Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuchaza Kube Yindaba

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States uye wasebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Umbhalo wawo umisa uhlelo lokubusa kukahulumeni, ubala amandla amagatsha amathathu, futhi uvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nokho lencwadi ayikona ukuzibulala. Abahluleli, izishayamthetho, nezikhulu eziphethe kumelwe basebenzise amalungiselelo azo ezimpikiswaneni ezithile, futhi leyo nqubo ihilela ukuchazwa. Indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ochazwa ngayo yonke into kusukela emalungelweni okuvota nokulawula izibhamu kuya emagunyeni ombuso ebhizinisini ombutho nemingcele yamandla kamongameli.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezi zindlela zokuchaza akuyona indlela yokufunda. Kunikeza ilens yokuhlaziya izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ihlaziya izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, futhi ihileleke enkulumweni yomphakathi enolwazi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izikole eziyinhloko zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo (ukuchaza ngomthetho-msuka, ukuchaza imibhalo, indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezinye izindlela zemvaba (*) nokuchaza ukuthi ithonya ngalinye lisebenza kanjani imiphumela engokomthetho.

Ukudazulula

Umkhuba Wokukholelwa Ebunsusweni Bemvelo

I-pritaryism ikholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo owawunayo lapho ugunyazwa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ihlonipha ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi kwencwadi esunguliwe: ngoba uMthetho-sisekelo wamukelwa ngenqubo yentando yeningi, incazelo yawo kufanele ihlale ilungisiwe ngaphandle kokuba ilungiswe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso V. I-Fordists iphikisa ngokuthi ukusuka kuleyoncazelo yokuqala kuveza kabusha ngokuphumelelayo lencwadi ngaphandle kwemvume yabantu.

Incazelo Yomphakathi Yokuqala

Phakathi kobuKhomanisi bokuqala, kunemicu emibili eyinhloko. Injongo yokuqala yobuFareme igxila kulokho abaqondi abahloselwe ukukwenza ngasese lapho bebhala i-gamethi ngalinye. Lendlela yasekelwa ngezibalo ezifana ne-Attorney Edwin Meese in 1980. [[FLT:]] incazelo engokomphakathi yesiqalo sokusungula [[[[[FLTLT:3]], ngokungafani, ihlola indlela loMthetho-sisekelo onengqondo ongase uqondwe ngayo umuntu ngesikhathi sokuzinza. UJustice Anton Sciana, mhlawumbe owaziwayo kakhulu odumileyo, wasekela ukuveza okushoyo komphakathi. Wathi ukubonakala kunenjongo engcono nokunciphile.

Icala Eliyinhloko Nezibonelo

Ukucabanga koqobo kuye kwathonya izinqumo zengqopha - mlando. Kuyi-dictionary of Columbia v. Helder (2008), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nento yokuzidubula. ISiphendulo seSikhulu seSikhulu sinciphe kakhulu imibono yaso engokomlando, ukusungula-reatective protects, kanye nomthetho ovamile wokuphatha izikhali, ukunquma incazelo yokuqala yasobala ye-antement. Ngokufanayo, iNew York State Rlef & Phistol Association. Bruten[FLT][FFLT] [202]

Abagxeki bobuProfethi bokuqala bakhomba ebunzimeni bokuthola incazelo engokomlando, ikakhulukazi yamalungiselelo aphathelene nobuchwepheshe banamuhla noma izakhiwo zezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, kodwa abaQhingi babengenangqondo ngokumpompa ngemitapo noma ngokwaziswa okuphathelene nemishini. Abasunguli baphendula ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwesimiso kanye nencazelo yaso eyisisekelo, bephikisa ukuthi ukuhlola namuhla kulokhu “kuhlola” ngomqondo wakuqala.

Izingcindezi Zezinhlangano

Ubuqanjiwe buthambekele ekulinganiseleni izinga lokwahlulela ngokuhlanganisa izinqumo nobufakazi obungokomlando. Lokhu kungaholela emiphumeleni elondoloza ukuzimela noma ukuvimbela amandla kahulumeni. Amajaji amaningi akuqala asekela futhi ukuzithiba kokwahlulela, okusho ukuthi ayanqikaza ukushaya imithetho ebekwe ngedemokrasi ngaphandle kokuba ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kucacile. Ukuqonda kuqala kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ama-minee nokuchaza izinqumo zeNkantolo ezicaphuna ama-Federalist Paper, impikiswano ye-ratiation, noma inqubo yokuqala ye-budiation.

Ukubhala ngokulotshiwe

Ukugxila Kokubhala Ngemibhalo Olimini Olungenangqondo

I-textualism ihlobene kakhulu nokuhlela ngqa kodwa ihlukile kwindlela yayo yokusebenza. Umahluleli wezombhalo unquma amacala ngokuyinhloko asekelwe ngokwencazelo evamile ye-statory noma umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, ngaphandle kokubhekisa kumlando wezomthetho noma inqubo ye-extrinsic. Igcizelelwa kulokho okushiwo yimagama, hhayi kulokho abakhi be-diftistric ababenethemba lokukufeza. IJaji Scalia lake lathi “uMthetho-Constitution awuyona incwadi ephilayo; uyincwadi engokomthetho, futhi njengazo zonke izincwadi ezingokomthetho, isho lokho elikushoyo”.

Ukubhala nge-octal v. Purposivsm

Kuyincazelo engokwemithetho, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuphambene nokuncitshiswa kwemithetho, okuzama ukuqonda injongo ebanzi elandela umthetho. Izibalo ziphikisa ngokuthi i-purposition imema abahluleli ukuba bafake imibono yabo siqu, ngoba izinjongo zingachazwa ngamazinga ahlukene ezinto ezivamile. Emithethweni yemithetho-mthetho, imibhalo ngokuvamile ihlangana nencazelo yokuqala yomphakathi: incazelo ecacile yombhalo ifana nencazelo yayo eqondakalayo ngokomlando. Kodwa imibhalo ayidingi njalo ukuba abahluleli babuze ngomlando, uma ulimi lucacile, ukuphenya okuphela kuyo.

Izinqumo Ezibalulekile Zokubhala Ngemibhalo

Omunye umbono odumile wokubhala uMahluleli Hugo Black umehluko ku- Griswold v.Connecticut (1965). Umnyama waphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo alitholakalanga ndawo embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo futhi ngenxa yalokho akanakuthethelela ukunqanda umthetho kazwelonke ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo. Muva nje, [[FLT:] [FLT]BHOCLOC]bck v. Clayton[[[FLT:] [2002], uMahluleli uNeil Gor Move wabhala umbono oqinile wokuhlukanisa imibhalo owe-sigcustom ukuthi i-Stive ayinqabelanga ubandlululo “ngenxa yocaluleko lobulili” nakuba umphumela ojabulisayo, u-Gorth Reaverationsword elandela nje incazelo ecacile yombhalo.

Amandla Nobuthakathaka Bokubhala

I-textaism ithembisa ukungaguquguquki nokubonana. Uma amajaji enamathela embhalweni, ama-ligigint nezakhamuzi zingabikezela imiphumela esekelwe olimini lomthetho. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi amalungiselelo amaningi omthetho-sisekelo awacacile: yini ngempela ewuhlobo “lobugqila nesijeziso esingavamile” noma“inqubo yokuqala yomthetho”? I-textumalism ayinikezi izimpendulo ezicacile njalo, futhi amajaji angaphoqelelwa ukuthembela kwezinye izinkonzo zokuchaza. Abasekeli bayavuma ukuthi ukuphikiswa okunjalo kungokwemvelo emthethweni, kodwa okungenani izimpawu zemithetho ngokuyibophanisa amagama abhalwe ngaphandle kwezindinganiso eziyisisekelo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ukuvumelana Nale mibhalo Nezikhathi Zanamuhla

Indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo, eyaziwa nangokuthi ayiyona eyakuqala, i-posit ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ubonise ukushintsha kwezimiso nezindinganiso. Ngaphansi kwalombono, ibhukwana libanzi ngamabomu futhi lifakwe obala. I-Framers yashiyela izizukulwane ezizayo indawo yokugcwalisa imininingwane. IJaji William Brennan, umsekeli ophambili, laphikisa ukuthi uhlakaniphi woMthetho-sisekelo ukhona ekhonweni walo ukuba usebenziseke ezimweni ezintsha ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa okungokomthetho.

Izindlela Zokuhumusha Ngaphakathi Komthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Abaqondisi bomthetho-mthetho basebenzisa amasu amaningana. ukubheka ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho ukuba ususe izimiso ezicacisiwe. ichaza amagama afana nothi “isivikelo esilinganayo” ngokukhanyiselwa ngezindinganiso ezivumelanayo zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso. [ incikekile enkantolo eqoqwe evumelanayo [[[[FLT:]] esekelwe enkantolo ebumbene kakade evumelanisa umthetho nezimo zanamuhla. Isibonelo, isikole esiphezulu asizange sishongosombululo. [[FLT:] vn.[FLT][5]

Isinqumo Somthetho - sisekelo Omkhulu Ophilayo

Izinqumo eziningi ezithi zithathelwe phambili kakhulu emphakathini ziye zathethelelwa ngokucabanga okusekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo. Roe v. Wade [1903] wathola ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwe-Century Programme Clause, edweba ngemibono eguquguqukayo yezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Obergefel v. Hodges [2015] waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo-mfa ekukhipheni umshado ofanayo, futhi uthembele emqondweni wokuthi iSiphendumiso senkululeko nesilinganiso se-eye-Genearlitial. Zombili izimo zemibono ziqonde ukuthi umbhalo awuwuxazululi, kodwa izimiso zemithetho zisebenza ngamandla.

Ukugxekwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo unikeza amajaji amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Uma lencwadi ingasho noma yini iningi lamajaji elifuna ukuba isho yona, khona - ke umthetho ululaza. Abagxeki boqobo bathi lendlela ifana nokwenza imithetho yokwahlulela. Abanye abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo baphikisa ukuthi lendlela isaboshelwa ngemibhalo, isibonelo, nesiko. Abanye bamukela obala ukuzikhethela kokwahlulela, baphikisa ngokuthi akunakuphikwa futhi bangaphenywa ngecala lentando yeningi nenkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi.

Kuzakhamuzi, indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nemiphumela eqhubekayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi abahluleli ababambelele kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwengqondo baye bayisebenzisa ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi. Isibonelo, Lochner v. New York (1905) yabulala umthetho wamahora amaningi (inqubo efanelekile) esebenzisa inqubo engasekelwe eqondeni eliphansi. Ukuqonda lendlela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele uma zifaka incazelo ekwakheni okukhulu ekhonzweni kwemvumeni yokuqala noma kwemibhalo.

Ezinye Izindlela Zokuchaza

Incazelo esekelwe ekuqanjiwe (Stre Decissis)

Isimiso se sinamadecis `I-Latin ngokwendlela “yokuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe” . "Izinkantolo eziqondile ukulandela izinqumo ezidlulile." i-precedentidentifish inikeza izizinzo nokubikezela. Ngisho nomahluleli wokuqala angase azizwe eboshwe ngesibonelo eside esinganqunywanga kahle ekuqaleni, ngoba ukugumbuqela kungadala isiphithiphithiphithiphithiphithi noma ukululaza izithakazelo. Nokho, ukubuka idecis akugqibekanga. Inkantolo ephakeme ibuye yazilawula kabusha izakhelo zayo lapho ithathwa ngokungafanele, ingasebenzi, ingahambisaniseki, noma ingahambisani nencazelo elungile. [FFF:] [F] impikiswano engcono] [F] [10] [3] [3]

Ukuhlaziya Ukwakha

Incazelo engokwesakhiwo iveza ukuma kwezakhiwo zonke ze-Constitution. Kunokuba idlulise amazwi alodwa, ijaji lihlola indlela ibhukwana eliwanika ngayo amandla phakathi kwamagatsha namazinga kahulumeni. Impikiswano yokwakha ejwayelekile ivela ku [[FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland[[[FLT]] [1819], lapho uMahluleli Omkhulu John Marshall acabanga ukuthi amandla okubeka ibhange ayeboniswa yizindlela ezifanele nezifanele zokusebenzisa amandla. Ukuhlaziya kwe-roname. [12] [195] [19]

Umkhuba Ongokomlando

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zibheka emikhubeni kahulumeni emi isikhathi eside ukuze zixazulule imisebenzi engokomthetho. Uma elinye igatsha likahulumeni liye lathatha isinyathelo ngendlela ethile ngaphandle kwenselele, lowo mkhuba ungabhekwa njengobufakazi bencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela ngokuvamile ihambisana ne-obristism kodwa ingasetshenziswa ngokwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, NLB] v. Noel Canling[ [2014] [iN, iNQUM] icabangela imikhuba yokumisa okungokomlando ukunquma imingcele yamandla kaMongameli okugcwalisa izintambo phakathi kwezindawo zomthetho. INkakhulu yanquma ukuthi umongameli ungenza izinqumo zekhelo phakathi nezikhawulo phakathi nezikhawulo, hhayi phakathi nenkathi enqanyukile, ngenxa yokuthatha ingxenye ehambisana nomthetho womlando.

Ukuchaza Ngokuphamazela

Incazelo yama-Pragmatic ihlola imiphumela esebenzayo yesinqumo. Nakuba kuthukela indlela ekhethekile, ukuvumelana kuthonya abahluleli abafuna ukugwema ukuphazamisa izimo ezilungisiwe noma ukusungula imithetho engokomthetho engasebenzi. Ukuchaza [ ukuvumelana kombono okuvamile [[FLT] okudumile] ukuthi ukudlula Roe [[ kungenza “ingathiya kakhulu amandla eNkantolo yeNkantolo [ukusebenzisa amandla okwahlulela].” Lokho kuyimpikiswano e-pragmatic mayelana nokufaneleka. Ezinye izazi zisekela ukuthatha i-mgomo ecacile, kodwa abahluleli abaningi bathanda ukusebenzisa izinqumo noma isimiso esimsulwa.

Incazelo Esekelwe Ku-Ethos

Inqubo engavamile kodwa esasebenza ikhona ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokucabangela izindinganiso zesizwe noma ubuntu. Ngandlela-thile ubizwa ngokuthi “ethos” woMthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela idwetshwa ngezihloko ezibanzi zencwadi, njengobulungisa, inkululeko, nokulingana, ukuxazulula imibuzo. INkantolo yacela okuthile okufana nalokhu Lawrence v. Texas [2003], lapho ikhomba inhlonipho evelayo ngesithunzi sabantu abangongqingili njengesizathu sokushaya imithetho ye-sodoma. Abagxeki bayibheka njengesehlosi, kodwa baphikisa ngokuthi ithembekile kulimi lwe-Calmostia.

Indlela Ukuchaza Okuwuthinta Ngayo Umthetho - sisekelo Namuhla

IRehnquist NoRoberts Courts

Kusukela ngawo-1980, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabuswa kakhulu abantu abafunda ingcaca mibhalo yokuqala. Ukumiswa kukaMahluleli uScalia noClarence Thomas kwaphawula ukushintshwa okuwujuqu. Ngaphansi koMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Roberts, ubuShonande buye baba indlela evelele yokuhlaziya ngisho nakumahluleli abakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yoMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ayizange inyamalale. AmaJaji uStephen Breyer, u-Elena Kagan, noSonia Sotomayotor aye aqhubeka eqhubekisela phambili izincazelo ezivumelana nezimo ezivumelana nezimo, ikakhulukazi ezihilela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ukuvota, nokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Igebe elichazayo manje lidlala ngezindaba ezishisayo zenkinobho. AmaDobs , iningi lasebenzisa ukucabanga kwasekuqaleni ukuze liphethe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuwavikeli amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, kuyilapho ukuphikisana kokufundwa koMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo osekelwe enkululekoni nasekulinganisweni. Ngokufanayo, ezimweni ezimweni zenkululeko yokudubulana nezingalingani, iningi labaqondisi liye landisa isivikelo seSikhawu seSimemezelo seSichithi seSimende, kuyilapho ukuphikisana nokuphikisana nezimiso zenkululeko yokukhuluma, ingcaze ngokomthetho nezokuqala zezokuvikela imicimbi yezenkolo, ngokuvamile izibukeli ezimangalisayo ezilindele ukuba ukuphumelela kwezehlakalo eziqinile.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Okufanele Zikuqaphele

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukulandela lezimpikiswano kufanele ziqaphele izinto ezine. Kuqala, umbhalo ngokwawo. Zombili izinhlangothi zithi zithembekile emazwini oMthetho-sisekelo. Funda iqoqo elihlobene eduze. , umbhalo ongokomlando. [[FLT:] [FLT]] imibono esekelwe ekusekelweni kwesisekelo igcwele ukusungula imithombo. [imithombo isho ukuthi isekela ngempela incazelo eqondile.] [[FLT:]] Imiphumela esebenzayo.[FLT] ngokuvamile abahovisi bemithetho esemthethweni baqokomisa ithonya langempela izwe lokubusa. Cabangela ukuthi isinqumo sithinta kanjani ukuphila kwabantu. [FT] [FOLT], indima engokwengxenye yemithetho esobala][FOLT][5]

Isiphetho: Ukuhlanganyela ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene uMthetho-sisekelo ochazwa ngazo kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Kukwenza ufunde imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngeso eligxekayo, uhlole izimpikiswano zezazi zezombangazwe ezithi “zingabakhi bamazwe” noma abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo,” futhi umise izahlulelo zakho siqu ezicatshangelwe mayelana nendlela umthetho wesizwe osungulwe okufanele usetshenziswe ngayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlala uyincwadi ephilayo ngomqondo wokuthi uyaqhubeka ulolongwa futhi ulolongwa isizukulwane ngasinye. Kodwa izindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukuveza incazelo yawo azinawo amandla. Zisekelwe ekungavumelani okujulile kwefilosofi ngokuphathelene nohlobo lomthetho, indima yabahluleli, nokulingana phakathi kwesiko nokushintsha. Ngokufunda lezizindlela, awusona nje isibukeli esingenzi lutho sezenzakalo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Constitution Center yesizwe ehlanganisayo ye-, enikeza izinqumo ngemibono eminingi. Ungahlola futhi [ Oyez[ ekuchazeni ukufushaniswa kwecala nezimpikiswano zemephuzo, bese ubukeza [[[FLT:]] i-Cornell Legional Information Institute yolwazi [ yemibono egcwele. Lemithombo izojulisa ukuqonda kwakho indlela ngayinye yokuchaza indlela esebenza ngayo.