe futhi kukunika amandla okuthatha isinyathelo ezimweni zansuku zonke kusukela ekuxhumaneni emsebenzini kuya ezinkonzweni zomphakathi.

Amalungelo omphakathi akha isisekelo somphakathi olungile nonobulungisa. Avikela abantu ekucwaseni, aqinisekisa ukutholakala okulinganayo kwamathuba, futhi avikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu abantu abaningi abayithatha kalula. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka isicelo somsebenzi, uya esikoleni, uyathenga esitolo, noma umane nje uqhubeke nenqubo yakho yansuku zonke, imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi isebenza ngokulandela ukubonakala ukuze uvikele isithunzi sakho nokulingana.

Ukuqonda Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi

Isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi e-United States siye savela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nangokuqhubeka kwemithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni esemthethweni ehlukahlukene kahulumeni, uhulumeni, nezindawo eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubandlululo futhi kukhuthaza ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi.

IKhomishane yamalungelo esizwe yaseU.S. imemezela ukusungulwa kwesimiso sesizwe sokulwela amalungelo omphakathi nokuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho elawula amalungelo omphakathi.

Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho wamalungelo abantu isalokhu iwumthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, owabeka isisekelo sesivikelo sanamuhla sokulwa nobandlululo. Isihloko VII sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili nemvelaphi yesizwe. Lomthetho wengqophamlando uye walungiswa futhi wanwetshwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka ukuze unikeze izivikelo ezibanzi kubantu abengeziwe ezimweni ezengeziwe.

Abacindezeli Abangaphansi Komthetho Ohlangene

Imithetho eqiniswe yi-EEOC yenza kube okungekho emthethweni ngezinhlangano ze-Federal ukuba zikhethe izisebenzi nabaceli bemisebenzi abaphethe isisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ukukhubazeka, noma ubudala. Lezi zigaba ezivikelweyo ziyisisekelo somthetho kahulumeni omelene nobandlululo, nakuba amazwe amaningi nezindawo ziye zandisa isivikelo ukuze zihlanganise ezinye izici ezinjengokukhuliswa ngokobulili, ubulili, isikhundla somshado, kanye nokuhlangana kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izici ezivikelweyo kubalulekile ngoba kukusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi ubandlululo lungase lwenzeke nini. Ngokwesibonelo, uma unqaba ithuba lomsebenzi ngenxa yobudala bakho, inkolo, noma ukukhubazeka, ungase ube nezizathu zokukhononda ngamalungelo omphakathi.

Amalungelo Enu Ezakhamuzi Emsebenzini

Imithetho yokucwasa ngomsebenzi ihlanganisa cishe zonke izici zobuhlobo bemisebenzi, kusukela ekufakeni isicelo sokuqala somsebenzi ngokuqeda isivikelo samalungelo abantu nangalé kwalokho.

Lokho Okuhlanganiswa Imithetho Ehlukanisayo Ngemisebenzi

Umthetho kahulumeni wezezimali wenqabela ubandlululo ezindaweni eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuqashwa, ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi, izinqubo zokuthuthukisa umsebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa, ukukhokhelwa nokukhishwa kwesijeziso.

Kukwenza kube yicala ukuba abaqashi bakhethe uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqasha, ukukhulula, ukunikeza, noma ukunikeza izimo, izimo, namalungelo omsebenzi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna isikhundla esisha, usebenzela ukunyuselwa, noma ubhekene nokuqedwa, imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi inikeza izixwayiso ezibalulekile ekuphathweni ngokungafanele.

Isivikelo Ekuhlukunyezwani

Ngaphandle kobandlululo ezinqumweni zemisebenzi, izisebenzi ziyavikelwa futhi ekuhlukunyezweni okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe. IFEHA inqabela ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe ohlwini oluvikelwe esisebenzini, isimemezelweni, isisebenzi sokuzithandela esingakhokhelwanga, noma isisebenzi sokuzithandela, noma umakhankasi. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwenqatshelwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi, ngisho nakulabo abanezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwezinhlanu.

Ukuhlukunyezwa emsebenzini kungaba ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela kumahlaya acasulayo namazwi kuya ekuthintaneni okungathandeki noma ukudalwa kwendawo yomsebenzi eyingozi. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kuhlanganisa imikhuba esukela ezicelweni eziqondile zezenzo zobulili kuya ezimweni zasemsebenzini ezidala isimo esingesihle kubantu bobulili obubodwa, kuhlanganise nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili okufanayo. "Indawo ezungezile" iyasebenza futhi ekuhlukunyezweni kwezinhlanga, umbala, umsuka wesizwe, inkolo, ubudala, nokukhubazeka.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Ezinengqondo

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ayinqabeli nje ukucwaswa kwenkululeko, kodwa ifuna abaqashi ukuba bazenzele indawo yokuhlala engcono izisebenzi ezikhubazekile nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo eziqotho. Kudinga futhi izinhlangano zeFederal ukuba zenze indawo yokuhlala engcono yokukhubazeka uma indawo yokuhlala ingabangela ubunzima obungadingekile.

Abaqashi kufanele bahlanganyele ezinqubweni ezihambisana nezisebenzi ukuze bathole izindawo ezifanele zokuhlala futhi bangavumelani nezicelo zokuhlala uma bengenza umsebenzi onzima.

Isivikelo Ekuphindiselweni

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ngokuvamile ezinganakwa zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi umthetho owenqabela ukuziphindiselela. Umuntu ofaka isikhalo noma ohlanganyela ekuhloleni isikhalo se - EEO, noma ophikisa umkhuba wokusebenza owenziwe ongekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwanoma yimuphi wemithetho iEOC awuphoqelelayo uvikelwa ekuphindiseleni.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ubika ubandlululo, ufaka isikhalo nge-Aumelt Opportunity Commission (EOC), noma uhlanganyela njengofakazi ecaleni lomunye umuntu elinobandlululo, umqashi wakho akanakukujezisa ngokusebenzisa lamalungelo. Ukubuyiselwa kungahlanganisa ukunqanyulwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukukhokhwa, noma noma yisiphi isenzo esinzima esithathwa ngenxa yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi.

Izindlela Ezilinganayo Zokuvikela

I-Umeal Pay Act ka- 1963 yenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukukhokha iholo elingafani emadodeni nakwabesifazane uma benza umsebenzi ofanayo emsebenzini owodwa. Lomthetho udinga ukuba izisebenzi ezisebenza ngokulinganayo zisebenze umsebenzi odinga ikhono elilinganayo, umzamo, nomthwalo wemfanelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zithole imbuyiselo efanayo.

Ikhokha isivikelo sokungaphathi kahle kuye kwakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. ULilly Led Betwered Fair Pay Act ka-2009 wacacisa ukuthi isinqumo sokukhokhwa kwecala noma omunye umkhuba ongekho emthethweni uyenzeka isikhathi ngasinye lapho imbuyiselo ikhokhwa esinqumweni sokukhokha isinxephezelo noma eminye imikhuba futhi kanjalo kunwetshwa isikhathi isisebenzi esizomangalela ngaso icala. Lokhu kusho isikhathi sokukhipha isikhalo sokucwasa ngokukhokhwa ngokukhokhwa kwenkokhela ideshi ngalinye, hhayi lapho nje kwenziwa isinqumo sokuqala.

Ukukhulelwa Nomkhaya Kushiya Amalungelo

Uma umqashi wakho enezisebenzi ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu, unelungelo lokuthola amalungelo nesivikelo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni waseCalifornia lapho ukhulelwe, ubeletha, ulahlekelwa ukukhulelwa, futhi unezimo ezihlobene nokukhulelwa noma imizwelo engokomzimba. Lamalungelo nesivikelo kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuthola indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe nelungelo lokuyeka ukusebenza. Akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuba abaqashi bashaye, bangaqali, baqashe, bakhathaze, noma bacwase omunye umuntu ngenxa yokukhulelwa, ukubeletha, noma ngenxa yesimo esihlobene nayo.

Umthetho ophethe unikeza isivikelo esifanayo. ukukhulelwa, ukubeletha, kanye nezimo zempilo ezihlobene nazo kumelwe zelashwe ngendlela efanayo nezinye izifo zesikhashana noma izimo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izisebenzi ezikhulelwe zinelungelo lokuthola izinzuzo ezifanayo, zishiye izimiso, nezindawo zokuhlala njengabanye izisebenzi ezinezimo zesikhashana zempilo.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Ezindlini Zomphakathi

Izindawo zomphakathi zokulala zingamabhizinisi nezindawo ezisiza umphakathi wonke.

Okufanelekela Ukuba Yindawo Yomphakathi

UMthetho uhlanganisa izitolo, amabhange, izinkonzo ezingokomthetho, izinkonzo zokuhamba, nezinye. Lolu shintsho lubalulekile njengoba luqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo ekucwaseni ubandlululo sihlanganisa izindawo eziningi zomphakathi nezinkonzo kunangaphambili.

Izindawo zokulala zomphakathi zihlanganisa izindawo zokudlela zomphakathi, amahhotela, izitolo, izitolo, amabhange, izindawo zokunakekela impilo, izindawo zokuvivinya umzimba, amapaki, nezinye izindawo eziningi ezivulekele umphakathi. Isabelo seCRD siwukuvikela abantu baseCalifornia ekucwaseni okungekho emthethweni emsebenzini, ezindlini zokulala, ezindlini zomphakathi, ezimisweni nasemisebenzini egcwele inzondo, nasekushushumbisweni kobudlova nokushushumbiswa kwabantu.

Ukufinyelela Nenkonzo Elinganayo

I - Act ivimbela ubandlululo olusobala olusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili nabobulili kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi nezinkonzo.

Lesivikelo sidlulela ngalé kokuvunyelwa nje ukungena ebhizinisini. Kusho ukuthi unelungelo lokwamukela izinga elifanayo lenkonzo, amanani afanayo, kanye nokuphathwa okufanayo nanoma imuphi omunye umthengi. Amabhizinisi awakwazi ukuhlasela abathengi, ukunikeza inkonzo ephansi, noma ukubeka amagama ahlukile nezimo ezisekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile.

Izimfuneko Zokufinyelela

Kubantu abakhubazekile, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi kuhlanganisa izimfuneko ezibalulekile zokutholakala. AmaMelika anenkinga yokukhubazeka adinga amabhizinisi ukuba asuse izithiyo futhi alungise izimiso nemikhuba ngendlela efanele ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi atholakala ngendlela efanayo.

Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukufaka ama - jampp, ukunikeza abantu izinsiza - kusizana nokukhubazeka kwezindlebe noma kwamehlo, ukuvumela izilwane ukuba zisetshenziswe, noma izimiso ezishintshayo ebezingakhipha abantu abakhubazekile.

Amalungelo Nesivikelo Emfundo

Abafundi baye bathola isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo omphakathi ezikoleni eziphansi, kusukela ezikoleni eziphansi kuya emakolishi nasemayunivesithi.

Isihloko IX Nokucwaswa Ngokobulili

Isihloko i-IX sithembisa ukufinyelela imfundo elinganayo kubo bonke abafundi futhi sibavikela ekucwaseni ngesisekelo sobulili. Isihloko se-IX samiswa ukuze siqinisekise: "Akekho umuntu e-United States, ngesisekelo sobulili, oyokhishwa ekuhlanganyeleni, oncishwa izinzuzo, noma acwaswe ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isimiso semfundo noma umsebenzi othola usizo lwezezimali lwe-Foveral."

Izikhungo zesihloko esithi IX azigcini nje ngokuhlanganisa ukuvunyelwa, ukufakwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo, ukufakwa ezikhungweni zesikole, izinhlelo zemfundo, izinkonzo zabafundi, izeluleko, nomsebenzi. izikole kumelwe zisabele ngokushesha nangempumelelo emibhalweni emayelana nokucwaswa ngokobulili, kuhlanganise nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova bobulili.

Amalungelo Okuwohloka Emfundweni

Abafundi abakhubazekile bavikelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho eminingana kahulumeni, kuhlanganise ne-Asterewn With Diculture Education Act (IDEA), i-Cate 504 ye-Rehabilitation Act, kanye namaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka. i-SCOTUS yabusa u-9-10-0 ekhetha umfundi onesifo sokuwa, (A.J. v. Osseo Areace Schools) eqinisa ikhono labafundi lokukhosha izikole ngaphansi kwe-ADA/Ukukhubazeka 504 ngaphandle kwendinganiso ephakeme. Imiphumela: ibhekwe kabanzi ibhekwa njengelungelo elibalulekile lokuphumelela ekumisweni kwemfundo ekhubazekile.

Lemithetho idinga izikole zokunikeza izindawo zokulala ezifanele, izinguquko, nezinkonzo zokuqinisekisa abafundi abakhubazekile zingathola imfundo ngendlela efanayo nontanga yabo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa izinhlelo zemfundo ezihlanganiswe abantu ngabanye, ubuchwepheshe obusizayo, izabelo ezishintshiwe, noma ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu.

Isivikelo Ekuhlukunyezwani Nokuqinela Abanye

Lapho ukuhlukunyezwa kusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, ezweni, ebulilini, ekukhubazekeni, noma enkolweni, kungase kwephule imithetho elawula amalungelo omphakathi. Izikole kumelwe zithathe isinyathelo esisheshayo nesifanelekile sokuhlola izikhalo futhi zivimbele ukuhlukunyezwa okwengeziwe.

Amalungelo Ezindlu

I-Fair House Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ehlobene nezindlu, ehlanganisa ukuqasha, ukuthenga, ukuxhasa ngokwezimali, nezinye izimemo zokuhlala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyakwazi ukuthola amathuba okuhlala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unezici ezivikelwe kangakanani.

Imisebenzi Evikelwe Ezindaweni Zokuhlala

Ubandlululo lwezindlu lungavela ngezigaba ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nalapho ufuna indlu, ufaka isicelo sokuqasha noma sokuthenga, ukufuna izimali, noma ukuhlala endaweni ethile. Abaqashi nabathengisi abanakwenqaba ukukuqasha noma ukukuthengisela, ukubeka izikhundla ezihlukile, noma ukunikeza izinkonzo ezihlukile ezisekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa imikhuba enjengokuqondisa (ukuqondisa abantu ezindaweni ezithile ezisekelwe ebunhlotsheni noma kwezinye izici), ukwenqaba ukuhlalisa abantu abakhubazekile, noma ukuphoqa abantu amagama okuqasha ahlukahlukene asekelwe ezikhundleni zobufazi.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Nezinguquko Ezinengqondo

Abahlali bezindlu kumelwe benze indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe ngemithetho, izimiso, imikhuba, noma izinkonzo uma kudingeka ukuze umuntu athole ithuba elilinganayo lokusebenzisa nokujabulela indawo yokuhlala. Kumelwe futhi bavumele abaqashi abakhubazekile ukuba balungise indawo yokuhlala ngokusesilinganisweni ngezindleko zabo.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota lingelinye lamalungelo omphakathi ayisisekelo kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi. Imithetho ehlukene kahulumeni nombuso ivikela lelilungelo futhi iqinisekisa ukufinyelela inqubo elinganayo yokukhetha.

Isivikelo Ekucwaseni Inkululeko Yokucwasa

I - Voing Rights Act neminye imithetho kahulumeni yenqabela ukucwaswa ekuvoteni okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, noma amalungu olimi oluncane.

Ukutholakala Ngokuqabula

Izindawo zokunukubeza kumelwe zitholakale kubantu abakhubazekile, futhi izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zinikeze usizo kubavoti abadinga ukukuzwa ngenxa yokukhubazeka noma ukungakwazi ukufunda noma ukubhala. Izindawo eziningi zinikeza ezinye izindlela zokuvota njenge zincwadi ezibhaliwe noma ukuvota kuqala ukuze kwandiswe ukutholakala.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Nakuba kungenjalo kubizwa ngokuqondile ngokuthi “amalungelo omphakathi, ” izivikelo zomuntu siqu ziqashelwa ngokuqhubekayo njengamalungelo ayisisekelo ahlangene nesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ngezindlela ezibalulekile.

Izindaba Zokwelapha

I-Heal Inshorence Portability and Accounting Act (HIPAA) ivikela imfihlo yokwaziswa kwakho kwezokwelapha. Abanakekela impilo, izikhokhwa, nezinye izinhlangano ezivalekile kumelwe zigcine ulwazi lwakho lwempilo luyimfihlo futhi zingaluhlanganyela kuphela ezimweni ezilinganiselwe nemvume yakho.

Kunokulinganiselwa okuqinile lapho umqashi engabuza imibuzo ehlobene nokukhubazeka noma adinge ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha, futhi konke ukwaziswa kwezokwelapha kumelwe kuphathwe njengemfihlo. Lokhu kuvikela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kwakho kwezokwelapha akunakusetshenziswa ezinqumweni zomsebenzi.

Imfihlo Yemfundo

IFamily Educational Accounting Act (FERPA) ivikela imfihlo yamarekhodi emfundo yabafundi. izikole kumelwe zithole imvume ngaphambi kokuba zichaze ukwaziswa okungaqondakali emarekhodini emfundo, ngaphandle kwemininingwane ethile.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala SoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yemihlangano, neyesicelo.

Imingcele Ebangelwa Uhulumeni

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni azikwazi ukulinganisela inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni wazo.

Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. uhulumeni angabekela imingcele enengqondo yesikhathi, indawo, nemikhuba yokukhuluma, futhi izigaba ezithile zenkulumo azitholi sivikelo, njengokusongela kweqiniso, ukugqugquzela isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze, nokuhlambalaza.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo mahhala futhi sinqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo.

Umthetho futhi ufuna ukuba abaqashi bavumelane ngokunengqondo nezenzo ezingokwenkolo zabafaki bezicelo nezisebenzi, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungabangela ubunzima obungadingekile ekusebenzeni kwebhizinisi lomqashi. Lokhu kuvikela kuhlanganisa inkululeko engokwenkolo emsebenzini.

Izinselele Zamanje Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuqonda izinto ezisongela amalungelo abantu kusiza abantu nemiphakathi ukuba bahlale beqaphile ekuvikeleni le nkululeko eyisisekelo, nakuba sekunamashumi eminyaka ivikeleka kakhulu.

Igunya Elihlakaniphile Namalungelo Omphakathi

Isici esivelele sango - 2025 kwakuwukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwegunya elilawulayo — — ukumemezela okungalawuleki, amandla esimo esiphuthumayo, ukuqapha kokufuduka, ukucwaninga ngezimiso zokuqondisa, nokusekela imali — ukufinyelela imiphumela ngokunokwenzeka eyayiyohluleka ngaphansi kokuhlola okungokwesiko noma kokwahlulela.

Lokhu kugcizelela indlela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi okungalulazwa ngayo hhayi ngezinguquko ezingokomthetho eziqondile kodwa ngokusetshenziswa kwemibuso ebanzi edlula izivikelo ezivamile nezindlela ezifanele zokuvikela.

Izinselele Zokuthola Nokuphoqelelwa

Ukuthola amathuba alinganayo ezenhlalo − imfundo, uhambo, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokungazuzi nzuzo − kwaxhomeke kakhulu ekuhlelekeni kwezombangazwe, ukuthula, noma amandla okuzimela. Isivikelo esilinganayo sincike kubaphathi abangathathi hlangothi futhi kuxhomeke kakhulu ekulungiseni ukwahlulela okungaqondile.

Lokhu kuphawula kugcizelela iqiniso elibalulekile: ukuba namalungelo omphakathi ephepheni akuguquleli ekuvikeleni okuphumelelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso, ukumiswa komthetho, kanye nokuzimisela kwezinhlangano ukuvikela amalungelo ngokusebenza zonke zifeza indima ebalulekile ekutheni isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi sinenjongo yini.

Indlela Yokuvikela Amalungelo Akho Omphakathi

Nakhu ukuthatha izinyathelo eziwusizo ongazithatha lapho ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ephulwe.

Bhala Yonke Into

Uma ubhekene nobandlululo noma ukuhlukunyezwa, bhala imininingwane yezenzakalo. Bhala phansi ukuthi kwenzekani, ukuthi ubani, obani abahilelekile, nanoma imuphi ufakazi. Gcina ama-imeyili, imiyalezo, nezinye izingcingo ezihlobene. Le mibhalo ingaba bucayi uma unquma ukubhala phansi isikhalo noma icala.

Kuqala Ukubika

Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini nasemfundweni, kufanele ubike ubandlululo noma ukuhlukunyezwa ngezindlela zangaphakathi kuqala. Lokhu kungasho ukudlulisa isikhalo emnyangweni wakho wempahla yabantu, ukukhuluma nomphathi wesikole, noma ukusebenzisa inqubo yenhlangano yokukhala.

Umbiko wangaphakathi ufeza izinjongo eziningana: unikeza inhlangano ithuba lokuxazulula inkinga, uveza umlando wokukhononda kwakho, futhi kwezinye izimo, kudingekile ngaphambi kokuba uphishekele amakhambi angaphandle.

Ifashini Elikhonondayo Nge - Agency Efanele

Kuye ngohlobo lobandlululo oye waluthola, izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zisingatha izikhalo zamalungelo omphakathi. Ukuze uthole umsebenzi, ungafaka icala nge-Uncime Opportunity Commission (EOC) noma i-memone yezemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukuze uthole indawo yokuhlala, xhumana ne-Dervince of Hospital and Urban Development (HUD) noma isikhungo sezemfundo. Ukuze uthole indawo yemfundo, ungafaka icala ne-Department of Civil Rights.

Uma wena noma othile omaziyo eke wacwaswa, iCRD ingase ikwazi ukukusiza ngenqubo yayo yokukhononda.

Lezi zikhungo ziphenya izikhalo futhi zingasiza ekuxazululeni izingxabano ngokukhiphana izibopho, ukuhlanganisana, noma ngezenzo zokuqinisekisa. Abaningi banezinsuku eziqinile zokuziqeda, ngakho kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Funa Usizo Olungokomthetho

Amacala amalungelo omphakathi angaba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukumelelwa ngokomthetho kungawathuthukisa kakhulu amathuba akho okuba uphumelele. Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi zinikeza usizo olusemthethweni olukhululekile noma oluphansi. Ungathintana nommeli wangasese osebenza ngomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukuqamba icala kwabonakala kuphumelela ngokuqhathaniswa ekumiseni imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo, lapho izinkantolo zikwenqaba ngokuphindaphindiwe ukucusumbulwa nobandlululo lwemibono kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo athile ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Lokhu kungenela kwabonisa ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho siyaqhubeka sisebenza (ne-patting atting) ngokuvamile isabela endaweni yokuvimbela. Izinkantolo nokucindezela komphakathi okunikezwa ukulungisa okungalingani, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba umonakalo wenzekile futhi ngokuvamile ngemva kokuwagcina.

Yazi Abafileyo

Ukukhononda ngamalungelo omphakathi kuxhomeke ekugcineni imithetho eqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile kumelwe ubhale i-EEOC ikhashe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-180 zesenzo sokukhipha umlomo (noma izinsuku ezingu-300 uma umbuso wakho unomthetho wawo omelene nobandlululo). Ukungawatholi lamathuba kungasho ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lakho lokuphishekela ukuzisho, ngakho kubalulekile ukwenza ngokushesha.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngamalungelo Akho

Nazi ezinye zezisekelo eziyinhloko:

Izimo Eziphuthumayo

I-Umeal Obbection Opportunity Commission (EOC) imisa imithetho kahulumeni yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi futhi inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngamalungelo emisebenzi e www.eoc.gov. Umnyango weJaji i-Civil Rights Division uphoqelela imithetho engokomthetho yamalungelo esizwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. I-Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights isingatha izikhalo zobandlululo emfundweni.

Imibuso Nezimo Zendawo

Izifunda eziningi zinamalungelo azo siqu omphakathi noma izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezimisa imithetho emelene nokungavumelani. Lezi zikhungo zivame ukunikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana kunomthetho kahulumeni futhi zingaba imithombo ebalulekile yokuqonda amalungelo akho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), NACP Legal Defense Fund, Lambda Cage, National Women’s Law Center, kanye nezinye eziningi zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho, ubukhazikhazi, nemithombo yemfundo ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi. Eziningi zigxila emiphakathini ethile noma ezinhlotsheni zobandlululo futhi zinganikeza ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi akudingi ukuqapha njalo, ukuqapha, nokuthembisana umphakathi. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kubalulekile, kodwa kungokufanayo nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi ezimisa lezo zimiso futhi zivikele lawomalungelo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokushisekela Imisebenzi

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni zenza izinqumo ezithinta ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukunikezwa kokhetho endaweni, esifundazweni, nasesifundazweni kukuvumela ukuba usekele abazokufaka phambili amalungelo omphakathi. Ngaphandle kokuvota, ungathinta abameleli bakho ngezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi, ube khona emahholo edolobha, futhi uhlanganyele ezikhathini zomphakathi ezimayelana nezimiso ezihlongozwayo.

Ukuqapha Komphakathi

Ukuzihlanganisa noma ukusekela izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi kukwenza ukhulume kahle futhi kusize ekuvikelweni nasekunwebeni amalungelo eqembu.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululekile

Lokhu kungase kusho ukubika izenzakalo, ukusekela izisulu, noma ukusebenzisa izwi lakho ukuze uphikise imikhuba nezimiso zokulahla ubandlululo.

Isivikelo Esikhethekile Sabantu Abanemivuzo Ephakeme

Nakuba imithetho ephathelene namalungelo abantu inikeza isivikelo esibanzi, eminye imiphakathi ibhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele futhi inezikhungo ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinkinga zayo.

Amalungelo Abafuduki

Naphezu kwezimo zokufuduka, abantu banezindawo ezithile zokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, zonke izisebenzi zivikelwe ngemithetho yeholo nehora nangemithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini. Abafundi banelungelo lokuya ezikoleni zomphakathi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukufuduka kuyini. Nokho, ukufuduka kungathinta ukufaneleka kwezinzuzo ezithile nesivikelo.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezenzo zokugcinwa kwabantu bevela kwamanye amazwe. Ukugcinwa komthetho wokuthunyelwa kwabantu kungumthwalo kahulumeni, hhayi weziphathimandla zikahulumeni nezendawo. Nakuba kudlule iminyaka engamashumi amabili, i-ICE iye yakha isisekelo sayo sokudingiswa emuva komthetho wendawo, ithembele emaphoyiseni naseminyangweni yamaphoyisa ukuze yembule ukwaziswa futhi ivimbele abantu ngokungemthetho ngenxa yobugebengu bokufuduka kwabantu.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 sinqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngesisekelo sobulili noma ubulili. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa nomthetho owenqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngesisekelo sobulili. Lencazelo, eyamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni we LGBTQ+ izisebenzi.

Nokho, isivikelo siyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe nendawo. Ezinye izifundazwe namadolobha anemithetho ebanzi evimbela ukungavumelani ngokocansi nezimiso ezihlanganisa ubulili phakathi kwemisebenzi, izindlu, nezindawo zomphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza isivikelo esilinganiselwe noma esingacacile.

Amalungelo omphathi

I-Universal Responded Rescreenment Act ka-1994 (USERRA) iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu enkonzo angabuyela emisebenzini yawo engeyobusosha ngemva kokuqeda izibopho zenkonzo yezempi. UMSEBENZI-SAYENSI ufuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze abaphathi benkonzo abaphezulu, isikhundla, nemali abayoyithola uma bebelokhu beqashwe umqashi wabo ongekho emthethweni ngaphandle kokuyekethisa inkonzo yezempi.

Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi inkonzo yezempi ayiphumeli ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi nokuthi abangomakadebona bangabuyela ngokuphumelelayo emsebenzini ovamile.

Ukungezwani Namalungelo Omphakathi

Abantu bavame ukuba nezici eziningi ezihlangene ngezindlela ezithinta okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kobandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, owesifazane oNsundu angabhekana nobandlululo oluhlukile kulokho okubangelwa amadoda amaBlacken noma abesifazane abamhlophe. Ukuqonda ukuhlangana kwezindawo ezithile (hhayi indlela izici ezihlukene zegama ezihlangana ngayo ukuze kuvezwe ubandlululo oluyingqayizivele,) lubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi ngokugcwele.

Imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi iqaphela kakhulu ukucwaswa kwezindawo, nakuba izinselele zisekhona endleleni izimiso zomthetho ezisingatha ngayo ukucwaswa okungafanelani kahle nezigaba ezihlukene. Uma kufunwa izikhalazo noma ukufuna amakhambi, kubalulekile ukuchaza zonke izindlela okholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo lwenzeka ngazo, ngisho noma luhlanganisa izici eziningi ezivikelekile.

Indima Yabaqashi Nezinhlangano

Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yalesi sihloko igxila emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye, abaqashi, izikole nezinye izinhlangano zinemithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile ngaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukubambisana Okunethonya

Izinkampani akumelwe zilindele izikhalo zokuxazulula izindaba zamalungelo omphakathi. Kufanele zibe nezimiso ezicacile zokulwa nokungavumelani, ziqeqeshe izisebenzi nabafundi, zimise izinqubo zokukhononda eziphumelelayo, futhi zithathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuze zivimbele ubandlululo nokuhlukunyezwa.

CRD isebenzela ukusekela lo mgomo ngemizamo eminingi yokufinyelela, ehlanganisa ukuqhuba kokubili ukuqeqeshwa kwe-inthanethi nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nezintshumayelo, ukunyathelisa nokusakaza iziqondiso namachashaza amaphuzu, nokusebenza ngokuqondile nomphakathi ukuze ibone futhi iphendule izinselele zamalungelo omphakathi abantu ababhekene nazo eCalifornia kulo lonke izwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2025, lomnyango wathatha ingxenye ezigijijimeni ezicishe zibe ngu-300 kulo lonke elaseCalifornia.

Ukusabela Ngokushesha Nokuphumelelayo

Lapho kubikwa ubandlululo noma ukuhlukunyezwa, izinhlangano kumelwe zisabele ngokushesha futhi ngokuphumelelayo. lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphenya ngokucophelela, ukuthatha isinyathelo esifanele sokulungisa, nokuvimbela ukuziphindiselela kwabakhonondayo. Ukwehluleka ukusabela ngokufanele kungaphula imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi.

Ukwakha Indawo Ezungezile

Ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngokomthetho, izinhlangano kufanele zilwele ukwakha indawo ehlala abantu ababodwa ngempela lapho bonke abantu bezizwa bemukelekile futhi bebalulekile. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kobuntu kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo sokufaka, ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala okungaphezu kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho, nezimiso ezidlula lokho okufunwa ngokomthetho ukukhuthaza ukulingana.

Ukuhlanganisa Izindaba Zamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuhlala wazi ngalezi zimo ezikhulayo kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kuhambisana nezimo ezishintshayo.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nezilinganiso

Inkathi yokusetshenziswa kwemishini iye yabangela ukukhathazeka okusha mayelana nezinto zomuntu siqu nokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuthile Nokucwasa

Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kufeza indima ekhulayo ezinqumweni zemisebenzi, ukuboleka, izindlu, nezinye izindawo, kuye kwavela ukukhathazeka ngokucwaswa kwemithetho-mthetho. Izimiso ze-Al zingaqhubekisela phambili noma zikhulise ngisho nobandlululo olukhona uma lungaklanywanga futhi luhlolwanga. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ziqala ukuxoxa ngendlela imithetho elwa nokungahlangani kwe-Al esebenza ngayo ezinqumweni ze-Al.

Ukukwazi Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo

Ukutholakala kwempilo nezinga lokunakekela amalungelo ezakhamuzi kuphakamisa izindaba ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobandlululo olusekelwe ekukhubazekeni, uhlanga, ubulili, nezinye izici ezivikelekile. Umqedazwe weCHOVID-19 waqokomisa ukuhluka kwendlela yokuthola ukunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nemiphumela, uvuselela ukugxila empilweni yokulingana njengendaba yamalungelo omphakathi.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Kudinga Ukuqapha

Amalungelo enu ezakhamuzi ayisivikelo esinamandla esithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Nokho, lamalungelo awakona ukuziqeda. Afuna abantu abaqonda isivikelo sabo, izinhlangano ezithatha izibopho zabo ngokungathi sína, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukuphakanyiswa kwemithetho enqanyuliwe, nezinkantolo ezisekela ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho. Zifuna futhi ukuba izivumelwano zomphakathi ziqhubeke ukuze kugcinwe futhi kwandiswe isivikelo lapho kuvela izinselele ezintsha.

Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho omphakathi, ukwazi ukuthi angaqinisekiswa kanjani uma kudingekile, futhi uhlanganyele ezinqubweni zentando yeningi ezibumba lezisivikelo, unezela ekulungiseni futhi kungabi nakuguquguquka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqala impikiswano emsebenzini, uqinisekisa ukuthi ingane yakho ithola izinkonzo ezifanele zemfundo, noma umane uthathe imisebenzi yakho yansuku zonke, amalungelo akho omphakathi anikeza isivikelo esibalulekile esifanelwe ukuqashelwa nenhlonipho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezindaba ezithile zamalungelo omphakathi noma ubike ukucwaswa, hlola imithombo ephawulwe kuso sonke lesi sihloko, kuhlanganise ne- Commission yezemisebenzi , isekelo leJaji le-Civil Rights Division[, kanye nezinhlangano zombuso namalungelo abantu bendawo. Khumbula ukuthi izikhalo eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi zinemibandela eqinile, ngakho uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aye aphulwa, funa usizo ngokushesha.

Amalungelo omphakathi amelela isithembiso esiqhubekayo sokulingana nobulungisa ngaphansi komthetho. Ukuqonda nokuvikela lamalungelo akuyona nje inzuzo yomuntu siqu kuphela, okungokomelela izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezenza umphakathi okhululekile nongakhethi ube nokwenzeka kubo bonke abantu.

Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Isabelo Ngamalungelo Akho Omphakathi

  • Isivikelo esiqinile: imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ivikela ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, ebuzweni, ebudala, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezingaphandle kwemisebenzi, izindlu, imfundo, nezindawo zomphakathi.
  • Imithetho ye-Federal ne-ovect:1] yemithetho kazwelonke enqabela ubandlululo kuzo zonke izici zemisebenzi, idinga indawo yokuhlala efanelekile ngenxa yokukhubazeka nemikhuba engokwenkolo, futhi ivikela ekuphindiseleni ngokuqinisa amalungelo akho.
  • Izindawo zomphakathi zokulala kumele zinikeze umsebenzi olinganayo kubo bonke abathengi, futhi izimfuneko zokuthola imvume ziqinisekisa abantu abakhubazekile ukuthi bangangena emabhizinisini nasezinsingweni.
  • Isivikelo sobuzwe: Abafundi banelungelo lokufunda ngaphandle kobandlululo nokuhlukunyezwa, nezivikelo ezithile kubafundi abakhubazekile nabavikelekile ekucwaseni ngokobulili ngaphansi kwesihloko se-IX.
  • Yazi i-Remedies yakho:[ Uma ucwaswa, uqulwa amabhukwana, ubika ngezindlela ezifanele, futhi ufaka amafayela izikhalo ngezinhlangano ezifanele phakathi kwezikhathi ezimisiwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhipha isigwebo akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho: Awunakujeziswa ngokubika ubandlululo, ukukhononda, noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni kwamalungelo omphakathi.
  • [ Isivumelwano sobugqila sezindaba:[ Ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha, nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezilawula lezisivikelo.
  • [[Imithombo:0] Ikhona:[ Izinhlangano zikaHulumeni, izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho, namaqembu agunyazayo anikeza ukwaziswa nosizo ezicini zamalungelo omphakathi.