Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ezikoleni zendawo kubalulekile kubafundi, abazali, nabafundisi ngokufanayo. Ukuhlelwa komthetho wemfundo kuhilela ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, izigunyazo zikahulumeni, nezimiso zesifunda. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sinikeza umehluko emalungelweni afanayo nasemithethweni elawula izikole, siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ufundile futhi unikwe amandla okuqondisa isimiso semfundo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukusuka ekuvikelweni komthetho-sisekelo ukuya emithethoni ethile yendawo, ukwazi ukuthi yini enelungelo lokuyenza ihluke phakathi kolwazi lwesikole oluhle kanye nesinye esihambisana nokungaqondi kahle.

Isizathu Sokuba Ulwazi Ngamalungelo Esikole Luvikele Wonke Umuntu

Ukuqaphela amalungelo akho kusiza ekuthuthukiseni indawo ephephile nesekelayo yemfundo. Isiza abafundi nabazali ukuba bazisekele, iqinisekisa ukuthi izikole zisekela izindinganiso zokulunga nokulingana, futhi inciphisa amathuba ezingxabano akhula abe yizikhalo ezingokomthetho. Izikole eziveza amalungelo neziqondiso obala zibangela ukuthembana emiphakathini yabo. Uma abafundi beqonda ukuthi bayakwazi ukumelana nesiyalo esingafanele, ukuphambanisa, noma ukucwaswa kwasese, noma ukucwasa.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Emfundo: Awekho Okuyisisekelo

Nakuba amalungelo ayisisekelo abekwe ngezansi eyisisekelo, ngalinye linezici ezingokomthetho ezihluka ngokwezwe nangokwesifunda.

Ilungelo Lemfundo Yomphakathi Ekhululekile

Ingane ngayinye ehlala esifundeni inelungelo lokuthola imfundo ngezindleko zomphakathi. Lelilungelo, eliqinisekiswe yimithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni futhi liqiniswe umthetho kahulumeni, lihlanganisa ukutholakala kwezinto ezidingekayo zokufundisa, othisha abafanelekayo, nezindawo ezanele. Ngisho nezingane ezingabhaliwe zinelungelo lokuya ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphansi kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Plyler v. UDoe [198]. Izikole azikho ukukhokha izindleko zezinhlelo eziyisisekelo zemfundo, nakuba imisebenzi engekho ngokomthetho efana nohambo yasensimini ingaba nezindleko. Uma imizamo yesikole yokugodlela amamaki emali ehhotela intela ehlawulwa ngokukhokhelwa intela.

Ilungelo Lokuphepha Nendawo Engahlukanisi Ubandlululo

Abafundi banelungelo lokuya esikoleni ngaphandle kokuqinelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, ubandlululo, nobudlova. Imithetho ye-Frederal enjenge-Titlet IX (ikhuphona i-scheme esekelwe ebulilini) nesihloko se-Tet VI (igama lohlanga, ibala, nemvelaphi yesizwe) ifuna izikole zihlole futhi zixazulule izikhalo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho emelene nokuvinjelwa okugunyaza ukubika nokungenela kwemithetho engokomthetho. Izikole nazo kumelwe zinikeze indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kubafundi abakhubazekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayakwazi ukuphepha, kuhlanganise namasuntwebo okuphuthuma.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Ukwaziswa kwabafundi ngabanye kuvikelwe ngaphansi kweFamily Educational Rights and Ancy Act (FERPA). Lomthetho kahulumeni ulawula ukufinyelela emarekhodini emfundo, ubekelwe imingcele ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali kubafundi abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-18, futhi unika abazali ilungelo lokubukeza amarekhodi. Izikole kumelwe zazise abazali minyaka yonke ngamalungelo abo eFErPA. Nokho, ukuzifihla kungangqubuzana nokukhathazeka kokuphepha kwesikole, ngokwesibonelo, lapho izikhulu zifuna izitshixo noma izikhwaphe. Ngokuvamile, izikole zidinga “ukusola okunengqondo” kuphela ukuze zifune, hhayi isiqinisekiso, kodwa isilinganiso kumelwe silinganiswe kulokhu kukhathale.

Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Nokufuna Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Abafundi bangaveza imibono nezinkolelo uma nje inkulumo ingayiphazamiseli ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo inqubo yokufundisa noma ukugxambukela emalungelweni abanye. Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme likhulu liyi-Tinker v. Des Molens [1969] [1969]) ingamisa ukuthi abafundi “abawachithi amalungelo abo asemthethweni enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma emnyango wesikole.” Nokho, izikole zingalawula inkulumo engcolile, ithuthukise umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, noma zibangele ukuhlukunyezwa. Enkathini yobuchwepheshe, ngaphandle kwe-camplussmusmus ezibangela ukudisana okukhulu esikoleni. Izinkantolo zisanda kulwisana neziphathi zeze umphakathi.[5] Abafundi futhi kufanele bahlale bezazi ukuthi umthetho wabo uphathelene.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

Abafundi ababhekene nezenzo zokuyala ezingaholela ekuxoshweni noma ekuxoshweni banelungelo lenqubo efanelekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isaziso esibhaliwe samacala, incazelo yobufakazi, nethuba lokubeka uhlangothi lwabo phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongenamkhethe. Izinqubo zethukela zanele; ngoba ukususwa okude, izikole kumelwe zinikeze ukuqulwa okukhulu okungokomthetho. Izimfuneko zisuka esinqumweni seNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu . Lopez[FLT][FLD][197] [1997]. Abazali kufanele babhale zonke izigilayezo nokuzwa ngokucophelela ngokubhala uma umntwana ebhekene nesiyalo esibalulekile.

Imithetho Yesikole Sendawo: UDeveli Ngemininingwane

Izimiso zesikole zendawo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe, kodwa izindaba ezivamile zihlanganisa izinqubo zokuya emihlanganweni, izinqubo zokugqoka, nezinqubo zokuyala. Ukuqonda ulimi oluthile lwencwadi yabafundi yesigodi sakho kubucayi, njengoba lamaphepha anethonya lesimiso futhi ngokuvamile ebopha.

Ukuba Khona Kwamaphoyisa

Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuba abafundi baye esikoleni izinsuku ezimbalwa ngonyaka, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu - 180.

  • Ukuba khona njalo kuhlobene kakhulu nokuphumelela kwezemfundo nokuthweswa iziqu.
  • Ukungabe kusatholakala izaba ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ukugula, ukumiswa kwezokwelapha, izimo eziphuthumayo zomkhaya, imikhosi yenkolo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuthatha uhambo lwemfundo olwamukelekayo.
  • Ukungabibikho okuwumkhuba (okuthatha izinsuku zesikole ezingamaphesenti ayishumi noma ngaphezulu) kungabangela ukungenela futhi kungase kuphumele ekumangalelweni okuqinisekile ngabazali kwezinye izindawo.
  • Izikole kumelwe zinikeze umsebenzi wokugcoba wokuzitika ngenxa yokungabi khona okuthethelelwayo; izimiso zokungahoxi ziyahlukahluka.
  • Abafundi kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ukuphuthelwa isikole ngenxa yezizathu zokuhamba noma zokungasheshi kungase kudinge ukuvunyelwa uthisha - nhloko ngaphambi kwalokho.

Imithetho Yokugqoka Nokuzilungisa

Izimiso zokugqoka zikhuthaza indawo ehloniphekile, engenaziphazamiso, kodwa akumelwe ikhethe ngesisekelo sobulili, uhlanga, inkolo, noma ukukhubazeka. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Izigodi eziningi zidinga iyunifomu noma iziqondiso ezithile zokugqoka (isib., kungekho zilogo, akukho obhogadi abaklinyiwe).
  • Izinkantolo ziye zalahla imithetho yezingubo ezihlasela abafundi besifazane ngokungenakulinganiswa noma izinwele ezithile zesiko.
  • Izikole kumelwe zibe nezindawo zokulala ezifanele zokugqoka izingubo zenkolo (isimo, imigqomo ye - hijab, izigqoko) nakubafundi abakhubazekile abadinga izingubo ezithile.
  • Ukuphula umthetho ngokuvamile kuphumela ekuxwayisweni, ekusakazweni abazali, noma ekuboshweni; ukwephulwa komthetho ngokuphindaphindiwe kungase kuholele emiphumeleni enzima ngokwengeziwe.
  • Abazali kufanele babukeze isimiso sokugqoka esinikezwa ekuqaleni konyaka bese becela ukucaciswa uma noma imuphi umthetho ubonakala ungacacile noma ungaba ubandlululo.

Isiyalo Nezimiso Zokubekezelelana

Izinqubo zokwenqabela zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka, kodwa kumelwe zinikezwe ngokulinganayo nangokungaguquguquki. Izimiso ze Zero-toler zinqunywe kusengaphambili izijeziso zokweqa okuthile njengezikhali noma imilaliso. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezemfundo wezemfundo we-Oficial Rights, ama-Blacking zincike ngokuphindwe kathathu kunabafundi abamhlophe. Izinguquko ezisezifundani eziningi manje zigcizelela kakhulu ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho elungisayo kunokukhishwa kwesijeziso. Abazali nabafundi kufanele bazi:

  • Izikole kumelwe zinikeze iziqondiso ezicacile ngokuziphatha okwamukelekayo nemiphumela yokuphula umthetho.
  • Abafundi banelungelo lokwazi uhlobo lwamacala nobufakazi obubamangalelayo.
  • Icala noma umhlangano kumelwe uqhutshwe ngaphambi kokuba kuxoshwe noma kuxoshwe, umfundi enikezwe ithuba lokuveza uhlangothi lwabo.
  • Abazali kufanele baziswe ngokushesha nganoma isiphi isinyathelo sokuyala esihilela ingane yabo futhi banelungelo lokudlulisela isikhala ezinqumweni.
  • Amarekhodi okuxoshwa nokuxoshwa angase athinte ukungena emakolishi noma inkonzo yezempi; kuyafaneleka kwezinye izimo ukucela ukuchithwa.

Amalungelo Emfundo Akhethekile: I - IDEA Nengxenye 504

Abafundi abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuthola isivikelo esikhethekile ngaphansi kwemithetho emibili emikhulu kahulumeni: i-Asterews eneSiphepho Semfundo (IDEA) ne-Cate 504 ye-Rehabilitation Act ka- 1973. Lemithetho iqinisekisa ukuthi izikole zinikeza imfundo enenjongo.

Imfundo Yomphakathi Efaneleke ngokukhululekile (FAPE)

Ngaphansi kwe-IDEA, zonke izingane ezifanelekayo ezikhubazekile kumelwe zithole imfundo ekhethekile nezinkonzo ezihlobene nayo ngaphandle kwezindleko emkhayeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwelapha ngenkulumo, ukwelapha ngemisebenzi, ukunikeza iseluleko, nokuhamba uma kudingeka. Isifunda sesikole kumelwe siqaphele futhi sihlole abafundi abasolwa ngokukhubazeka ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi “Dren Find”.

Isimiso Semfundo Somuntu Ngamunye (IEP)

I-IEP iyincwadi ebophayo engokomthetho eyakhiwa iqembu labazali, othisha, ochwepheshe, nomphathi wesikole. Inikeza imigomo ethile yemfundo neyokuziphatha, izinkonzo ezizonikezwa, nendawo yokuhlala. Abazali banelungelo lokuhlanganyela emihlanganweni, ukucela ukuhlolwa okuzimele, nokuphikisana ngezinqumo ngokuziphendulela noma ngenqubo efanele yokulalela.

Ingxenye 504 Izilungiselelo

Abafundi abangakufanelekeli ukuphatha i-IEP kodwa abanakho ukukhubazeka okulinganisela kakhulu umsebenzi omkhulu wokuphila (jengesibonelo, ukufunda, ukugxilisa ingqondo) bangathola iPlan engu-504. Lokhu kunikeza indawo yokuhlala enjengesikhathi eside ekuhlolweni, indawo yokuhlala ekhethekile, noma imithwalo yesikole elungisiwe. Ngokungafani ne-IDEA, isifunda akudingeki ukuba sinikeze imfundo ekhethekile, kodwa kumelwe siqinisekise ukuthi sitholakala ngokulinganayo.

  • Ilungelo lokuthola imfundo endaweni engabekezeli kangako (LRE): Abafundi kufanele bafakwe emakilasini emfundo avamile nontanga ngezinga elifanele.
  • Nginelungelo lokuhlanganyela emisebenzini eyengeziwe yangemva kwesikole nezindawo zokulala ezifanele.
  • Kulungile ukuphinde kubukezwe njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, noma kaningi uma izimo zishintsha.
  • Ilungelo lokuthola uhlelo loshintsho kusukela lapho uneminyaka engu - 14 (noma omncane kwezinye izindawo) ekuphileni ngemva kwesikole esiphakeme.

Amarekhodi Abafundi Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu (FERPA) Ekudlaleni

IFamily Educational According Act (FERPA) inikeza abazali amalungelo ngaphezu kwamarekhodi emfundo yezingane zabo, futhi lamalungelo adluliselwa kumfundi lapho eneminyaka engu - 18 noma ekhona esikoleni sangemva kwesekondali. Izikole kumelwe:

  • Nikeza abazali amarekhodi aphakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 45 becela isicelo.
  • Vumela abazali bacele ukulungisa uma bekholelwa ukuthi ukwaziswa akunembile noma kuyadukisa.
  • Thola imvume ebhaliwe ngaphambi kokuchaza ukwaziswa okubonakala ngokuqondile (PII) ngaphandle kwezikhulu zesikole ezinesithakazelo esingokomthetho semfundo, noma ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
  • Gcina umbhalo walo mfundi uchaza konke uPI akuveza emlandweni wakhe.

Phawula ukuthi uFERPA akasebenzi ezikoleni ezishaya umthetho, futhi akazivimbeli izikole ukuba zikhiphe ukwaziswa kohlu lwezincwadi (igama, ikheli, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini, ukudumisa) ngaphandle kokuba abazali bakhethe ukubhala phansi.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nemfundo Yasesikoleni

LGBTQ+ abafundi banelungelo lokuthola isikole esiphephile nesinendawo eyodwa ngaphansi kwe-Wot IX nemithetho ehlukene yombuso. Izivikelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Kwezinye izindawo, ilungelo lokusebenzisa izindlu zangasese namagumbi okugcina imishini lihambisana nokuchaza ubulili (isimiso sombuso siyahluka; isiqondiso sikahulumeni ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweBiden siye sabekelwa inselele).
  • Ilungelo lokwakha ama-alliance aqinile (GS ) ngaphansi kwe-Uncince Act uma isikole sivumela amanye ama-alphan angewona angemva kwesikole.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuhlukunyezweni okusekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni ngokobulili noma ubulili; izikole ezingakunaki ukuhlukunyezwa okunjalo zingase zibe necala.
  • Ilungelo lokuba namagama akhethiwe nezabizwana ezisetshenziswa emarekhodini esikole lapho umthetho kahulumeni uvuma khona.
  • Amalungelo abazali ngokuphathelene nezingxoxo ezihlobene noshintsho ayisici esingokomthetho esishintshayo; abazali kufanele bahlole umthetho wesifundazwe nombuso.

Abafundi nabazali kufanele bathintane nezinhlangano ezinjenge - GLSEN noma i - ACLU ukuze bathole isiqondiso esiqondile esifundazweni sabo.

Amalungelo Abazali Nokuhileleka Emfundweni

Abazali banendima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni imfundo yengane yabo.

  • Ilungelo lokuhlola uhlelo lwezifundo, izincwadi, nezincwadi zokwenezela (ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni “engaphucukile” yemfundo yobulili noma okuqukethwe yimpikiswano).
  • Ilungelo lokucela ukuhanjiswa ekilasini elithile lothisha othile (asezikoleni azidingeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba zihlonishwe lezizicelo).
  • Ilungelo lokuhlanganyela emakomitini esikole, ezinhlanganweni zabazali nakothisha, nasemihlanganweni.
  • Ilungelo lokubekela inselele izinto zomtapo noma imithombo yemfundo esekelwe ezimisweni zendawo.
  • Lapho usesesikoleni sasekhaya esingaphansi kokuqondisa kukahulumeni, nakuba izimfuneko zihlukahluka kakhulu.

I - Froms Foundations Act (ESSA) ifuna futhi izigodi ukuba zihlanganyele nabazali ezinhlelweni zentuthuko yesikole sesikole sokufundisa isikole I. Abazali kufanele bakhuthalele ukuya emihlanganweni nokufunda izingxoxo ezivela esifundeni.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Imithombo eminingi enegunya isiza abafundi nabazali ukuba basebenzise umthetho wemfundo:

  • Iwebhusayithi yesikole sendawo: funa i- “Study Handbook,”“ amaphoyisa,” noma “Umthetho weBoard”.
  • UMnyango wezemfundo wase-U.S. we-Ofisi yezemfundo yamalungelo e-Civil ([[[QURT:0]]CR) unikeza isiqondiso ezinqubweni zobandlululo nezikhalo.
  • USA.i-portas zamalungelo omfundi zifingqa izivikelo zikahulumeni.
  • Inkululeko ye-American Civil Livil Union (ACLU Amalungelo abaFundi [) inikeza iziyalezo ezicacile zolimi lwenu Amalungelo enu ezibonisa izimo ezihlukahlukene.
  • Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho nezinhlangano zezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezikhomba izinhlangano zingahlanganisa imikhaya nabameli bezemfundo.

Ukusekela Amalungelo Akho: Indlela Ewusizo Yokwenza Okuthile

Izeluleko zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo avinjelwe. Nazi izinyathelo okumelwe zithathwe:

  • Uhlale wazisiwe: ufunda incwadi yabafundi ekuqaleni konyaka ngamunye futhi ushintshe uhlelo.
  • Uxwebhu konke: ugcina irekhodi elibhaliwe lemihlangano, izingcingo, nama-imeyili nezisebenzi zesikole; ukulondoloza amakhophi amafomu nezimemezelo.
  • [ Ikheli libhalwe obala: ikheli elikhathazayo kuqala, bese ulandela ngokubhala ukuze udale indlela yephepha.
  • Sebenzisa uchungechunge lomyalo: uqala nothisha noma umeluleki, bese kuba uthisha-nhloko, ihhovisi lesigodi, futhi ekugcineni ibhodi yesikole noma isikhungo semfundo kahulumeni.
  • [ Izinhlangano zabazali-bafundisi abanganaki:[ ukuphatha ngokusemthethweni kungathonya ushintsho lwenqubo ngokuphumelelayo kunezikhalazo zomuntu ngamunye.
  • Funa ukusekela: amaqembu asendaweni asebenzela ukubhalisa, izikhungo zamalungelo okukhubazeka, nezinhlangano ezinjenge ACLU zinganikeza isiqondiso noma ukungenela.
  • Uhele isikhalo esingokomthetho: uma isikole sephula imithetho kahulumeni noma kazwelonke, faka isikhalo ne OCR noma umnyango wemfundo wezwe lakho.

Impikiswano Evusayo Kumalungelo Esikole

Izimpikiswano zamuva nje zigxile ku:

  • [[QUT:0] Ukuqapha nokungafihli kwabafundi: ukusetshenziswa kwe-software yokuhlola imishini yesikole ehlotshisiwe kuphakamisa imibuzo nge FERPA neSichibiyelo sesine.
  • Izikhulu zezezimali nokufakwa komthetho ekuhilelekeni: ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa emakhopini kungaholela ekuthatheni iziphazamiso ezincinci, ukufutha izingcingo ukuze kulinganiswe izindima ze-SRO.
  • [ Ikhono lokufundisa izinto: izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuba isikole sifakwe kuyi-inthanethi ukuze kubukezwe abazali.
  • Ukungabikho kwe-Chronic kanye nezimiso zangemva kobukhona: izifunda eziningi zicabangela kabusha izincazelo zokungabikho okungahlanganisa izinsuku zempilo yengqondo.
  • Isihloko IX sishintsha ngokuphathelene nokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nezinqubo zokuhlasela kuvame ukuvuselelwa; izikole kumelwe zivumelane nemithetho yamanje.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho phakathi kwezimiso zesikole zendawo kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ulwazi oluhle. Ukusuka ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile ukuya ezindaweni ezikhethekile zemfundo, kusukela ezimisweni zokugqoka kuya ezinqulwini ezifanele, uhlelo olungokomthetho lukhona ukuze kuvikelwe kokubili abafundi kanye nobuqotho bendawo ezungezile yokufunda. Ngokuhlala unolwazi, ukuxhumana, nokukhuthaza ngezindlela ezifanele, abafundi, abazali, nabafundisi bangasebenza ndawonye ukuze bathuthukise umphakathi wesikole osekelayo nokwazi ukuzenzela izinto. Qhubeka ubuza imithombo enegunya neseluleko somthetho lapho kuphakama imibuzo eqondile, ngoba lapho amalungelo aziwayo futhi ehlonishwa, wonke umuntu uyaphumelela.