Ukubukeza Umthetho Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuyona nje incwadi engokomlando; uhlaka oluphilayo, oluphefumulayo oluchaza ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu bakhe. Umthetho womthetho-mthetho, indikimba yomthetho ochaza futhi usebenzise le ncwajana esunguliwe, ulolonga zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi waseMelika. Usungula amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni (/legislative, isikhulu, ne-care, ne-alcastigane iveza amandla nemingcele yawo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, uhlanganisa amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi, ukudala isimiso se-check nesilinganiso esiklanye se-e.

Ukuqonda umthetho womthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ku isakhamuzi ngasinye ngoba kuthinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile. Kusukela enkululekweni yokukhuluma ingqondo yakho kuya ekuqulweni kwecala ngokufanele, lezizimiso zomthetho zivikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yentando yeningi ihlosiwe. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokucacile lemiqondo, izakhamuzi zisengozini yokulahlekelwa yiyo kanye inkululeko echaza isizwe.

Amalungelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nangaphezulu

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo, ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, zagunyazwa ngo-1791 ukuxoxa ngezinkathazo ngombuso kahulumeni. Lezi zinguquko zivikela ngokuqondile inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa nezinguquko ezandayo futhi zacwengisisa lezisivikelo.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkulumo (Isichibiyelo Sokuqala)

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela ukwenza imithetho yokuthi ibhuloho lenkululeko yokukhuluma, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, isicelo, nenkolo. Leli lungelo lisekelwe ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke uhulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze kabanzi, ivikela ngisho nenkulumo engathandeki. Izentengo eziyinhloko ezifana Brandenburg v. iOhio [1969] iqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo ingabekwa imingcele uma ikhuthaza isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze. Nokho, ezinye izigaba azivikelekile: ukukhuthaza ubudlova, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlamba, ukusongela kwangempela. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise amalungelo azo ngokuhloniphe lapho ziqaphela lapho imingcele engokomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali (ISichibiyelo Esihlangene)

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "I-Grandment elawulwa kahle i-Griode Militia, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke lishaywe. Lelilungelo beliyindaba yempikiswano enkulu. [ Kumthetho we-Columbia v. [[FLT:] Heller[2001] [2001] [iNkantolo] [iNkantolo], iNkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ukuthi iSiphendulo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzibulala ngaphakathi ekhaya.[FLT] Imithetho enjenge [FLT] Izwe lase-Roffle &mple; Pixol Association v[FFF] [202], kodwa iphinde iqaphele nemithetho engokomthetho yomphakathi.[202]

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo Nasezingeni (ISichibiyelo Sesine)

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela imfihlo nempahla. Kudingeka ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kutholakale isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka entweni ebangela ukuba kuhlolwe ikhaya lomuntu, imoto, noma imiphumela. Okuhlukile kukhona − njengemvume, imbonakaliso ecacile, kanye nezimo ezisobala − kodwa umthetho ovamile uwukuthi izakhamuzi zilindele izinto eziyimfihlo. Izinqumo zezwe njenge . [[FLT:] [FLD] [1961] [1961]) usungulo, oluvimbela ukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho okungekho mthethweni enkantolo. Ngokuphakama kwemininingwane yezekhawulo, iNkathi yesine yemithetho ye-galelo-mthetho i-mgede evikela izingcingo (bona i-makhalecdrea).[FFF], kanye ne-PGPT] [FFFF: 2012]

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okulungile (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha)

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa abamangalelwa becala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi ohlwini lwabahluleli abangakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lomthetho. Icala lengqophamlando Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] [icala lomphakathi] [i-GOLT] [i-Gappy]] [i-asethiwergist] [1963]] [i-i-actives ifuna ukuba kunikezwe abamangali abamangali abamele emacaleni angokomthetho.] Muva nje, Graza v. Ida[FLD:3] [2010]]) yaqinisekisa ukuthi iseluleko sokudlulisa izikhalo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela sihlala sisesilinganiswe futhi akukho muntu ngamunye esijelweni.

Isivikelo Ekujezisweni Konya Nokungajwayelekile (ISichibiyelo Somhlaba)

ISichibiyelo Sesibhozo senqabela ukubulawa kwezingane (] Rhooper v. Simmons, 2005) kanye nabantu abanobuwula (] nama-atkins v. Virginia, 2002). Izimo zejele ezilingana nokuhlushwa noma ukunganakwa okukhulu zingaphazamisa iSimende Sesibhozo (bona [FLT:]] 2005], kanye nabantu abakhubazekile ebuchosheni ([[FLT:]]] ama-atkins v.[FLT] [FLT], i-rav [FLT], 1994] izikhulu ezinecala lokuqondana lokhu kulunga, isigwebo.

Amanye Amalungelo Agxekayo

  • Inqubo elindelekile (Izichibiyelo ze-Fatanu neshumi nane): Akukho muntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesimiso sidinga izinqubo ezilungile (inqubo efanelekile engokwemvelo) futhi sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo njengomshado, ukuba umzali, kanye nemfihlo (inqubo efanelekile engaphansi kwe-inqubweni).
  • Isivikelo se-Equal Intelligence (FOTENth Isichibiyeli): Amazwe akumelwe aphike noma imuphi umuntu ovikela imithetho efanayo. Lomusho uye wasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ( Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[]), ubandlululo lobulili, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela engalingani kwe LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • Ukukhululeka ekuziphindiseleni (Iziphendulo ze-F5): Ilungelo lokuthula nelungelo elimelene nobufakazi obuphoqelelwe yizikhuseli zetshe ezivikelwayo eziseceleni kobugebengu. imanda v. Arizona [6] ifuna amaphoyisa ukuba azise ukusolwa kwalamalungelo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.
  • Ifanele ukuthunyelwa ku Vote (ngonyaka weshumi elinesine, weshumi elinesishiyagalolunye, weshumi elinesine, wesi-20, we-Thupha-Squath Reformations):[ amalungelo okukhipha imilomo avikelwe ekucwaseni ngokohlanga (15th), ukucwasana ngokobulili (198), izintela zokukhokha (24), kanye nemingcele yobudala yezakhamuzi 18+ (26).

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi: Olunye Uhlangothi Lwemali

UMthetho - sisekelo awugcini nje ngokunikeza inkululeko kodwa ubeka nemisebenzi esekela irepublic enempilo.

Ukusakaza Izinkulumo Ezikhethwayo

Ukuvota kuyilungelo kanye nenkonzo yomphakathi. Kuyindlela eyinhloko lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli bazo futhi zithonye isimiso somphakathi. Umvoti ubuyela khona − ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi nokhetho lwasendaweni − izikhulu zikahulumeni zokuvuna ngentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zibhalise, abacwaningi nezimpikiswano, futhi zivote kunoma yiluphi ukhetho olufanelekele. Umthetho we-Federal uqinisekisa ukufinyelela, kodwa amazwe amaningi adinga ukukhomba noma ukubeka imikhawulo; ukuqonda imithetho yokuvota yendawo kuyingxenye yesibopho.

Ukulalela Imithetho

Ukulalela umthetho kuyisisekelo sobuzwe. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela ilungelo lokuphikisa ngokuthula nokusekela ushintsho, awukuvumi ukungabi namthetho. Ukuhlonipha imithetho yezimoto kuya ezibophweni zentela, [1] kunikeza ukuhleleka kwezenhlalakahle nokuhloniphana. Ukungalaleli kombango, njengoba kwenziwa yizibalo njengoMartin Luther King Jr., kuyindlela yokuphikisa eyamukela imiphumela engokomthetho yokuqokomisa ukungalungi, kodwa akusona izaba eziqinile zokushaya indiva imithetho esemthethweni.

Ukukhonza EJuries

Inkonzo kaJury iyisisekelo seSichibiyelo seSithandathu esinelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga. Futhi isibopho somphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezibizwa ukuba ziyokwenza umsebenzi wokwahlulela kumelwe zisebenze ngaphandle kokuba zivunywe ngenxa yobunzima obungathi sína. Ukuba ijaji kudinga ukungakhethi, ukunaka, nokuzimisela ukuvela ngobuqotho. Ukwehluleka ukuvela kungaphumela ekuhlawulweni noma ekudeleleni inkantolo. Lomthwalo uqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bahlulelwa ontanga yabo, hhayi umbuso wodwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Emicikilishweni Emihle

Ngaphandle kwesabelo sokuvota nesokuchonga, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngezindlela eziningi: ukuya emihlanganweni yasehholo lasedolobheni, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukuzinikela ekuminyangweni yezombangazwe, ukukhonza emabhodini endawo noma amanxusa, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Isiqinisekiso soMthetho-sisekelo sokucela nokuhlangana kwenza lemisebenzi ibe nokwenzeka. Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kwenza uhulumeni abe necala futhi akhuthaze impucuko yezombangazwe esabelayo.

Ukukhokha Intela Nokusekela Izinkonzo Zomphakathi

Intela ivame ukuvezwa njengenye yemithwalo yemfanelo esobala. ISichibiyelo sesithupha sagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, futhi izakhamuzi zibophekile ngokomthetho ukuba zikhokhe intela ezibuyisele futhi zikhokhe intela eziyikweletayo. Izikole zomphakathi, imigwaqo, ukugcinwa komthetho, izinkantolo, kanye nokuzivikela kwesizwe konke kuxhomeke enkokhelweni yentela. Ukukhishwa kwecala kululaza umphakathi futhi akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Izakhamuzi ezithembekile zivumelana nemithetho yentela futhi zisekela imithetho elungile yentela ngenqubo yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuvikela Izwe (Inkonzo Ekhethekile)

Okwamanje, izakhamuzi zabesilisa zase-U.S. kanye nabesilisa abafudukayo abaneminyaka engu-18-25 kumelwe babhaliswe nge Nkqubo yeNkonzo Yokukhetha. Nakuba udwebo lungasebenzi, ukubhalisa kuyisibopho esingokomthetho. Ukwehluleka ukubhalisa kungathinta ukufaneleka kosizo lwabafundi bamazwe, ukuqeqeshwa emsebenzini, nomsebenzi. Lomthwalo wemfanelo ubonisa isimiso sokuthi ukuba isakhamuzi sihilela ukuzimisela ukuvikela isizwe uma kudingekile.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme ingummisi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zayo zihlela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yamuntu wonke waseMelika. INkantolo ihlola ngokuhlola kwezehlulelo() ) amandla okumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho − eyasungulwa burybury v. Madison [1803]). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinqumo zophawu ziye zaguqula umphakathi.

Amacala Awuphawu Achaza Amalungelo

  • [[NTL:0][FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): Isisekelo sokwahlulelwa, ukuqinisekisa ijaji linganciphisa imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho.
  • [FLT][FOLT]n v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ezingahlangene, igumbuqela "ehlukeneyo kodwa ezilinganayo" futhi iphazamisa umzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi.
  • Roe v. [ [[3] [77]) kanye Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202] [202] [[FLT:] Roe waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokukhipha isisu; amaDobbs alawula, abuyisela umthetho ezimisweni. Lokhu kubonisa indlela iNkantolo eshintsha ngayo amalungu nemibono encintiweyo.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015): umshado osemthethweni owenziwe ngokomthetho ezweni lonke, uphethe ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyinhloko evikelwe yiSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi Amane.
  • [FLT]Incing United v.FEC (2010): yaqaphela ukuthi ukuxhasa kwezentengiselwano ezizimele zezombangazwe akunakulinganiselwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala `ukwanda kwamalungelo okuphikiswana kakhulu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Kwadingeka amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolayo ngamalungelo abo okuthula nokululeka ngaphambi kokuphenya.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] waqinisekisa ilungelo lokululeka abamangalelwa bamazwe abamangalelwa, kamuva lanwetshwa kuzo zonke izimo lapho kungenzeka khona ukuboshelwa.

Akuwona wonke amacala anweba amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, Okorematsu v. United States (1944) wasekela ukufakwa kwaMajapani aseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II sinqumo esilahlwa kakhulu namuhla. INkantolo ingavumelana futhi namalungelo, njengoba kuboniswa ku amaDobs kanye [[FLT]] (okuthi iziqondiso zezibhamu ezilinganiselwe). Ukuqonda lezi zikhathi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi umthetho wemithetho ungashintsha kanjani.

Ukuqonda Izinqumo: Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Owahlukana Ngayo

Abasunguli baklama inqubo yokulungisa ukuba kube nzima kodwa kungabi yinto engenakwenzeka. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa yivoti yamavoti amabili-mitha amabili kuzo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu noma ngomhlangano obizwa ngama-35 ezindlu zombuso. Khona - ke kumelwe ugunyazwe ngezishaya-mthetho ezintathu noma zemihlangano kazwelonke. Izinguquko ezingu-27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa kusukela ngo-1789.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo (Izimvume 1-10)

Lezi zamukelwa ngo-1791 ukuze zikhulume ngezinkinga ze-Anti-Federalist ngokungabikho kwesivikelo esicacile. Zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukucosha, inkolo, ukuhlangana, ukunxusa, ukuphatha izikhali, ukuthatha izifunda zempi, ukusesha nokuphangalaza, ukuzifaka engozini, inqubo ephindwe kabili, inqubo ekhethekile, ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi, ukuqulwa kwecala komphakathi, isijeziso sonya nesokungathandekiyo, kanye namalungelo abekwe avinjelwe yisizwe. Basebenzisa uhulumeni; kamuva, iSiphendumiso seshumi nane nene sezehlakazelelwe kabili kuhulumeni ngemfundiso yomphakathi.

Izinqumo Zempi Zangemva Kwempi (13, 14, 15)

  • ISichibiyelo seThirete (1865): Ubugqila obubodwa nobugqila obungahlosiwe.
  • ISichibiyelo se-Fourtenth (1868): i-'indawo echazwa njenge-'i-'volution'','i-'i-'i-'i] idinga isivikelo esifanayo, futhi inqatshelwe ukuncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile.'Lenguquko iyisisekelo sokuhlanganisa kanye nezindaba eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi.
  • ISichibiyelo seFifenth (1870): yaphika ilungelo lokuvota elisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga.

Izinqumo Zamashumi Amabili

  • ... ...Sixteenth (1913): intela yeholo kahulumeni.
  • [[UMTH:0] Seventeeth (113): ukhetho oluqondile lwama-senator.
  • [[UMTH:0] I-Nineteth (1920):[[Umthetho:1] i-pamptist yabesifazane.
  • Amashumi amabili-Fourth (1864): Intela yenhlawulo engekho emthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amashumi amabili-Sixth (1971): yanciphisa inkathi yokuvota yaba ngu-18.

Izinqumo zibonisa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso. ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Omzimba (esibekwe ngo - 1972, asigunyazwanga) sibonisa ukuthi akuyona yonke imizamo ephumelelayo. Inqubo yamanje ingase ivele, kodwa okwamanje, iseyinqubo yamabomu edinga ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho nemithwalo yemfanelo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje. Ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo usalokhu uphila, uvikela amandla kunokuba ube yisidala. Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo zokujulisa ukuhileleka kwakho:

Imfundo nokuzifundela

  • Funda uMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo ngokugcwele. Izinguqulo eziningi ezikhululekile ezibhalwe nge zincwadi zikhona kuyi-intanethi emithonjeni enjenge .Gov Constitution Anconomed.
  • Thatha izifundo ze-inthanethi ezikhululekile kuma-plut njenge- Courtera' noma [[FTL:2]'oyez project[, enikeza ukufingqa komthumeli wezindaba omningi.
  • Yiba khona ezicini zokuxhumana zendawo, emahholo amadolobhana, noma ezifundweni zomthetho ezikhuluma ngezihloko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuba Ingcweti Nezinhlangano Ezingalawuleki

  • Namathisela amaqembu avikela amalungelo athile: ACLU igxila empucukweni yomphakathi; Brennan Center yeJaji[ isebenzela amalungelo okuvota nobulungisa obungalungisi; i-FEDArisst Society ikhuthaza incazelo yokuqala ye-project.
  • Imitholampilo yosizo esiza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo ngokuzithandela ukuze bakhokhele ukuvota okungewona umkhandlu.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Landela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezinqumo zenkantolo ephansi. Sebenzisa imithombo enjenge SCOTUSlog ukuze uhlaziywe ngesikhathi. Qonda indlela umthetho ohlongozwayo noma izenzo zobuphathi ezingathinta ngayo amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Bhala abameleli bakho futhi udlulisele imibono yakho ezikweletini ezisele. Cabangela ukubhalisela amapheshana ezifundweni ezingokomthetho noma izikole zomthetho ezinedumela elihle.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinqubweni Ezingokomthetho

  • Uma ubizwa, sebenza njengejaji.
  • Uma uyisisulu sokwephulwa kwamalungelo, bhala lesi senzakalo bese uthintana nommeli noma inhlangano yosizo olungokomthetho.
  • Cabangela ukubhala kafushane indaba ebaluleke kuwe. amaqembu amaningi afundisa ukukhwabanisa ahlela imizamo enjalo.

Isiphetho

Umthetho womthetho awuyona indawo engabonakali egcinelwe abahluleli nabameli. Yindawo eqinile yokuba isakhamuzi saseMelika. Wonke umuntu ubambe isigxobo ekuchazeni okuqhubekayo nasekusebenziseni uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho − nangokufeza imithwalo yakho yemfanelo − awuzivikeleli nje kuphela kodwa futhi usiza ekulondolozeni ukuhlolwa kwentando yeningi kwezizukulwane ezizayo. UMthetho-sisekelo usebenza lapho abantu behlanganyela nakho. Yazi amalungelo akho, uwasebenzise ngendlela ehloniphekile, futhi ugcine uhulumeni wakho unomthwalo wemfanelo ophezulu kakhulu.