Amalungelo evoter akha itshe eliyinhloko lanoma yisiphi idemokrasi esebenzayo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi sonke isakhamuzi esifanelekayo sinethuba elinenjongo lokuhlanganyela okhethweni futhi sizwa nezwi laso. Isimiso somuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa akuwona nje umthetho owezwiwa ngokusemthethweni; kuyisibonakaliso esiyisisekelo sokulingana nokuzilawula. E-United States, umlando wamalungelo ofanele ukuvota uwumzabalazo omude noqhubekayo, ophawulwe ukunqoba okuqhubekayo, ukuhluleka okuqhubekayo, futhi umzamo oqhubekayo wokwandisa ukungenela ngesikhathi sokulwa. Ukuqonda lomlando, umthetho oyinhloko oye walungisa indawo yamanje, nezinselele ezisadingeka kunoma ubani ozinikele ekuhlanganyeleni okuhle kokhetho.

Umlando Wamalungelo E - Voter

Uhambo oluya e-United States aluzange lube lula futhi lungabi lula. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bayeka izimfanelo zokuvota ikakhulukazi ezizweni, futhi emazweni amaningi akuqala, i-france yalinganiselwe kumadoda amhlophe aphethe izakhiwo. Lencazelo elinganiselwe yokuthi ubani owayengavota abesifazane, amaMelika omdabu, amaMelika oMdabu, nalawo angenazwe. Emakhulwini alandelayo, uchungechunge lwezinguquko, izinhlangano, nemithetho yemingcele yamuva yazisusa kancane kancane lezi zigwegwegwe, nakuba impi yokufuna ukungena okugcwele iyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Se - 15

ISichibiyelo se-15 samiswa ngo-1870, sasiyintuthuko enkulu, simemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota "ngeke linqatshwe noma livalwe yi-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila bangaphambili. Lokhu kumiswa kwakuhloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota amadoda aseAfrika aseMelika, ikakhulukazi lawo ayesanda kukhululwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Nokho, isithembiso seSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sathathwa ngokushesha yimibuso yaseNingizimu, eyamisa ulwembuyaluyaluza lwemithetho yokukhokha intela yomthetho womthetho wezempatho, intela yokukhokha, ukukhokha, ukukhokha, ukukhomba, ukugcotshwa komkhulu, nokugobeka okunobudlova kwabekususiwe cishe ngekhulu leminyaka. Lezi zinqumo zaziwa njengemithetho ehlangene i-Cimrow futhi zimele isiqinisekiso somthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho - sisekelo.

Isichibiyelo Se - 19 Nesikhwama Sabesifazane

Inhlangano yabesifazane ehlobisayo, eyayilokhu yakha amandla kusukela phakathi nekhulu le-1919, yafinyelela ukunqoba kwayo okuvundlile ngokubhidliza iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 ngo-1920. Lokhu kulungisa kwenqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngesisekelo sobulili, inikeza abesifazane ezweni lonke umkhankaso wokuzivumelanisa. Umzabalazo wawuwumkhankaso omude nonzima ohilela ukumasha, ukubhikisha, ukuphikisa, ukuphikisa, nokungalaleli komphakathi. Abaholi abanjengoSusan B. Anthony, u-Elizabeth Cady Stanton, noAlice Paul banikezela ukuphila kwabo ngenxa yesizathu. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi izenzwe zezenzwe zezehlolo ze-19 ngokuyinhloko zazizuzisa kakhulu abamhlophe; abesifazane abaningi bemibala, ikakhulukazi abesifazane base-Amerikazimu, baqhubeka bebhekene izithi zentela ezinjengasekuhlolwayo kanye nokukhokhwabanini kwangoze ngo-19.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nesivumelwano Sokugunyazwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Sango - 1965

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wamalungelo okuvota wafinyelela inkathi enzima phakathi nomzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi wonyaka ka-1950 nawo 1960. Abameli bahlela izinxuluma zokubhalisa, ukumasha, nokuqondisa izenzo zokubekela inselele ubandlululo lobuhlanga ebhokisini le-colotte. USelma weMontgomery, owahlanganyelwa ngobudlova bamaphoyisa ngo "ngeSonto," wabangela ukuthukuthela kwesizwe futhi wacindezela uMkhandlu ukuba uthathe isinyathelo. Umphumela waba yi-[[FLLT:0] Ukulwa kwelungelo lobandlululo lobuhlanga ebhokisini lika-65 , umthetho owenze ukuba ulwenze inqubo yobugebengu ezindaweni zomthetho eyayigcine izigidi zama-Afrika ekuvoti. Umthetho owenqanyuselwe ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwezincwadi nezinye izikhali ezingokomthetho, ukuvota nokuvota okugunyaziwe kuhulumeni, ukugunyaza nokugunyaza uhulumeni, ukugunyaza okungu-unyuselwa kakhulu kwemithetho: eminyakeni eNingizimu.

Imithetho Emikhulu Ethonya Amalungelo Okuqondisa Imithetho

Ngalé koMthetho Welungelo Ka - 1965, eminye imithetho eminingana kahulumeni iye yathonya amalungelo abavoti, ngayinye isingatha izinselele eziqondile ezihlobene nokubhaliswa, ukutholakala nokugcinwa kokhetho.

UMthetho Ka - 1965 We - Vong Rights (Wande)

IVoing Rights Act (VRA) ibhekwa njengengxenye ephumelela kakhulu yomthetho wamalungelo abantu owake wamiswa e-United States. Ngaphezu kokuvimbela ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala nezinye izindlela zokukhipha umlomo, i-VRA yamisa imfuneko "yokubhalisa" ngaphansi kwengxenye 5. Leli lungiselelo ladinga amazwe athile nezindawo ezinomlando wokukhetha ukuvota ukuze kuthole imvume eU.S. noma inkantolo kazwelonke ngaphambi kokuba yenze noma inguquko kumthetho wovota noma ezinye izindlela. Inqubo ye-preplacationance yasebenza njengesithibelo esinamandla sokuvimbela ukunqanda ukuvota okusha. Nokho, enkantolo ka-2013 [FLT:] i-Shelby County. v[Flact:1], iNkantolo yeNkantolo. i-U.S.Ephakame. i-U.S. i-Promedicance yasebenza ngokugunyaza i-G. i-Protiveticpt. i-Prouptting yasebenza ngokugunyaza i-Pror.

I - National Voter Brigister Act ka - 1993 (NVRA)

Ikaningi ibizwa ngokuthi "Motor Voter" Act, iNational Voter Relibration Act ka 1993 yayiklanyelwe ukwenza ukubhalisa kovoti kungeneke futhi kube lula. Umthetho wawufuna ukuba amazwe anikeze amathuba okuvota emishini yemvume yomshayeli emahhovisi omphakathi, amahhovisi okusiza umphakathi, nezikhundla zenkonzo zokukhubazeka. Yayala futhi ukuba imibuso ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibhaliswe ngeposi futhi yenqabe ukuba zisuse ukuvota ngokusemthethweni ngenxa nje yokuhluleka ukuvota. I-NVRA ibikwe ngenani elikhulu lokubhalisa izibalo zomvoti elikhudlwana ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi nalezo ezikhubazekile. Nokho, umthetho ubhekene izinselele zokugcinwa kwemithetho, nokuhluleka kwemibuso ethile ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zayo.

Usizo LweMelika Luyakhipha Umthetho Ka - 2002 (Hava)

Ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli luka- 2000, olwangcoliswa izinkinga ezisakazekile zokubhaxatsha ngezincwadi zamakhadi, ama-cripped, ama-rad, kanye nokungavumelani kokuvota eFlorida, i-Congress yanikeza i-Help America Vote Act ka-2002. I-HARA yanikeza izimali zikahulumeni ukuze ithathe indawo yemishini yokuvota ephelelwe isikhathi, isungule ukubhalisa imishini yokuvota, futhi isebenzise nokufaka i-odabolistation. Yadala futhi i-U-U.S. U-Constacimplation Commission ukuba inikeze isiqondiso nokusekela abaqondisi bevoti bevoti. Nakuba u-HaVA wasiza ukwenziwa kwenqubo yokuvota nokuthuthukisa inqubo yokuvota nokuthuthukisa ukuphatha, futhi kugxekiwe ngokuholela ekuthatheleni imishini yokuvota ebanzi yokuvola ezindaweni zovolwa kanye nezinga.

Izinselele Zamanje Ezamalungelo Okuphakela Imali

Naphezu kwentuthuko eyenziwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, amalungelo abavoti e-United States asasongelwa. Eminyakeni yamuva, inani elandayo lamazwe liye lamisa imithetho abagxeki abathi iklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuvota, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi emincane, abavoti abasebasha, nabahlawuli abahlawulwa kancane. Lezi zinyathelo zivame ukuphatha umgomo omisiwe wokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, kodwa ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi ukukhwabanisa komvoti kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Umphumela uyimithetho yesifunda esine engenza ukudideleka nokungahambisani.

Imithetho Yezincwadi

Imithetho yokuhlukanisa iphakathi kwemithetho ephikisana kakhulu nemithetho yokuvota esabalele kakhulu ezweni. Kusukela ngo-2025, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-30 zinemfuneko ethile yevoti, ezinemithetho eqinile efuna ukuba uhulumeni athole i-ID yezithombe ukuze alahlwe ibhola. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi lemithetho idingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhohlisa nokuvota futhi kwandise ukuqiniseka komphakathi kokhetho. Nokho, abaphikisi, baveza ukuthi izigidi zabantu abafanelekayo, ikakhulukazi abathola imali ephansi, abafundi, nabantu abadala, abanombala, abanayo ifomu eyamukelekayo. Ukuthatha enye ihilela isikhathi, ukuhamba, futhi izindleko ezibangela isithiyo esiphawulekayo. Ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi imithetho encishisiwe ngokunciphikiswayo, ngaphandle kokuveza noma yisiphi isiphi isilinganiso. [UFUFUT] [UM.U.U.N.U.U.U.

Ukukhishwa kweVoter Roll

Uhlelo lokulungisa umzila luyinqubo yokuqondisa ehloselwe ukugcina izinhlelo zokubhalisa zinembile ngokususa abavoti abangakholeki, njengalabo abaye bafa noma basuswa ngaphandle kwegunya elithile. Nokho, ukuxoshwa ngonya noma ukungalawulwa kahle bekuwumthombo ophindaphindwayo wempikiswano. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha imikhuba engabangela ukuba abavoti bafaneleke ukususwa emidwebweni ngaphandle kwesaziso noma inqubo efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa "kuyisebenzise noma ukulahlekelwa" imithetho, evumela ukususwa kwe-vota abangaphonsi inombolo ethile yokhetho, ibekelwe inselele enkantolo. [[FLT][FLT][FLT] Isikhungo seJacial projectivessssss projectivessswood [[FFoct1]] ibhale izenzakalo eziningi lapho izinhlelo zokuhlanza zikhona futhi zihoxiwe kakhulu.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering .Umkhuba wokudweba imingcele yesifunda sezwe efuna ukukholisa iqembu elithile lezombangazwe noma iqembu phezu kwelinye, usongo oluphawulekayo lokuhlanganyela ngokufanele. Nakuba ukubhalisa bekuyisici sezombangazwe zaseMelika emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye benza ukuba kucace kakhulu futhi kuphumelele. Izimemezelo zokulawula izishaya umthetho zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa imininingwane eningi e-"crack" noma "pack" abavoti beqembu eliphikisanayo ezifundeni, belulaza amandla abo onke okuvota. Lokhu kululaza isimiso sokhetho lokuncintisana futhi kungashiya ivoti yabo imibala ingenandaba. Bobabini abavoti kanye no-votimmente abamele i-votimendi besizwe baye babekela inselo enkantolo, kodwa izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokungakhonzwa ngokuncishwa kwe-stituniant.

Indawo Yokuthela Inhlabathi

Ekuthatheni isinqumo i-Shelby County, ama-gamende amaningi ngaphambili aye adingeka ukuze athole imvume kahulumeni yezinguquko ezisezinqulwini zokuvota avala amakhulu ezindawo zokuvota. Lokhu kuvala kuye kwagxilwa kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu neziphansi, ngokuvamile kuphoqelela abavoti ukuba bahambe amabanga amade kakhulu ukuze baphonse ibhola lensimbi. Ama-roboti, amahora okuvota alinganiselwe, kanye nemithombo encishisiwe ezindaweni ezisasele izicelo nakho nakho kungavimbela ukuhlanganyela. Umphumela owengeziwe uwukuthi imiphakathi ethile ibhekene "isingathwali esiphezulu kakhulu sovota" ngokwesikhathi, imizamo, nemithombo. Avoccotations abiziwe ukuze athole indawo enkulu nezindawo zokuhlola.

Ukulwela Amalungelo Evoter

Ngenxa yalezi zinselele eziqhubekayo, izinhlangano eziningi, abashisekeli, nezakhamuzi zisebenza ngokuzikhandla ukuze zivikele futhi zandise amalungelo abo.

Izinhlangano eziphambili

Amaqembu amaningi esizwe nawendawo anikezelwe enjongweni yamalungelo okuvota. [[FLT: 0] ACLU unomlando omude wemithetho yokuvinjelwa kwevoti eyinselele enkantolo futhi esekela imithetho ye-provote. [[[FLT:]] I-League yabesifazane [[FLT]] [[FLT]] isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe [i-Foters [[FLT: 3]] ekubhaliseni okungabhaliswanga, imfundo, nokungagunyazi lutho. [[FLT:] i-vocta] isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze isize izakhamuzi ukuba zibhaliswe, zihlole ukubhalisa kwazo, futhi zifunde ngezinkethozo zokuvota. Ezinye izinhlangano eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukubhalisa i-vPCP [F], ne-FFoctive, i-octive, i-Foctive, i-Foctivectiontion, i-Foctive, i-Foctive, i-Foctive, i-Foctive.

Izinselele Zokukhuluma Ngecala Nezomthetho

Izinselele ezingokomthetho ziye zaba yithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuvikela amalungelo omvoti lapho kubhekene nemingcele emisha. Imithetho ethinta i-ID yomvoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuphuma kovota, ukulahla amabhokisi, nokubhalisa isikhathi kuvame ukubekelwa inselele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso. Izinhlangano ezifana ne i-Campagign Legin Center [ ne[FLT] Committers for Polity for Marriction [[FFLT:]] zinikeza ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho nokumelelathisa kulamacala. Nakuba ukunqoba kwenkantolo kungavimbela imithetho elimazayo, inqubo ivame ukuveza isivikelo sesikhashana noma i-octiveme. Isidingo somthetho esibanzi, njengaleyo [Foctal: [Foct:][5] [FF] noma i-Foct:] uMthetho-Active.[3]

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Ngamalungelo Evoter

Imithetho nemithetho yenkantolo iyodwa akwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokulunga. Kumelwe zitshelwe nangamalungelo azo, inqubo yokuvota, nendlela yokusebenzisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ehluka-hlukene ngokwezwe. Imfundo yezincwadi iyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sentando yeningi esinempilo, inika abantu amandla okunqoba izithiyo nokusebenzisa imingcele yabo.

Imfundo Eyizinhlamvu Ezikoleni

Isisekelo esiqinile semfundo yomphakathi sibalulekile ekulungiseleleni isizukulwane esilandelayo sabavoti. Izikole zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa abafundi hhayi nje kuphela ngesimo sikahulumeni kodwa nangomlando wamalungelo okuvota, oomakhi, nokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ukufunda okusekelwe emkhankasweni, ukhetho lokugcona, nezingxoxo zekilasi ezimayelana nezindaba zokuvota kungenza lezifundo zibe nendima futhi zifanele. Imfundo yomphakathi ephambili ibona amazinga aphakeme okhetho lwentsha nokhetho olunolwazi kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Ngalé kwekilasi, izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile emfundweni yamavoti. Izikhungo zomsebenzi, amahholo edolobha, nemikhankaso yomphakathi ingasiza ekususeni imizamo yokubhalisa, ichaze imithetho emisha yokuvota, futhi inikeze ukwaziswa mayelana nokuvota kwakuqala, ukuphuma kwe-collet, nokuhlola izindawo. Izwi lendawo elithenjwayo cishe njengamasonto, amaqenjini omphakathi, kanye namanxulumani omphakathi, ngokuvamile kunezinthuma eziphumelela kakhulu. Imizamo yokubhalisa i-ontathena ibaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini eye yabhekana nokulahla imvume engokomlando, njengoba zingasiza ekusizeni ukuphinde kuthembana kwesimiso sokhetho.

Imithombo Yezinto Nezobuchwepheshe Zamanani

I-Internet nobuchwepheshe obuhambayo iye yaba amathuluzi anamandla emfundo yokuvota. Ama-website anjengaye iVote. org ne i-National Association of Srecreates of State [[ inikeza inselele elula ekuhloleni izinga lokubhalisa, ukuthola izindawo zokuvota, nokufunda ngezidingo ze-vota. Amathekiniki-mende asetshenziselwa ukusakaza ulwazi nokulwa okuxoxilonga. Nokho, amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana anikeza izinselele, kuhlanganise nokusakazwa kolwazi olungamangazayo ngezimiso zokuvota kanye nezinsuku. Kubalulekile ukuba uvota kuncike emithonjeni engokomthetho kunokuba kungabi nasendaweni engokwendawo yomphakathi. Izwe futhi amahhovisi okhetho asebenze ekuthuthukise ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala nge-indawo ezilimi eziningi.

Isiphetho

Ukuthatha isinyathelo esifanelekile ekukhetheni akuyona impumelelo eyodwa kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo ofuna ukuqapha njalo, ukuqapha, nemfundo. Umlando wamalungelo abavoti e-United States ubonisa ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka, kodwa futhi ingaguqulwa. Namuhla, ilungelo lokuvota libekelwe inselele ngemithetho emisha emisha, kusukela kwimithetho eqinile yokukhipha izinhlelo zokukhipha igebe elinamandla ukuze kuvinjwe imvume. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhlangano eqinile yezinhlangano nezakhamuzi ilwa emuva nge-ligigiage, umthetho, nokuhlela umphakathi. Njengoba izakhamuzi zikhona, kuwumthwalo wethu ukuhlala zinolwazi, ukusiza abanye ukuba baqondise inqubo yokuvota, futhi bafune ukuba zonke izikhulu ezifanele. Isimiso sokubusa izikhulu silindele ukuba bonke abantu bavikelwe yilungelo labo abangayitholi imithombo yemali, ukuvikelwa yizisekelo, ukuhlelwa kwezentengo yolwazi lwethu kanye nezo.