Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu buyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ehlanganisayo yokucwaninga okungokomthetho okunemiphumela emikhulu emphakathini. Ukuqonda indlela lemikhakha emibili esebenzelana ngayo kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nanoma ubani onesithakazelo ekuphishekeleni ubulungisa nokulingana. Amalungelo omphakathi ($) isivikelo sokuvikela ukucwaswa komthetho kanye neziqinisekiso zokuphatha okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho ("ngokuvamile) kungqubuzana noma kuvivivinywe ukugcinwa kwemithetho yobugebengu. Lokhu kuveza zonke izimo ezisuka emaphoyiseni ziyeka ukukhipha izinqumo zokugweba, nakusukela ezinqunyweni zenkantolo kuya ezinguqulweni zemithetho. Ngokuhlola imisuka emisuka, izibondabeni yezindawo zesakhiwo, izinselele zezenhlala njalo, nezinselele zamanje, singalwazisa kangcono ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Umlando

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu kunomlando ocebile nobuhlungu kakhulu e-United States. Kusukela ekuqedweni kweNkathi yamaLungelo e-Civil, izinguquko ezingokomthetho ziye zabonisa ukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo sohlanga, ubulili, nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Umthetho wakuqala waseMelika wagunyaza abaphathi bezinhlanga, futhi isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu saba yithuluzi eliyinhloko lokumisa leyo sigaba. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iziNguquko zemithetho ye-Consolan zazama ukuchitha lezo zakhiwo, kodwa isithembiso sasheshe sathonywa imithetho emnyama, uJim Crow, nesimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu esasihlasela ama-Afrika.

Izenzakalo eziyingqophamlando zihlanganisa iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-13, esaqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa, kodwa sahlanganisa igebe lokujeziswa lokugqilazwa “njengesijeziso sobugebengu lapho lowo mjoni ebekwe khona icala” (_ilungiselelo elasiza ekutholeni iziboshwa zikhulu zikhulu. ISichibiyelo se-14 sanikeza ilungelo lokuba isakhamuzi nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho, futhi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu senqabela ukucwasa kohlanga ekuvoteni. Nokho, sathatha cishe ikhulu leminyaka lezenzo zobugqilanisi kanye nokukhishwa kwalezi zivumelwano ukuze ziqale ukugcinwa nganoma iyiphi indlela enengqondo. I-Rovincimentmentment of 1950 ne-1960 yaletha ukunakekela komthetho wesizwe ezindleleni zomthetho wobugebengu kwasetshenziswa ekuqedeni ukucwasaphula amalungelo embazweni, ekuboshweni kweqembu lamaphoyisa ukuba amaphoyisa athathe izintambo zobudlova.

  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sesithathu (1865):[ Ubugqila ngaphandle njengesijeziso sobugebengu.
  • Isichibiyeli se-14th (1868):[ Isabelo sezwe esisemthethweni nesivikelo esifanayo; inqubo edluliselwe ezenzweni zikahulumeni.
  • Isichibiyeli se-15th (1870): sasho ukuthi ukucwaswa kokuvota kusekelwe ohlangeni.
  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964: ubandlululo olungekho emthethweni ezindaweni zomphakathi zokulala nasemsebenzini.
  • [ Ukuvota amalungelo Asemthethweni ka-65:[ ubandlululo lobuhlanga olubonakala emikhubeni yokuvota.

Izichibiyelo Eziyinhloko Nezixhwexwa Zazo Zomthetho Wesigebengu

ISiphakamiso samaRoxast kanye nezinguquko ezilandelanayo zenza umthetho-mthetho osebenza ngaphakathi. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka; iSichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile nesivikelo ekuzibekeleni ngokwaso; iSichibiyeli sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ijaji elingakhethi, neseluleko somthetho; futhi iSichibiyelo se-8h Reging sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme kakhulu nesijeziso esinonya nengavamile. Lesivikelo asiyona inqubo ecatshangelwayo − − − nakathiwayo nsuku zonke eziteshini zamaphoyisa, enkantolo, nasemajele.

Abasekeli bamalungelo omphakathi baphikisa ngokuthi lezisivikelo ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa ngokungafani, nemiphakathi emincane kanye nabampofu ababhekene nempi enzima yokungaphathi kahle nokugwetshwa ngokhahlo. Ukucindezela phakathi kwamandla omthetho kanye namalungelo abantu kusemnyombweni wezimpikiswano eziningi eziphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wokuzihlukanisa (ukuthi ubufakazi obuthola ngokwephula iSichibiyelo sesine seSichibiyelo) kuyikhambi eliqondile lamalungelo omphakathi phakathi kwenqubo yobugebengu. Ngokufanayo, [FLT]] Miranda[ izixwayiso ezifunwa yinhloso yesihlanu yeNguqulo ukuze kuvikelwe ukusolwa kweNkansolo yokuphenya.

  • Isichibiyeli seNguqulo-volution:[ Ukufuna nokuvikela ukudumba; kudinga izimfuneko ezisekelwe ekubangeleni okungenzeka.
  • Isichibiyeli se-pith: Ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, usengozini ephindwe kabili, inqubo efanele, imbuyiselo nje ngokuthatha.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxtith:[ kwesokudla sokululeka, ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokusobala, ukulwa kofakazi ngokungakhethi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Isivikelo ekuthatheni ibheyili ephakeme, amafashini, nesijeziso sonya nesobunyoninco.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane: Sasebenzisa iMithetho eminingi yamalungelo esizwe ngokufakwa.

Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Ezachaza Ukuhlangana Kwemidlalo

Amacala amaningi aphawulekayo aye athonya ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): yamemezela ukwahlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, ibeka isisekelo sobandlululo lwezimiso olunzima.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): wamisa ilungelo lokumisa iseluleko esimisiwe sabamangalelwa abangemthetho emacaleni kahulumeni anecala, emisa iSichibiyelo seSithandathu.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Kwadingeka amaphoyisa ukuba azise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo okuthulisa nokululeka phambi kokuphenywa kwemvume.
  • Terry v.O.1968): Amaphoyisa avunyelwe ukuba “ma futhi afake i-frisk” abantu abasekelwe ekusoleni okunengqondo, ukulinganisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine ngokuvimbela ubugebengu.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Waqinisekisa ilungelo lowesifazane lokufuna ukufihla imfihlo ekukhetheni ukuzala, ebonisa indlela amalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu ohlangana ngayo ngokuzimela komzimba.
  • Batson v. Kentucky (1986): abashushisi abavivinyelwe ngokuvivinya izinselele ezisekelwe kuphela ezinhlangani.
  • I-Divolity of Columbia v. Heller (2008): yaqaphela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuphatha izikhali, ifaka umthetho wezibhamu eziphazanyiswa ubugebengu.

Icala ngalinye lalamacala libonisa isici esihlukile se-gaded yamalungelo omphakathi nesigaba somthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Gideon ngokuqondile] wakhuluma ngendlela ukuntula ukumelelwa ngokomthetho ezimpikiswaneni zobugebengu okungaphula ngayo amalungelo omthetho-mmangalelwa, ngokungahleleki athinta abantu abaphansi nabambalwa. Terry v. Ohio wanikeza amaphoyisa imvume ebanzi yokuqhuba i-Accryve, amandla aye agxekwa ngenxa yokwenza kube lula ukuveza izibalo zohlanga. Lezi zezenzakalo zilokhu ziqhubeka ziphikisana ngokushisa njengoba izinselele ezintsha ziphakama.

Izicelo Zanamuhla

Kumphakathi wanamuhla, ukudilika kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu kuseyimpikiswano ebucayi nevame ukuphikisana. Ngokwe-NAACP, ama-Afrika abhekene nokushintshwa kwenguquko yequmrhu, ukuguqulwa kwebheyili, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlanga kuqokomisa ukulwa okuqhubekayo kobulungisa nokulingana. Isimiso somthetho wobugebengu sanamuhla eUnited States sibulala abantu abaningi kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe, nobandlululo olujulile. Ngokwe-NAACP, amaMelika aseAfrika aboshwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezinhlanu. Lokhu kubangela ushintsho olungokwezimiso zezwe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamaphoyisa Amabutho Nokulandisa

Ukufa kwabantu abangenakuhlonywa phakathi nokuhlangana namaphoyisa kuye kwabangela ukulandisa kwesizwe. Izimfundiso ezingokomthetho zezindinganiso zokuzivikela ezifanelekeleyo namandla anamandla ngokweqile zivame ukuvikela izikhulu eziboshweni zomphakathi, okwenza kube nzima ngezisulu ukulwela amalungelo azo. ISichibiyelo sesine seSichithi sivimbela “ukuquleka okungenangqondo”, kuhlanganise nempi enzima, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zanikeza amaphoyisa inkululeko enkulu ezimweni ezishubile. Iziphakamiso zenguquko zihlanganisa ukuqeda isimiso sokuzivikela esifanelekayo, idinga abashushisi abazimele ngenxa yokudubulana kwezikhulu, futhi zisebenzisa izigelekeqe zezisebenzi zezokuhlasela umphakathi.

Ukuhlukanisa Kwabaningi Nezigigaba

IMpi Yezidakamizwa, imigwebo ebophekile, imithetho emithathu ethatha izinyawo ezintathu, nokugweba i-crack-paper cocaine kuhulumeni ukuhlukanisa i-cocaine kuye kwabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lamajele, ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kuthinta imiphakathi yabamnyama nabaLatino. Umehluko phakathi kwe-crack ne-cocaine owenziwe ngempova ekugcineni wancishiswa yi-Fair Sentencing Act ka-2010, kodwa ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga kuyaqhubeka. Abasekeli bamalungelo omphakathi baphikisa ukuthi lemithetho yenza ubumpofu nobulutha obungalawuleki kunokuba ibaphathe njengezindaba zempilo yomphakathi. I-Fost Act of 2018 ka-2018 yamelela umzamo wokulungisa imithetho ethile yokugweba, kodwa abagxeki ukuthi ayizange iqhubeke ngokwanele.

Ukukhubazeka Kwezimboni

Isimiso semali ebhayileni ezifundazweni eziningi sijezisa ubumpofu ngokugcina abamangalelwa beboshiwe beboshiwe ngenxa nje yokuthi abanamali. Lokhu kubangela ukucindezela kokumangalela icala − ngisho nalapho kungenacala ($(ukugwema) ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside. Amalungelo esizwe aye abekela inselele ibheyili yemali njengesephulo lokuvikela okulinganayo nenqubo efanelekile. Amanye amagunya aye adlulela emamathuluzini ayingozi nasemakhonzweni okukhulula izinhlelo, nakuba kusekhona ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo lwemithetho.

Ukuhlambalaza Nokuhlambalaza Kohlanga

Ukumiswa kwezimoto, ukuhlolwa kwabahamba ngezinyawo, nokugcinwa kwezidakamizwa kuvame ukuhlasela imiphakathi emincane. Izibalo nezinqumo zenkantolo ziye zafaka ubufakazi bezindlela zokukhipha igebengu. ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba nokucabangela, kodwa “ukusola okunengqondo” indinganiso ye- ye-Terry[ iye yamiswa ngokulandelana. Izimo eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa ngezinhlanga nangesizwe phakathi namanqana, futhi uMnyango wobulungisa uye wahlola izinhlangano zamaphoyisa ngomlando wobandlululo.

  • I-Brutality: izikhalo zokulandisa nokulungisa inqubo yokugcinwa komthetho, kuhlanganise namakhamera omzimba kanye nezimiso zomzimba.
  • Ama-Mas Incicetion: ithonya eliguquguqukayo emiphakathini emincane kanye nesidingo sokushintsha kwenqubo mayelana nokugweba nokungena.
  • Ukukhuluma okungaqondakaliyo: Izinselele eziqhubekayo ekusingatheni ubandlululo phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu, ukusuka ekuyekeni ukuya ekubosheni izinkolelo.
  • I-Barganing: engaphezu kwa 95% yezinkolelo ezisekelwe kumphumela wokunxusa kobugebengu, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwezimo ezihambisanayo, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okufanelekile.
  • [[QUT:0] Juvenile Justice:[ INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi abantwana bahlukile, ilinganisela ukuphila ngaphandle kokunciphiswa kwezingane (Miller v. Alabama).

Indima Yokuqondisa Nokushaya Imithetho

Izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi sekuyisikhathi eside zisebenzisa i-ligitation, ukunxusa, nemfundo yomphakathi ukuze ziqhubele phambili izinguquko emthetho wobugebengu. I-NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, i-American Civil Liberation Union, i-Innocence Project, ne-Seveniting Project iphakathi kwamazwi aphambili asekela isimiso sokulunga. Imizamo yomthetho efuna ukuphehlwa kwezikhulu nesombuso iyaqhubeka ikhona. I-George Floyd Justice in Policial Act, nakuba ingadlulanga, ihlongoza ukuvinjelwa kwemigqa, futhi iveza ukuvikelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni yezwe lonke. Ezingeni, izishayamthetho eziningi ziye zadlulisa imithetho efuna ukuba kuhlolwe ngokwayo izikhulu eziphethe izikhulu eziphethe, ukuvikishaza ukuvalwa kwemithetho evimbela i-'ibnbond, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuvimbela kwemithetho.

Enye indawo ebucayi imiphumela yokuvinjelwa kwezephulamthetho − njengemingcele yokuvota, imigoqo yemisebenzi, ukunqatshelwa kwezindlu, nokulahlekelwa izinzuzo zomphakathi − okuvame ukukhuthaza ukungalingani. “ukungalingani okungalawuleki kwemithetho” esusa amalungelo okuvota kubantu abanezinkolelo zobugebengu kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngaphansi kwe-Voting Rights Act neSichibiyelo se-14 sempumelelo ehlukene. Umza we “ukuvimbela ibhokisi” uhlose ukususa imibuzo yobugebengu ezimisweni zomsebenzi ukuze unike abantu ababekade beboshelwe ithuba elihle emsebenzini.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Kubafundisi nabafundi ababheke ekujuliseni ukuqonda kwabo phakathi kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu, kunezinto ezihlukahlukene ezikhona. lezizinto zingathuthukisa izingxoxo ekilasini, zisekele imisebenzi yokucwaninga, futhi zazise imizamo yokuqamba.

Izincwadi

  • I-Jim Crow: Ukuhlanganisa kweMisa eNkathini yombala i-orborm [ nguMichelle Alexander. Umsebenzi ohlola indlela isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu esiqhubekisela ngayo phambili isigaba sohlanga.
  • Intethelelo elungile: Indaba yobulungisa nentengiselwano [[FLT] nguBryan Stevenson]. Indaba evela kummeli wamalungelo esizwe oqokomisa ukungalingani kwesijeziso sentambo yentambo nobulungisa bentsha.
  • [FLT]] Ukuvala Izethu: Ubugebengu nesijeziso eMelika emnyama[ nguJames Forman Jr. Uhlola indima yabaholi abamnyama bezombangazwe ekunyuseni kwemijelo yokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi.
  • [FLT] Ngaphandle kobugebengu: Indlela inqubo yethu ebangela iziphazamiso efihlwayo ecusha ngayo umbamba we Innocent futhi yenza iMelika ingabingalingani[[FLT] nguAlexandra Natapoff].

Imibhalo Namabhayisikobho

  • [[INTLOBO:0]th iqondiswe yi-Ava DuVernay. Ikhasethi elinamandla lokuvula imigwaqo yohlanga, ubulungisa, nokubopha ngobuningi.
  • [[FLT] i-Central Park 5 [[[FLT]] iqondiswa yiKen Bursns. Ilandisa indaba yentsha emihlanu eneminyaka eyishumi nambili ebekwe icala elingalungile lokuhlasela konya.
  • [[INTLOBO:0] Lapho Besibona[[FLT] [[amathumbu], futhi ngu-Ava DuVernay]. Ithatha i-Central Park 5 Cancery nomphumela wayo.
  • Ubulungisa beqiniso: Bryan Stevenson's Impi yokungalingani [[FLT] eqondiswe nguPeter Kunhardt.

Izikole Nezici Ezingaphakathi Kuyi - Internet

  • Coursera: “Umthetho waseMelika: Indlela Osebenza ngayo” ne-“Living Rights nenkululeko yomphakathi” izimo ze-odoless ze-Yunivesithi yasePennsylvania.
  • EdX:[ ```Ubulungisa' nguMichael Sandel, Harvard University; “Icala noMthetho” ukusuka eBoston University.
  • Ikhambi livula izifundo: "Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi” ne-“Umthetho osemthethweni”.
  • PBS Learningmedia:[ amasu esifundo ngamalungelo omphakathi noshintsho lwezomthetho wobugebengu.

Izinhlangano Namaqembu Ezisebenzi Zobufundisi

Isiphetho

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungelo omphakathi nomthetho wobugebengu kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqonda ubulungisa emphakathini. Ngokuhlola umlando, amacala angokomthetho ayinhloko, kanye nemiphumela yanamuhla, othisha nabafundi bangahlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezinengqondo ezikhuthaza ukuqaphela nokulwela amalungelo omphakathi. Indlela engaphambili idinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuzimisela ukubhekana namaqiniso angathandeki aphathelene nobandlululo, kanye nokuzimisela ukulungisa isithunzi esingokobulungisa nokuziphatha kwabantu. Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqala, izifundo zakudala zisikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo avikelwe nguMthetho-mthetho awazichazi. Ingxenye esebenzayo yokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi, abameli, abahluleli, nabaenzi bomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso somthetho olinganayo ifezeka ngaphansi komthetho.