Ukunikeza ikhambi elilula ngokuvamile kuyabiza, ukuhlanganisa isikhathi, nokukhipha imvume. La maqiniso aye abangela ukwanda ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) njengendlela esebenzayo nefanelekile yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ngaphandle kwenkantolo. I-ADR inikeza amathuluzi avumelanayo asebenzayo kubantu abafuna imiphumela ephumelelayo, eyimfihlo, nezimiso zobungane ezisemthethweni. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izindlela eziyinhloko ze-ADR, inzuzo zabo ezisobala, izinhlelo zangempela zezwe, kanye nokucabangela okugxekayo nganoma ubani oweqa umbango.

Ukuqonda Isinqumo Esihlukile

Enye indlela yokuphikisa i-DDR isebenzisa igama le-ambreamssion elisetshenziselwa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene eziklanyelwe ukusiza izingxabano ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala elingokomthetho. Nakuba izindawo eziphikisayo zinamandla okwenza izinqumo ezandleni zomahluleli noma amajaji, i-ADR inika amaqembu aphikisanayo amandla okulawula inqubo yesinqumo. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukubambisana kunokuphikisana. Izindlela ze-ADR zihlanganiswa ngokuqhubekayo ezimisweni zenkantolo, izivumelwano zesivumelwano, kanye nezici ezihleliwe. Ziyahamba zisuka ekusebenziseni izingxoxo ezilula ukuzwa kwabantu ngokwethukelayo ngemiphumela ebophelele. Ukuqonda i-sprojectives zohlobo ngalunye kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amandla azo.

Isisekelo esingokomthetho se-ADR siyahlukahluka ngokwegunya, kodwa amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho ekhuthaza noma egunyaza i-ADR ezindabeni ezithile zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Congress yadlulisa i-Alternidate Disation Act ka-1998[, ifuna ukuba inkantolo ngayinye yesifunda igunyaze futhi ithuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwe-ADR. Ngokufanayo, i-Eupanentive Directive on Mediation [2008/52/EC] imise uhlelo lwe-menual. Lemicimbiso engokomthetho igcizelela ukuqashelwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-ADR njengendlela esemthethweni esemthethweni ye-menstruption.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zempi Ehlukile

I - ADR ihlanganisa izindlela eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye enezinqubo ezihlukile, amazinga okugcina umthetho, nemiphumela.

Isiphazamiso

Kuyi-media, ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi, “‘ umlamuleli uhlanganisa ukukhulumisana phakathi kwabaphikisanayo ukuze abasize baxoxe ngesivumelwano esamukelekayo. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo; kunalokho, uqondisa ingxoxo, ukucacisa izindaba, nokuhlola okungase kucaciswe. Indima yomlamuleli iwukuthuthukisa ukuqonda nokuhlukanisa isisekelo esivumelanayo.

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Benefit:[ Izinga eliphakeme lokulalela ngokuzithandela, ukulondoloza ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo, ukudamba okungokomzwelo, kanye nokufihla imfihlo ngokuphelele.
  • Kracter: ngokuvamile iqala ngesimiso esihlangeneyo, ilandelwa yizinsalela zangasese lapho umkhumbi-mkhathi ophakathi kwamaqembu. Yonke inqubo ingeyokuzithandela, futhi noma iliphi iqembu lingahoxa nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Izivumelwano ezifinyelelwayo zivame ukubhalwa futhi zenziwe zibe isibopho esingokomthetho uma kufinyelelwa.
  • Izingxabano zomkhaya (isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana), izingxabano emsebenzini, izingxabano zomphakathi, nokungavumelani okuningi kwezentengiselwano lapho kugcinwa khona izindaba zobuhlobo.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Ukuhlanganisa kuyinqubo engokomthetho kakhulu lapho abaphikisanayo benikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano kumphathi (noma iqembu) okhipha isinqumo sokubopha noma esingabopheki. Ngokungafani ne-mediator, umqondisi ulawula inqubo futhi akhiphe umklomelo. Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano zihlanganisa izimemezelo ezigunyaza lendlela yokuphikisana.

  • Uhlobo: Ad hoc arbitation iqhutshwa ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwenhlangano; amaqembu avumelana ngemithetho ye-procedtural ngokwawo. [[FLT:] I-Institugationtion[ iqondiswa yizinhlangano ezinjenge-American Arbitation Association (AA) noma i-International Commerce (ICC), enikeza imithetho nokusekela kokuphatha.
  • Izinga eliphezulu: Ngokujwayelekile] kunekhasitoti, imicimbi ingeyomuntu siqu, futhi amaqembu angakhetha umqondisi onolwazi endabeni yempikiswano. I-Federal Arbitration Act iqinisekisa ukuthi imiklomelo iyaphoqelelwa enkantolo yombuso.
  • Ukucabangela:[ Lenqubo ingabiza, futhi izizathu ezilinganiselwe zokudlulisa izicelo zisho ukuthi abantu abathatha inqubo kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela ingozi yemiphumela ebophayo. Ukuthola i-Discovery ngokuvamile kubekelwe imingcele, okungaba yinzuzo nengathandeki.

Ukuzwana

Ukushaya indlebe kuyinqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-ADR. Kuhilela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamaqembu (noma abameleli bawo) ukuze afinyelele indawo ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwengxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi. Lokhu kwenza amalungu athinte kakhulu umphumela.

  • 'Ukwenza: ngokuvamile ngokwethukela, okuvumelanayo, futhi kungavela ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuxabana. Abaqaphi abanekhono basebenzisa amasu asekelwe esithakazelweni, agxila ezidingweni eziyisisekelo kunokuba agxile ezimweni eziqinile.
  • Intengo ephansi kakhulu nenqumbi esheshayo, ukwenzeka ngasese, kanye namaphathi kulawula ngokugcwele kokubili inqubo nomphumela. Izivumelwano zokulungisa zixoxwa ngokuqondile, ngokuvamile kuholela ekusunguleni, ukuvumelana.
  • [[NT.0] Imiphumela: Ifuna ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa nokuphumelela emakhonweni okukhulumisana. Ezimweni zokungalingani kwamandla okuphawulekayo, ukuxoxisana kungaholela emiphumeleni engalungile. Kungase kungafaneleki ezimweni eziphezulu eziqinile noma ezingokomzwelo.

Izindlela Zokwenza I - brid

Njengoba i-ADR iguqula, izindlela ezixubile ziye zavela ukuze zihlanganise amandla ezindleleni eziningi. I-Med-Arb iqala nge-mest:1] uma imvume ingekho, inqubo ishintshela e-arbit ngokungathathi hlangothi okufanayo (noma enye) inikeza isinqumo esibophayo. [[FLT:] NQUL] NQUQUMENTIRY [[ ihilela isazi esingathathi hlangothi lohlangothi ngalunye, sinikeza isiqondiso esifanayo sokungathathi hlangothi. [[FLT:] [Uvavanyo oluhlukile] [Juctry [FLT]] [FLT]] ayisebenzi ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa, ukukhomba okusetshenziswa ngokusholoza ngokusho cishe ngokusho kwesinqumo.

Izinzuzo Zesinqumo Esihlukile Ngokumangalelwa Okungokwesiko

Inzuzo ye-ADR eqhathaniswayo ibhalwe kahle futhi isekelwe ngokucwaninga okungokwezimo. Ukuqonda lezinzuzo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwe-ADR emongweni womthetho we-pulani.

  • Ukuhlenga: Izindleko zemali, izindleko zobuchwepheshe, izindleko zobufakazi, izindleko zokuthola, kungasheshi ukujiya. Izinqubo ze-ADR zimfushane futhi azikho emthethweni, okuholela ekuncitshisweni okukhulu. Ukuhlola okuvela ku-Melika Bar Comment secultation of Disation kubonisa ukuthi izindleko ze-ADR zizodwa zinganciphisa izindleko zomthetho ngokuqhathaniswa nomthetho ngo-40/60% uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Ijubane: Icala lomphakathi lingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka ukuze lifike emacaleni. Amacala e-ADR ngokuvamile aphela emasontweni noma ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Izinkantolo eziningi zigunyaza ukunqanda ukugcinwa kwecala phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-90, zinikeza indlela esheshayo yokulungisa.
  • Ukuzithethelela: Icala lenkantolo liyimibhalo yomphakathi; ukuqulwa kwe-ADR kuyimfihlo. Lokhu kuvikela ulwazi lwebhizinisi oluzwelayo, izimfihlo, nezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ekuthumbeni, ukuthululwa komthetho kuvame ukuvinjelwa ngesivumelwano.
  • Control no-Flexable: Empilweni, umahluleli noma umsizi wejaji ubeka ikhambi. Ku-ADR, amaqembu aklama inqubo, akhetha ukungathathi hlangothi, amise isikhathi, futhi enze umphumela. Lokhu kuholela emazingeni aphezulu okwaneliseka.
  • Ulondolozo lwe-Relration: Ukwakheka kwe-ADR [1] Iqhaza elibambisanayo ne-mediation(i-adiversation). Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni zomkhaya, emabhizinisini, noma ebuhlotsheni bemisebenzi okumelwe buqhubeke ngemva kwengxabano.
  • Iqoqo elikhulu kakhulu:[ ngoba abantu bavumelana ngokuzithandela nesinqumo, amazinga okulalela aphakeme. Ezokuxhumana, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuzithoba kokuzithandela okungaphezu kuka-80%, uma kuqhathaniswa nokulalela okuphansi kakhulu kwemithetho yenkantolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i - ADR inciphisa umthwalo emadolobheni asenkantolo aminyene, ivumela amajaji ukuba agxile emacaleni adinga ukungenela kokwahlulela okuqotho.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ADR eQelweni loMdabu

I-ADR ayilona ikhambi elilingana nesilinganiso esisodwa, kodwa iye yaphumelela ezindaweni eziningi zomthetho we-odar. Ukuqonda umongo oqondile kusiza odokotela nabaphethe i-ADR ukuba basebenzise i-ADR ngokusemthethweni.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Izingxabano zomkhaya, kuhlanganise nesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokuhlukaniswa kwempahla, ziphakathi kwezindaba zomphakathi ezicasulwa kakhulu ngokomzwelo. Ukubuyisana kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kumisa ukukhulumisana nokubambisana. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zifuna abazali ukuba bazame ukunikeza imvume ngaphambi kwamalungiselelo okuthola imvume yabantwana. I-Cornell Legil Information Institute [[[FLT: 1] iqokomisa kakhulu ukuthi amacebo okuba umzali athambekele ekubeni anzulu kakhulu naqinile kunalawo abekwa ijaji. Isehlukaniso esinelisayo, uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-Consolation ehilela abameli nezinye izazi zezekhono, lungenye i-ADR i-tratiography ezuza i-tratiography esemthethweni womkhaya.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zivame ukuhlanganisa izigaba zokungaqiniseki kokungaqiniseki. Ukuhlanganisa kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezivumelwaneni zokwakha, ezivumelwaneni zokwakha, ezikoleni, nasehwebeni lwezizwe ngezizwe. i-IC ne[FLT] [FLT] AA][FLT] [FLT] [3] inikeza izinqubo ezihlonze izivumelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi zebhizinisi. Izingxabano ezincane, ukuthenwa kungaxazulula izimpikiswano ngokwethukela, kugcinele ukuhlangana kwezentengiselwano. [FLTL:] [FLT] [New York] nge-regioggnalment ne Enternation of Arbitard Actwards[FT], ezisebenza kumazwe ahlukene, asebenza ngokuphikisana ne-exet translatedmign.

Izindaba Zomsebenzi

Izimpikiswano zemisebenzi − ukunqanyulwa ngokungafanele, ukucwaswa, ukuhlukunyezwa, iholo nehora kuxazululwe ngokukhipha noma ukuvala izivumelwano. Abaqashi abaningi bahlanganisa izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa izivumelwano eziphoqelelwe ezivumelwaneni zemisebenzi. Nakuba lomkhuba uye wadala ukuphikisana mayelana nokulunga, iNkantolo isekela njalo ukusebenza kwezivumelwano ezinjalo ngaphansi kwe-Federal Arbitration Act. I-Mediation ihlala ingukhetho lwengxabano yemisebenzi, inikeza izinqumo ezimbalwa zezezezezomthetho lapho izisebenzi nabaqashi bengafinyelela khona izinqumo ezifana nezinguquko zenqubo, ukuqeqeshwa, noma izakhiwo zemali.

Amathonsi Nokulimala Komuntu Siqu

Izehlakalo zokulimala komuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nezingozi zezimoto, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, kanye nokulahlekelwa komkhiqizo, kuxazululwa kakhulu nge-ADR, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kwemishuwalense. Lamacala avame ukuhlanganisa izinkampani zomshuwalense ezinezinto ezinkulu. I-Mediation ivumela amaqembu ukuba ahlole izingozi nokuxoxa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Kwezinye izindawo, izinkantolo zigunyaza ukungagunyazi ukulimala komuntu okuphansi. Isimo esiyimfihlo se-ADR sigwema nokulahlwa okungathandeki kwabamangalelwa.

Ukuchitheka Kwezakhiwo Nezakhiwo Kwangempela

Izingxabano eziphazamisanayo, izingxabano eziba khona, nezingxabano zezindawo nezivumelwano zezindawo zifanele i-ADR. Ukuthatha i-media noma ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kokungathathi hlangothi kungaxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulimaza inzuzo yempahla noma ubuhlobo. Ezizweni eziningi, izingxabano zenhlangano yabaninikhaya zifakwa kuqala ekukhipheni izigwebo ngemithetho.

Izinselele Nokucabangela Kwesinye Isixazululo

Nakuba i - ADR inamandla, iyingozi, amaholide kufanele acabangele lezi zinselele ngaphambi kokuba enze okuthile.

  • Amandla Amabala: Ekuxhumaneni noma ekuxoxisaneni, omunye angase abe nemithombo eyengeziwe noma amakhono okuxoxa. Lokhu kungaholela esivumelwaneni sokungalungi. Abalamuleli abanekhono baqeqeshelwa ukuqaphela nokunciphisa ukungalingani kwamandla, kodwa ukulingana okuphelele akuqiniseki. Empilweni yokuncintisana, iqembu elinamandla lingase lenze isigijimi sokukhetha ngokwaso (umz., ngokulinganisela noma ngokukhetha umenzi wamandla othandwayo).
  • Ukukhotlozelwa: Izivumelwano zokulungisa izivumelwano zibopha kuphela uma zincishiselwe ukuba zibhalwe futhi zisayinwe; kumele zivumelane nomthetho wesivumelwano. Amayadi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile angowokugcina nokubopha, kodwa izizathu ezilinganiselwe zokudlulisa izicelo zikhona (umz., ukukhwabanisa, ukucwasa, igunya elikhulu kakhulu). I-paritessium kumele iqonde izimpawu eziphoqelelwe ezisekwe emabusweni ayo.
  • Udwebo lwe-Formal Discovery: Ku-ADR, ukutholakala kulinganiselwe noma kulawulwa yizindawo. Nakuba lokhu kunciphisa izindleko, kungavimbela olunye uhlangothi ekutholeni ubufakazi obubalulekile. Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukutholakala okulinganiselwe kungenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwalendaba ngaphambi kokuxoxa.
  • Isithakazelo esiyimfihlo ne Precedentide: ADR iyimfihlo, ngakho ayikhi izenzakalo ezingokomthetho. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezimpikiswano − ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela amalungelo omphakathi noma izimpikiswano zesimiso somphakathi `kufanele zicaciswe ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela ekhanyayo futhi kuvezwe umthetho.
  • Ibhaxa elingokwengqondo:[ Abanye abazimisele ukuyekethisa noma ukungathembani lenqubo. Ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu, omunye angase enqabe ukuhlanganyela okholweni oluhle, enze i-ADR ingasebenzi. Umuntu ongathathi hlangothi akanakuphoqelela ukubambisana.
  • Ukucabangela okungokokuzithandela: Ama-Attorney kumele aqinisekise ukuthi amakhasimende ayiqonda ngokugcwele imithetho ye-ADR, kuhlanganise nokugcina kokufakwa kwe-arbit kanye nokuzibopha kobumboni. Ukuvuma kolwazi kuyagxeka.

Ikusasa Lempi Ehlukile Emthetho Wombango

Icebo le-ADR likhuphuka ngokukhanyayo. Izinkantolo zihlanganisa izinhlelo ze-ADR, izinkampani zihlela izivumelwano ze-ADR zobungane, futhi ubuchwepheshe buyanda ukufinyelela. I-Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) inye yentuthuko ephawulekayo. AmaPlatform avumela amaqembu ukuba angene ekufuneni izivumelwano, ukuxhumana, ngisho nokuhlanganisa ngokuphelele nge-ikhilijini. Lokhu kuthambekele kushesha phakathi nobhadaba lwe-COVID-19, kubonisa ukuthi isinqumo esiphumelelayo asidingi ukuba khona ngokoqobo. ODR izindleko eziphansi kakhulu zezindleko zezindleko kanye nezokuhamba, yenza ukuba i-ADR ingene kubantu ngabanye nasemabhizinisini amancane.

Amaqumrhu amaningi agunyaza i-ADR. Amazwe amaningi manje anezinhlelo ezibophayo zokulungisa imibandela yokuwinwa kwabantwana. Uniform Mediation Act, ethathiwe yizifundazwe eziningi zase-U.S., anikeza uhlelo lwesivumelwano lokufihla imfihlo nokuphoqelelwa. Esitejini sezizwe zonke, i-[FLT] SAPOLOR on Mediation[ (20))) yamisa isisekelo sokugcinwa kwezivumelwano zokuvala izivumelwano ezinqamule imikhawulo, ukuhlanganisa i-'uhlu lomthetho wesivumelwano sobuthelela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa sekuqala ukwenza indima ethile — ukusiza ekuhloleni izithembiso zokungathathi hlangothi, ukubikezela imiphumela, ngisho nokuhlela imibandela.

Njengoba i-ADR iqhubeka iguquka, ukubaluleka kwayo emthethweni womphakathi kuyokhula. Izingcezu eziqonda futhi zamukele i-ADR zithola izinzuzo ezisemgangathweni: izindleko eziphansi, inqumo esheshayo, kanye nokulawula okukhulu. Kudokotela abasemthethweni, impumelelo ye-ADR ayisabo okhetho; iyisici esiyinhloko sokuncintisana.

Isiphetho

Enye i-Diptate Disolution inikeza izindlela ezivumelanayo, eziphumelelayo, futhi ezivame ukuvelela zokuxazulula izingxabano zomthetho womphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngendlela yokulungisa, indlela ehlelwe ngayo, noma indlela elula yokuxoxisana, i-ADR inika amalungu amandla okuthola izixazulu ezifanelana nezidingo zawo ezikhethekile. Izinzuzo . /ukulondolozwa kwemali, ijubane, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokugcinwa kobuhlobo, kusekelwa kahle ngolwazi nokucwaninga. Nokho, ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezinselele ezinjengokungalingani kwamandla, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ukugcinwa, nokungavumelani kwempikiswano kubalulekile.

Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka isuka ekuxazululeni komthetho, i-ADR ime njengetshe lesisekelo lobulungisa banamuhla. Amadilime nodokotela ngokufanayo kufanele bahlole ngokukhuthele izinketho ze-ADR, besebenzisa imithombo yangaphandle njenge- American Arbitration Association yemithetho yokuhlela kanye ne- Cornell Legin Information [[ ukuze bathathe izici ezingokomthetho. Ngokufaka i-ADR ezindleleni zokuphenduzisa izinqumiso, ababheki bangafinyelela imiphumela engekhona nje ngokomthetho kodwa ehambisana nomsindo futhi esekelwayo.