Table of Contents

Izisekelo Zamalungelo Omphakathi Esimiso Sobulungisa SaseMelika

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bobugebengu e-United States bumelela enye yezici ezinamandla kakhulu neziphikiswana kakhulu zomthetho waseMelika. Le ngqungquthela ithinta zonke izici zendlela umphakathi ochaza ngayo ukulunga, ukulingana, nobulungisa ngaphansi komthetho. Kubafundisi abangokomthetho, abafundi, nabezokwelapha, ukuqonda lendawo kudinga okungaphezu kokubamba ngekhanda imithetho namagama ecala, ifuna ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi izingxabano ezingokomlando ziqhubeka kanjani ziveza kanjani imfundiso yomthetho nemikhuba yokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Amalungelo omphakathi phakathi komthetho womthetho owenziwe ngecala ahlanganisa isivikelo ekucwaseni, izivumelwano zenqubo efanele, nelungelo lokuphatha ngokulingana kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yomthetho, ekuhlolweni kwecala, ekugwetshweni, nasekuqulweni kwesigwebo, nangemva kokuqulwa kwemithetho. Isimiso somthetho sokulawula lezi sivikelo siye savela ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, umthetho wombuso, nangezinqumo zokwahlulela ezisabela ekushintsheni kwemizwa yezenhlalo nezombangazwe.

Lokhu kuhlaziya kuhlola izisekelo ezingokomlando zamalungelo omphakathi enkantolo yobugebengu, kuhlola izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zomthetho, kukhulumela izimpikiswano zamuva, futhi kucabangela indlela izinhlangano zemfundo ezingahlomisela ngayo abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunengqondo kulezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Iziphazamiso Ezingokomlando ZoMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi

Ukusuka Ekuvuselweni Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Kuya Enkathini Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Isisekelo sesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi enkantolo yomthetho sisukela ezinzibeni zokuvuselelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho ezithathelwe emuva ezinziwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane samisa ubuzibulo obulinganayo futhi saqinisekisa isivikelo nenqubo efanele, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo somthetho savimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga.

Nokho, isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwe-Jim Crow sathathelwa indawo imithetho, ukwahlukaniswa, nokukhishwa kwe-Afrikan America ezivikelweni zesimiso somthetho sobugebengu. I-Convict ikhulula izinhlelo zezinhlelo nemithetho emnyama ngokuphumelelayo ekwenza kube nobugebengu ukuphila okumnyama ngenkathi iphika izivikelo ezingokomthetho. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Plavery v. Ferguson (1896) safaka i-"ehlombelo-"ehlukene kodwa ilingana" nemfundiso", inikeza isembobo somthetho-mfatho samashumi eminyaka yekhethelo engokomthetho.

Inhlangano yanamuhla yamalungelo omphakathi yonyaka ka-1950 nawo-1960 yalubekela inselele ngokuqondile lolu hlelo. Abameli, abameli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile bafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini ukuze bafune ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Imizamo yabo yaveza umthetho oguqulayo futhi yaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba ziphinde zihlole izimfundiso ezisekhona eziqhubekisele phambili ubuhlanga phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa.

Imithetho Eyinhloko

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1946 iwumthetho kahulumeni obanzi wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika. Isihloko VI salesisenzo sinqabela ukucwaswa ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wezwe emihlelweni ethola usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni, oluhlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni nezomthetho wobugebengu bendawo. Isihloko VII sikhuluma ngokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, sithinta ukuqashwa kwemithetho kanye nezenzo zokukhuthaza ukuqashwa.

I-Voing Rights Act ka-1965 yahlasela imikhuba yokuvota ewubandlululo eyathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi emincane. Nakuba ingathinteli ngokuqondile ukwahlulela kobugebengu, amalungiselelo alesisenzo asiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imiphakathi ithinteke kakhulu ngezimiso zomthetho zobugebengu ingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni yezombangazwe futhi abameleli abakhethiwe baphendule izithakazelo zabo.

I-Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act ka-1968 kanye nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezilandelanayo zezimali zakha izinqubo zokuhlanganisa ama-dollar kahulumeni ekuthotyeni amalungelo abantu.

Imithetho efuna izimali zokwakha ijele ezifuna izimali zikahulumeni zokwakhelwa kweqiniso ezisayinwe, inkambiso eyanikela kakhulu ekuboshweni kwabantu abaningi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungaba nakho kanjani kokubili ukuhlongoza nokungahlelwa kwemiphumela yamalungelo abantu. [[FLT]

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ishobos iziciotelela izivumelwano zezentengo yomthetho ezingokomthetho zezemthetho ezingokomthetho zezomthetho ezisekelayo ezingokomthetho zomthetho ezingokomthetho zomthetho, nakuba ziveza

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ilokhu ingenye yezinqumo zenqubo yobugebengu ezaziwayo kakhulu. INkantolo yathi ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzilawula lidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasola ilungelo lawo lokuthula nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ngaphambi kokuphenywa. Izixwayiso ze-Mirnda ziye zaba isici esibonisayo senqubo yobugebengu baseMelika, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngempumelelo yawo ekuvikeleni abantu abachayeke.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) wamisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ngabamangalelwa abamangalelwa abanecala emicimbini yomthetho. Lesi sinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ukufinyelela kobulungisa okunenjongo kudinga ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki imithombo yezimali yommangalelwa. Naphezu kwalesisiqinisekiso somthetho-mkhomba-mthetho, izimiso zomphakathi ezihlala zingaphansi kwe-fulegi, izimpahla ziyanqoba, futhi isithembiso sokumelelwa kwamacala asikagcwaliswa ngabamangalelwa abaningi.

Batson v. Kentucky (1986) yabhekana nobandlululo lobuhlanga ekukhethweni kwejaji. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi abashushisi abanakuzisebenzisa izinselele zokukhulula abangase babe abahluleli abasekelwe kuphela ohlangeni lwabo. Lesi sinqumo esihloselwe ukuqeda indlela eyodwa ubandlululo oluthi luthinte ngayo inqubo yokuhlola. Amacala andisa ukuvikela kwe-Batson ekubandlululwani kwabesilisa nabesifazane, nakuba ukucwaninga okungokwezimpi kuqhubeka ukuveza ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ngokukhetha kwejaji okusikisela ukulinganiselwa komthetho.

Ukujeziswa Nokujeziswa

Furman v. Georgia (1972) yaze yachitha okwesikhashana zonke izijeziso zesigwebo sokufa e-United States. INkantolo yathola ukuthi ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni nangokuguquguqukayo kwesijeziso sentambo, ikakhulukazi ukusebenza kwayo okungenakulinganiswa kwabamangalelwa abamnyama nakulabo ababulala izisulu ezimhlophe, kwaphula umthetho weSijikelezo seNguquko seNkanto engamashumi Amasishiyagalombili ngokujenga nengajwayelekile. Isinqumo saveza i-diporatorium ekubulaweni okwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo- 1976, lapho iNkantolo igunyaza imithetho ebukeziwe . Georgia

Ukucwaninga kuyaqhubeka kubhala umehluko wobuhlanga ekujezisweni ngesigwebo sentambo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngokubulawa kwezisulu ezimhlophe basengozini enkulu yokuthola isigwebo sokufa kunalabo abanezisulu zabo ziNsundu, ngisho nalapho belawula ezinye izici zecala. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eqhubekayo yokuthi isigwebo sokufa singasetshenziswa ngokulinganayo yini emphakathini ogunyazwe ngokohlanga.

Miller v. Alabama (202) kanye Graham v. Florida (2010) wakhuluma ngokugwetshwa kwezingane ezicaphulayo, ukugcina lokho kuphila okusemcimbini ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwezingane nokuphila ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwezenzo zobubi zentsha ezingaqondakali. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zesizo nokuqaphela ukuthi intsha ewunganeni idinga isigwebo esihlukile kunezenzo zecala ezikhudlwana abadala.

Impikiswano Yesikhathi Esizayo Ngokungezwani Kwamalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Ubudlova Namaketanga Okulandisa

Izenzakalo eziphezulu ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa ziletha ukunakekela okuvuselelwe ekuphukeni kwamalungelo omphakathi phakathi komthetho. Ukufa kwabantu abahlanganisa uGeorge Floyd, uBrenna Taylor, u-Eric Garner, uTamir Rice, nabanye abaningi baye babangela ukubhikishelwa nokucelwa kwezimiso zesizwe. Lezizenzakalo zembula izindlela eziphikelelayo zokulwa ngamandla adlulele, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene no-Black no-Latino, futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokulandisa ngecala.

Umthetho unikeza indlela eyodwa yokusingatha ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Nokho, lokhu kumangalela kubhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho eziphawulekayo, kuhlanganise nemfuneko yokubonisa izinhloso zamabomu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. U.S. umnyango weSivumelwano samaLungelo soLuntu [[Fovil Reconstriction uhlola futhi izinhlangano zezifundo zemithetho ngaphansi kwama- 34 U.S.C. .6601, ezingaphumela ekuvumeni ukumiswa kwemithetho. [[FLT] U.S.U.U.U.U.U.S.U.Umnyango weSivumelo ngokomthetho [FLT.] [FLT.2] [FLT.FFFFLT]]] [FFFLT]]] [3] ucwaninge izinhlangano ze-Prouncilg, i-Puncillpolicence, noM.ProvicencePrencePuptic, noM.Pricelmentaupy UPrice

Izimiso zombuso nezokulandisa zihlanganisa amabhodi awesizwe, izimfuneko zekhamera yendikimba, nokuhlola okuzimele kokudubulana kwesikhulu esihilelekile. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zinyathelo kusaphikiswa. Ukucwaninga ngekhamera yendikimba kusikisela ukwehla okulinganiselwe ekusebenziseni izenzakalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bodwa bungenakukwazi ukusingatha izinkinga eziyisisekelo zempucuko nezimiso eminyangweni yamaphoyisa. Umthetho ofana nowe-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, owadlula iNd Home kodwa wahluleka ukuba umthetho, owahlongolelwa ukuba uvimbele izinqanda-ming, uqede ukuvikelwa kwezimiso ezifanelekayo, futhi wenze ukubhaliswa kwemithetho engokomthetho yamaphoyisa ephethe engafanele.

Ukucwasana Okukhulu Nezinhlanga

I-United States ithumela inani labantu abaningi kunanoma iliphi elinye izwe emhlabeni. Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1,9 basemajele kahulumeni nasemajele ezwe, futhi amaMelika amnyama avalelwe cishe ngokuphindwe ka-5 ngesilinganiso samaMelika amhlophe. Lokhu kwahlukahluka kukhona kuzo zonke izigaba zesimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu, kusukela ekuboshweni ngokumangalelwa, ukuboshwa, ukugwetshwa, nokukhululwa.

IMpi Yezidakamizwa, eyaqala ngawo 1970 futhi yaqala ukuqina phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela, yafeza indima enkulu ekuqhubeni izibalo zokuboshwa nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Nakuba amazinga okusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa efana nawo namaqembu ezinhlanga, ama-Black America aye aboshwa futhi agqunywa emacaleni ezidakamizwa ngamazinga aphakeme kakhulu. Imisho ephansi kakhulu, imithetho ethatha izintambo ezintathu, nezimfuneko zokugunyaza iqiniso zasusa ukwahlulela futhi zaveza imigwebo enokhahlo ewe kakhulu kwabamangalelwa abambalwa.

I-Four Step Act ka-2018 yamelela imizamo yokuqala ukusingatha eminye yale midanti engekho emthethweni. Umthetho wanciphisa imigwebo edingekile elinganiselwayo emacaleni athile ezidakamizwa, wandisa "i-parex valve" evumela ukuba ibeke imisho ngaphansi kwemithetho edibeneyo, futhi wasebenzisa ngokunenzuzo i-Fair Sentensing Act ka-2010 ye-ccuine Act. Ukuhlolwa kwakuqala kusikisela ukuthi lesi senzo sinciphise imilayezo yezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezisebenzisa izidakamizwa ngokuyinhloko ezingenabudlova, nakuba ithonya laso ekuhlukani kwezinhlanga eziningi esimisweni sombuso kuye kwaba nesilinganiso esiphansi. Izinguquko zezwe, kuhlanganise ne-pager, ukuncishiswa kwemidayo yecala elithile, nokuncitshiswa kwemidathano yemidathalo yemiyalo, kuye kwathola imesethi ezindaweni eziningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Okuzifihla

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iye yadala izinselele ezintsha zamalungelo omphakathi ezigebengwini. Ukusakazeka kwamathuluzi okuhlola izimoto, abafundi bezincwadi zelayisense ezizisebenzelayo, ama-drones, izinqubo zokulingisa amangqamuzana, kanye nemithetho yokulawula ehlelayo yokuzifihla, inqubo efanelekile, kanye nethonya elihlukanisayo emiphakathini embalwa.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso buye babonakala bunamaphutha aphakeme kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abanombala omnyama. Amadolobha amaningana, kuhlanganise neSan Francisco, Boston, nePortland, aye avala ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso. I-Federal Trade Commission nezinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zabiza amajelo okulawula ukugcinwa komthetho kuze kube yilapho kukhulunyelwa ngokunemba nokucwa kwemibono.

Ama-algorith abikezela ubugebengu ahlaziya imininingwane engokomlando yokubona izindawo lapho ubugebengu bubikezelwa ukuba buyokwenzeka khona. Abagxeki baphikisa lezi zimiso ziqhubekisela phambili izindlela ezingokomlando zokuzifaka ngokweqile ezindaweni ezimbalwa, zidala izijekezo eziveza ukwahlukana okukhona. ACLU] umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe bokuhlola [ uqokomisa imiphumela yenkululeko yangaphakathi yalamathuluzi kanye nabasekeli bezimfuneko zokubona kukhanya, ukuncintisana, kanye nokufakwa komphakathi phambi kokusetshenziswa.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngokuhlola kwemishini. INkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Carpeent v. United States (2018) yakholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola imibhalo yezindawo zocingo, iqaphela ukuthi amandla okulandelela ezobuchwepheshe banamuhla afihla izithakazelo zomuntu siqu okumelwe iSimemeze iSiphendulo sesine. Lesi sinqumo sibonakalisa ukuzimisela kweNkanto yokuzimisela ukuguqula izimfundiso zezesayensi yezobuchwepheshe, nakuba ukusebenza kwayo kwezinye izindlela zokuhlola kuhlala kungaphelisiwe.

Imisebenzi Engokomthetho Yokuhlenga Amalungelo Omphakathi

Ingxenye Ngo - 1983 Nendlela Yokuhlangana Efanelekayo

42 U.S.C. ngo1998 unikeza imoto eyinhloko kubantu ngabanye ukuba bamangalelwe isifundazwe nezikhulu zikahulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa, ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Lomthetho wokulungisa isakhiwo uvumela abakhokhi ukuba bafune umonakalo ngokuncishwa umthetho ngokomthetho ngaphansi kombala womthetho-zwe. Ingxenye 1983 iye yaba usizo ekumiseni ukulandisa kokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nakuba ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu.

Isimiso sokuvikeleka esifanelekayo siyimfundiso esungulwe ngokwezinkantolo evikela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinecala lomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba ukuziphatha kwazo kubekwe ngokomthetho obala. Izinkantolo zisebenza ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye emibili: ukuthi amaqiniso abonisa ukwephulwa kwelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi lelolungelo lamiswa ngokucacile yini ngesikhathi sokwephulwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo kuye kwaba isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa sosizo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela izinhlobo ezintsha zokuziphatha okubi noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zingawachazi ngokuqondile amaqiniso anembile endabeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukuphinde iphinde ihlole imfundiso efanelekayo yokuvikela, nakuba abanye abahluleli beye bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokusebenza kwayo. Izihlongozo ezingokomthetho zokuguqula noma ukuqeda ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo ziye zakhula ngokwezinga likahulumeni, kanye noColorado, i-New Mexico, i-Connecticut, kanye nabanye abamisa izinyathelo ezilinganisela ukuvikelwa kwenkantolo yombuso. Lezinguquko zikahulumeni ziveza intuthuko ephawulekayo ekubekelweni kwamalungelo abantu, njengoba besungula izindlela zokuziphendulela imingcele engokomthetho kahulumeni manje.

Umkhuba Wokuhlola Izinhlamvu

Uphenyo lwezenqubo ye-Federal lunikeza enye indlela yokusingatha ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi ezikhungweni eziqinisekisa umthetho. Uma uMnyango wobulungisa uhlola futhi uthole isizathu esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi inxusa elithile lihlanganyela endleleni noma umkhuba wokuphula umthetho, lingase lifune umthetho wemvume noma umbiko odinga izinguquko.

Imithetho yokugunyaza iye yaveza izinguquko zokwakha eminyangweni yamaphoyisa kulo lonke izwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo sokuvuma esiphethe uMnyango wamaphoyisa eSeattle, sasidinga izinguquko ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso eziphoqelelweyo, ukungenela kwenhlekelele kubantu abagula ngengqondo, nokuvimbela amaphoyisa okungavumelani namaphoyisa. Imishini yokulawula i-ependent iqondisa ukuthotshelwa, kanye nezinkantolo ziyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho ekhona. Nokho, ukuphumelela kwemithetho yemvume kuxhomeke ekufuneni okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe, imithombo eyanele, kanye nokuvumelana komphakathi okunenjongo. Ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yabo ethatha isikhathi eside kuhlala kuhlangene, nezinye izifundo zokuthola intuthuko ehlala njalo kanye nezinye izikhombozo zokuhlola ngemva kokuhlola i-palji.

Ukufundisa Amalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Bobugebengu Ekilasini

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Okungokomthetho Okubucayi

Othisha babhekene nenselele yokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde kokubili uhlelo lwemfundiso yomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwangempela kwezwe. Ukuthuthukisa ukufunda komthetho okugxekayo kudinga ukudlulisa izimo ukuze bahlole indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo emongweni, ozuza ngayo ezincazelweni ezithile, nendlela imithetho engokomthetho esebenzelana ngayo nezimiso zomphakathi.

Ukuthatha izindlela eziphumelelayo kuhlanganisa ukufundwa ngokuseduze kwemithombo eyinhloko njengemibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nemithetho yemvume ehambisana nezinto ezinikeza umongo wesibili nenkulumo egxekayo. Abafundi bazuza ngokuhlola indlela abashushisi abahlukene ngayo abahlushiwe, abameli, abameli, amaphoyisa, abameleli bomphakathi, ukuchaza nokusebenzisa imithetho engokomthetho. Ukuhlinza kwemfaniso, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zomlomo zomthetho, kungasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izinga elingokomthetho nelisebenzayo lamalungelo omphakathi.

Imibono Esekelayo Yohlanga Nobulungisa Bezenhlalo

Ukufundisa amalungelo omphakathi enkantolo yobugebengu kudinga ukuthembisana ngokuqondile nohlanga nokungalingani kwezimiso. Indlela ewumbala ethatha imithetho engokomthetho njengengathathi hlangothi futhi esetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ifihla izindlela uhlanga olubumba ngazo isimiso sobulungisa. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo lobuhlanga lukhona kuzo zonke izinga lesinqumo, futhi ubufakazi obungokwezimo kufanele butshele izingxoxo zasekilasini.

Ukuqinisekisa ulwazi oluvela kulwazi lwezesayensi zobuzwe olugxekayo, ososayensi bezenhlalo, nezazimlando ezingokomthetho kucebisa ukuqonda komfundi. Imisebenzi ihlola isimo se-carceral, ubuhlobo phakathi kohlanga nomthetho wobugebengu, nemingcele yenguquko engokomthetho inikeza amathuluzi angokobuchwepheshe okuhlola izimpikiswano zamanje. i-Open Society Foundations yokufundisa inikeza izisekelo zokuhlanganisa ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi angokomlando emizabalazweni yokuguqula izivumelwano zomthetho.

Izindlela Zokufunda Ezisungulwe Umphakathi

Ukuhlanganisa ukufunda ezikoleni ezibopha umphakathi kujulisa ukuqonda komfundi amalungelo omphakathi kanye nezindaba zobulungisa bobugebengu. Ukufundiswa kwenkonzo ngamahhovisi omphakathi okuvikela, imisebenzi yokungasoleki, izinhlelo zokubopha, noma izinhlangano zokulandisa kwamaphoyisa kunikeza amathuba okufunda aphezulu. Abafundi bangaqaphela indlela imithetho engokomthetho esebenza ngayo, baqonde izithiyo ezibhekene nabasekeli nabezokwelapha, futhi bathuthukise amakhono obuchwepheshe kuyilapho benikela emsebenzini onenjongo.

Imisebenzi yokucwaninga ehlangene nezinhlangano zomphakathi ivumela abafundi ukuba bahlole izindaba zendawo ezinjengezembelo, izimiso zesikole ukuya emajele, noma izinhlelo zokuhlola amaphoyisa. Lemisebenzi iveza ulwazi olufinyelelekayo obala olunikeza ulwazi oluhlanganisa izimpikiswano zezimiso nolunika abantu amandla. Ukufunda okuphumelelayo komphakathi kudinga ukulungiselela ngokucophelela, ukucabangisisa, nobudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kwezinhlangano zemfundo nabantu abasebenza nomphakathi.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Kumalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa Bobugebengu

Amathemba Okushintsha Angokomthetho

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwasungulwa umsebenzi womthetho wokulungisa izinqumo zamalungelo omphakathi ezinqunyweni zomthetho kahulumeni, esifundazweni, nasezindaweni. Iziphakamiso zikaFederal ziye zahlanganisa i-George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, i-Empathy Act, i-Uct (ikhuluma ngecala le-crack/powder cocaine egweba ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga), kanye ne-Fo People Act (kuhlanganise namalungiselelo okuvota ahlobene nomthetho omphakathi owe-athonsiccoration). Nakuba inguquko ebanzi yezwe iyaqhubeka ngezinguquko eziqhubekayo nge-appropries, ukubekwa kwemithetho yezeze-ace, ukumiswa kwemithetho yezezezeze-authoric, neziqondiso.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni seziyizindawo zokucwaninga inguquko. iCalifornia, i-Illinois, i-Oregon, nezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa izinyathelo zokusingatha ukulandisa kwamaphoyisa, ukugweba inguquko, ukuguqula ibheyili, nobulungisa bentsha. Lemizamo yombuso yombuso ibonisa kokubili amathuba nokulinganiselwa kokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zomthetho. Izinguquko ngokuvamile zibhekana nezinselele, ukumelana nezithakazelo ezigxilile, nemiphumela edinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlelwa Komthetho Wenhlangano Nokuhlelwa Komphakathi

Isimo samalungelo ezakhamuzi samanje siye sabona ukunyuka "ummeli osuzinze," indlela ebeka abameli njengababambisi abanezimpande ezihlelayo kunokuba baqondise abashayeli abayinhloko benguquko yezenhlalo. Abameli benhlangano basebenza ukusekela izimfuno namacebo emiphakathi ethintekile, benikeza ulwazi olungokomthetho lapho bebhekisele ekuholeni komphakathi ezimisweni nasemaqhingeni.

Lendlela iveza izifundo zenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, lapho ukunqoba okungokomthetho kwezinhlangano ezinjenge-NAACP Legal Defense Fund kwakha khona izinqubo abashisekeli benhlangano abangasebenzisa imvume. Izibonelo ze-Contemporary zihlanganisa abameli abasebenza nezinhlangano zeBlack Live Confect, amaqembu amalungelo abafuduki, nezinhlangano zejele ezilwayo ukuze ziqhube izimfuno ezisukela ekuncishisweni kwamaphoyisa ukuqeda ibheyili yemali yokuvala amajele. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenhlangano esemthethweni nezinhlangano zomphakathi buphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngemingcele yomthetho njengethuluzi lokufinyelela ubulungisa.

Imisebenzi Yokulwela Amalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuthambekela okukhulayo kwamalungelo omphakathi kuhilela ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ezimpikiswaneni zokulungisa ubugebengu basekhaya. I-United States iye yagunyaza izivumelwano eziningana zamalungelo abantu ezikhuluma ngezindaba zokwahlulela kobugebengu, kuhlanganise neNhlangano yezizwe Zonke yokususwa kwezindlela zobandlululo lwezinhlanga neSivumelwano sezizwe Zonke samaLungelo Omphakathi. Nakuba lezizivumelwano zingazibulali futhi zingawakhi amalungelo azimele enkantolo yase-U.S., zinikeza izimiso ezivamile zokuhlola i-U.S.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezihlanganisa i-Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch ziye zabhala inqubo yobugebengu yase-U.S. ephula izindinganiso zezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa ubuhlanga, ukusebenzisa amandla ngokweqile, nezimo zokuvalelwa. IHuman Rights Watch isebenza ngokulunga nangamalungelo omphakathi [ ibonisa indlela izimiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezingazisa ngayo ukulawulwa kwesizwe futhi zinikeze ukucindezela okwengeziwe kwenguquko.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwamalungelo omphakathi nokwahlulela kobugebengu kumelela ukuncintisana kwezindawo ezingokomthetho okunamandla nokuphikiswayo okubangelwa izingxabano ezingokomlando, ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, ukumiswa kwemithetho, nokuqhubeka kwezenzo. Ukuqonda lendawo kudinga ukuhlangana nemfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme, umthetho kahulumeni nowombuso, ukucwaninga okuwubuqaba ngezigaba zobuhlanga, kanye namazwi emiphakathini ethinteke kakhulu ngezimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu.

Kusukela ekuvikeleni okuyisisekelo okwasungulwa phakathi nokuvuselelwa kwesisekelo kuya ezimpikiswaneni zamanje eziphathelene namaphoyisa, ukuqapha, nokubopha inqwaba yamalungelo abantu, umthetho uyaqhubeka uguqula ukusabela ezimweni ezishintshayo nokungalingani okuqhubekayo. Izimiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula lendawo zicindezela futhi zivumela imizamo yokufinyelela ubulungisa obungaphezulu, ukwakha izindawo zokungalawuleki kodwa futhi zifaka imingcele ebonakalisa ukuqina komthetho ezimweni zezenhlalo ezibanzi.

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuhlolwa kwamalungelo omphakathi nokwahlulela kobugebengu kunikeza amathuba okuthuthukisa ukugxeka ukufunda ngokomthetho, ukuhileleka ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi, nokulungiselela imisebenzi enikezelwe ekuthuthukiseni ubulungisa. Ngokubhekana nakho kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka komthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, izizukulwane ezizayo zingakha umsebenzi walabo abavela ngaphambili lapho belwela isimiso somthetho esilungile nesifaneleke kakhulu kubo bonke.