Umthetho wesizwe ubusa ukuxhumana okuningi kwansuku zonke okungokomthetho, ngokusayina ijezi kodwa ukuthenga imoto ukuze udlulise isivumelwano esiphukileyo noma ukulimala komuntu siqu. Ngokungafani nomthetho wobugebengu, ohlanganisa ukuqungatha abantu ngezomthetho omelene nomphakathi, umthetho womphakathi unikeza uhlelo oluhleliwe lokuxazulula izimpikiswano zangasese phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano. Injongo yawo eyinhloko ayisojezo kodwa ukubuyiselwa: ukukhokhisa iqembu elilimele amalungelo, noma ukudinga iqembu ukuba lifeze isibopho. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho wesizwe osebenza ngayo, inqubo yokukhomba, inqubo efanayo, nezindlela zokukhomba enkantolo. [1] Ukusiza noma ubani ukuba aqondise izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nokucacile.

Uyini Umthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho wesizwe ungenye yamagatsha amabili ayinhloko esimiso somthetho e-United States nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izindaba zomthetho ezingakhohlakele ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ngezivumelwano, impahla, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, ukulimala komuntu siqu, kanye nezindaba zomsebenzi. E-United States, isimiso somthetho sithathwe [ eMthethweni wesiNgisi [[[ umthetho ovamile we-French], oncike kakhulu elandela izivumelwano nasemehlweni. Kodwa amanye amazwe amaningi asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho engokomthetho nangokwezinjongo ezingokomthetho. Imithetho] esekelwe ezinhlanganweni zemithetho ebanzi (njenge-Napoleonkospeons eFrance).

Isihluthulelo sokuhlukanisa izici zomthetho wesizwe nomthetho wezelelesi zihlanganisa amaqembu ahilelekile (amaqembu omphakathi azimele amelene nohulumeni), umthwalo wobufakazi (ubufakazi obuningi bungangakholeki), nomgomo wokugcina (ukukhipha nokukhokha kanye nokujezisa). Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi isenzo ngezinye izikhathi singaholela kukho kokubili imiphumela yomphakathi neyobugebengu, ngokwesibonelo, ingozi yokushayela edakiwe ingaphumela ekumangalelweni kwecala lobugebengu (kumbuso) kanye nokumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi ngenxa yesijeziso (esisusela esisulwini sobugebengu).

Izimiso Eziwumthetho

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zisekela isimiso somthetho futhi zilolonge indlela izingxabano ezixazululwa ngayo.

  • Izaziso zobufakazi: Ezindabeni zomphakathi, umlandu kumelwe afakazele ukuthi inguquko yabo yezenzakalo iyiqiniso kakhulu kunokuthi ayilona ithuba elingaphezu kuka 50%. Lokhu kuyibhande eliphansi kunendinganiso “engakholekiyo eyongabazayo” esetshenziswa ekulingweni kobugebengu.
  • I-Bride of Project: I-paltiff ithwala umthwalo wokuqala wokuveza ubufakazi obusekela ukusho kwayo. Uma ihlangabezwa, ummangalelwa angadinga ukunikeza ubufakazi obuphikisayo. Umthwalo wokugcina usala ngommangalelwa.
  • Ukuma: [ Umuntu noma inhlangano kumelwe ixhumene ngokwanele nempikiswano ukuze ilethe icala. Kumelwe ukuba bahluphekile (noma basongelwa kakhulu) ngengozi yangempela.
  • Isigwebo sesijeziso: umthetho wangaphakathi uhlose ukwenza umlimele aphelele, hhayi ukujezisa umenzi wobubi (isijeziso singesokushiya uma kwenzeka ukuziphatha okubi okungaqondile). Amakhambi avamile ahlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, iziyalezo, kanye nokwenza okuthile.
  • Eqenjini lezenkantolo: Ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi, amaqembu anelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuqulwa kwecala (nakuba amacala amaningi axazululwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa). Ijaji linquma imibuzo yeqiniso; umahluleli unquma imibuzo yomthetho.

Lezi zimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uhlala uyindlela efanelekile yokuxazulula izingxabano zangasese, ulinganisele amalungelo abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zecala Langaphakathi

Umthetho wezakhamuzi uhlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, futhi okulandelayo kuyizigaba ezivame kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nazo.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Ama-internact ayimgogodla wezohwebo nezivumelwano zomuntu siqu. Uma omunye ehluleka ukufeza izibopho zakhe zesivumelwano, noma ikhokha izinkonzo, ukuhambisa izimpahla, noma izindinganiso zomsebenzi wokuhlangana kungavela. Amakhambi angempela ahlanganisa [ ukukhokha umonakalo [ [ukuhlanganisa], [] umsebenzi ocazelelweyo (imvume yenkantolo yokwenza isivumelwano), noma ukukhomba izivumelwano] (ukuhlanganisa isivumelwano]). Umthetho ulawulwa kakhulu umthetho, nomthetho (i-FULTCC) we-CCCC).

Izinkulumo Ezishoyo

Amatort ayizingozi zomphakathi ezibangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa komunye umuntu. Okuvame kakhulu i-tort yi- i-gnodece, lapho umuntu ehluleka khona ukwenza ngokunakekela okusesilinganisweni, ebangela ukulimala (umz., izingozi zemoto, islip nokuwa, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha),. Okunye ukuhlanganisa [[FLT:] ukudambisa [[FLT:] [[FLT: 3] [FT]] (inte kanye nokunyundela), [[FLT:], [FFF:] ukukhubeka nokwehlela, [FFFF:], futhi ulahlekelwa , izindleko zomthetho, kanye nomthetho wokwelapha. [FLT], futhi ulahle izindleko zobuhlungu.[10]

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Umthetho wempahla uhlanganisa kokubili impahla yangempela (izwe nezakhiwo) nempahla yomuntu siqu (izinto ezingenzeka njengezimoto, izinto zokuhloba, nezinto eziyigugu, kanye nezinto ezingathandeki njenge-stock). Ukudivosa kungahlanganisa imingcele yobunikazi (izingxabano zemigqa evaliweyo), izimpikiswano zezindawo, ukudambisa, ukuphulwa kwezindawo, noma iziqu. Ezimpikiswaneni eziningi zempahla, inkantolo ingakhipha inctanction[[] ukuvimbela ukulimala okuqhubekayo noma ukuyala ukuthengiswa kwempahla ukuba ihlukaniswe.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya usingatha izici ezingokomthetho zobuhlobo obungokomthetho, kuhlanganise nomshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa, ukusekela kobungane (ubupolisa), ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya. Lamacala ngokuvamile abekwa iziqondiso ezingokomzwelo, futhi izinkantolo zibeka phambili izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane. Izindaba eziningi zomkhaya zihilela kokubili izinqumo ezingokomthetho neziyiqiniso, ngokuvamile ezixazululwa ngokuxoxa noma ukuxhumana ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Umthetho Womsebenzi

Izingxabano phakathi kwabaqashi nezisebenzi zakha indawo ebalulekile yomthetho wesizwe. Izibalo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuqedwa ngokungafanele (ukulwa nokwephula isivumelwano noma isimiso somphakathi), ukonakalisa[[[FLT:]] (kusekelwe eluhlazweni, ebulilini, ebulilini, ewubudala, njl.), [[FLT:]] ukuphambanisa [ (kuhlanganise ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili), [[FLT] ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, [[FLT:]] nokuphucwa kwehora [FLT] [FLT] [ikweqiwe], iholo elincishisiwe, neholo elincishisiwe, [[FFLT]] ne-FOLT] izivumelwano zesivumelwano semisebenzi eminingi.[Foctive Actives.]

Ezinye Izindawo Eziphawulekayo

  • Umthetho osemthethweni: uphikisa imikhiqizo ekhubazekile, ukukhangisa okukhohlisayo, noma imikhuba yebhizinisi engalungile.
  • [[UMTH:0] Iprobate kanye nokuthemba: iphikisana ngefa, ukuphatha indawo, kanye nokuphatha kwethemba.
  • Izakhiwo ezifundisayo: Ukusungula izimfashini zomgunyathi, uphawu, noma imvume.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Umthetho ongokwezimo: ukumangalela ngasese ukungcola noma ukuphoqelela imithetho yendawo ezungezile.

Inqubo Yokuxosha Izindaba Ezinabantu Bonke

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuyinqubo engokomthetho yasenkantolo yokuxazulula izingxabano. Nakuba icala ngalinye lihlukile, lenqubo ilandela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo zokudlulisa icala futhi ikhange. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kungasiza abantu ukuba balungiselele futhi balawule amathemba.

Ukuxosha Isikhalo

Icala liqala lapho i-paltiff ifaka inkantolo elungile nenkantolo elungile. Lencwadi iqukethe inkulumo yamaqiniso, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, futhi imvume ifuna (umk., ukulimala kwemali noma isiyalo). I-peacttiff kumelwe ikhethe inkantolo elungile `inkantolo yezindaba eziningi zomphakathi, kodwa uma icala lihilela umthetho kahulumeni noma ukwahlukahlukana kwesabelo (ingxenye zezindawo ezivela ezindaweni ezihlukene nenani lempikiswano elingaphezu kuka-R35 000).

Inkonzo Yenqubo

Ngemva kokuhlela, ummangalelwa kumelwe anikeze ukopi wesikhalo kanye ummangalelwa . Lokhu kwenza ummangalelwa aqaphele ukuthi icala lidlulisiwe futhi wazisa ngenkathi emisiwe yokuphendula. Inkonzo efanele ibucayi; ukuhluleka ukukhonza kahle kungabambezela icala noma kuholele ekuxoshweni.

3. Ukusabela Kweqembu Eliyilwe

Ummangalelwa kumelwe afake impendulo phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile 21-30). Empendulweni, ummangalelwa uyavuma noma uphika impikiswano ngayinye futhi angaphakamisa [[[FLT:]] isivikelo esiqinile[[[[FLT:]] (umk.umthetho wokulinganisela, ukulinganisela). Ummangalelwa angase angene futhi [[[FLT:] avume ama-amfensi [[FLT:]] aphakamise i-pastrititi noma [[FLT:]] ama-clactims [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]]

4. Izingxoxo Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwenkathi

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukutholakala, amaqembu angathatha amafayela ukuze axazulule izindaba ezithile ngokushesha. uMBONO wokuxosha uveza ukuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukusho into engokomthetho. ukuvumelana kokwahlulela okufingqiwe[ kucela inkantolo ukuba ilawule emseni wombango womunye weqembu osekelwe emaqinisweni angaphikiswa, ugweme icala. Izinkantolo eziningi zibuye zibambe [ izingquthela zomthetho [ ukuxoxa ngohlelo lohlelo, izimpikiswano eziwumngcipheko, futhi zikhuthaze ukuhlahlela.

Ukutholwa. 5.

Ukuthola kuyinqubo engokomthetho yokushintshana ngokwaziswa phakathi kwamaphathi. Ngokuvamile kuyinkathi ethatha isikhathi esiningi neyabizayo. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa iziqu (imibuzo ebhaliwe), [[FLT:]] izicelo zomkhiqizo [ [iiimvume] zokukhiqiza [[[[FLT:]] [iiiimvume], amarekhodi, [iiimibhalo] eqophakahlisiwe [i-meyili], [i-FLT] (imibuzo ebhalwe ngomlomo ethathwe ngaphansi kokufushayelwa), izicelo zokuvuma [[FLT]]. Discovestion zombili zivumela amandla okuhlola ukuvumelana nezingxoxo zabo.

6. Ukuxazulula Inkinga Nempi Ehlukile

Kunoma iliphi iqophelo ("ngaphambi noma phakathi nokutholakala, ngisho nasezitebhisini zenkantolo"iqembu lingakhetha ukuxazulula icala. Ukuhlala kuvame ukukhuthazwa izinkantolo ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi nemali. Ikomiti eningi ifuna amaqembu ukuba ahlanganyele ukuphathwa kwecala [ noma ] ukuhlanganisa [ phambi kokuqulwa kwecala [ingxenye engezansi kwe-ADR). Isivumelwano siyisivumelwano esibophezelayo esiqeda icala.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma kungekho kusihlulwa, icala liqhubekela ecaleni. Ecaleni lasebhentshi, umahluleli unquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Ekuquleni kwejaji, abahluleli banquma amaqiniso kuyilapho ijaji ebayala ngomthetho. Bobabili abahluleli banikeza izimemezelo zokuvula, ukuhlola ofakazi, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokunikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha. Ngemva kokuphenya, abahluleli bahumusha [[ icala. Umahluleli ungena ekwahluleleni [

8. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kokwahlulela, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lifake unyawo lwangemva komthetho (umz., [[FLT: 0]] isisusa sokuqulwa okusha noma ukusabela ekwahluleleni naphezu kwesinqumo [[). Uma lezo ezihlulekayo, zingaba khona ukuthunyelelwa enkantolo ephakeme. Isikhalo asisona isahlulelo esisha; inkantolo ibukeza amaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka ukuthi athinte umphumela. Izikhalo zingaba zinde futhi zibiza, futhi ngokuvamile ziphumele ekuhleleni, ekulungiseni, noma ekulungiseni ukuqulwa kabusha kwecala elisha.

Enye Impikiswano

Uma kucatshangelwa isikhathi, izindleko, nokulimala okungokomzwelo, izingxabano eziningi zomphakathi zixazululwa ngezinye izindlela zesinqumo eziphikisanayo. I - ADR ingaba ehlelwe ngokuzithandela noma ehlelwe inkantolo futhi ngokuvamile iholele emiphumeleni esheshayo nevumelana nezimo.

Ukuzwana

Isigaba esilula kakhulu se-ADR(isigaba) sixhumana ngokuqondile nabameli bazo ukuze sifinyelele indawo yokuhlala. Ukuxoxisana kuyinto ekhululekile, eyimfihlo, futhi kungavela nganoma iliphi izinga. Ukuxoxisana okuphumelelayo kudinga ukukhulumisana okucacile, okulindelekile, nokuzimisela ukuhlehla.

Isiphazamiso

I-mediation ihilela ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi umlamuleli osiza ukukhulumisana futhi usiza izigidi ukuba zisebenzise izindlela zokufuna isinqumo. Umlamuleli akaphoqeleli isinqumo; kunalokho, uqondisa izigigaba esivumelwayo esivumelwaneni esamukelekayo. I-media iphumelela ikakhulukazi emthethweni womkhaya, izimpikiswano zasemsebenzini, nesivumelwano. Iyimfihlo futhi ayigunyazi uma kungasayinwanga isivumelwano.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-Arbitration isemthethweni kakhulu kune-mediation. Amaqembu anikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano koyedwa noma ngaphezulu abaqondisi, abese ekhipha isinqumo esibophekayo (umklomelo). I-Arbitrotion ingaba nesibopho uma idingeka ngesivumelwano (umz., izivumelwano zomsebenzi, izinketho zabathengi). Nakuba imingcele yokuthola nokudlulisa nokunxusa kungenziwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kunenkantolo. Amaqembu amaningi ayakwazisa ukugcinwa nokudluliswa komthetho.

Umthetho Obalulekile

Kusetshenziswa ngokuvamile ekwahlukaneni nasemthethweni womkhaya, umthetho obambisanayo uhilela iqembu ngalinye eligcina ummeli oqeqeshelwe ngokukhethekile ukuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Bonke abahlanganyelayo basayina isivumelwano sokungayi enkantolo; uma izingxoxo zingahambi, abameli kumelwe bahoxe, bakhuthaze ukuthembisana okuhle kokholo.

Isinqumo Sempikiswano Kuyi - Internet (ODR)

Ukuthambekela okuvelayo, i-ODR isebenzisa iziteshi ze-minucture ukuxazulula iziphakamiso ezincane, izingxabano zabathengi, noma ngisho nezinye izindaba zomkhaya. Kuwusizo kakhulu ezimweni ezinenani eliphansi lapho ukubiza okungokwesiko kungabiza khona izindleko. I-ODR ingahlanganisa ukuxoxisana okuzenzekelayo, ukudlulisa i-teography, noma uku-web site yokuhlela i-intanethi.

Izindlela Zokuxazulula Inkinga Yomthetho Wangaphakathi

Uma icala lomphakathi liholela ekwahlulelweni komthathi-mthetho, inkantolo izoyala ikhambi. Izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi amakhambi amakhambi ahlukene [ [umonakalo we-monetary] kanye [ amakhambi angenakulinganiswa [ (iziyalezo ezinga---thuntu).

Izingozi Ze - monetary

  • [ Imiphumela yokuhlawulisa: iklanyelwe ukukhokhela i-paltif ngokulahlekelwa okungokoqobo kwemali yezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, ukulimala kwempahla, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • Imiphumela ehlukanisayo: Akhhalwa emacaleni okuziphatha okubi okungalawuleki (umzk., ukukhwabanisa noma ukulimaza ngamabomu) ukuze kujeziswe ummangalelwa futhi kuvinjelwe ububi besikhathi esizayo. Izimo eziningi zesifundazwe sikhokhelwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo osuphelisiwe: uchazwe ezivumelwaneni njengenani elibekwe phambili lempoqo.
  • Umonakalo ongathi awulutho:[ Imali encane (ngokuvamile R1) ekhokhwe uma ilungelo elingokomthetho seliphulwe kodwa akukho ukulahlekelwa okukhulu.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezingalingani

  • Injuction: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umbambi sicelo sokwenza okuthile (isiyalo sempoqo) noma ukuyeka ukwenza okuthile (isiyalo se-projithi). Ngokwesibonelo, umyalo ungamisa ukwakhiwa kwempahla ephikiswayo.
  • I-Specific Secrect:[ I-oda yeqembu ukwenza isivumelwano ngendlela evumelana ngayo, ngokuvamile esisetshenziswa ekuthengiseleni indawo noma izimpahla ezihlukile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubuyisela: ikhansela isivumelwano bese ibuyisela amalungu ezikhundla zawo zangaphambi kwe-condtract.
  • Ukuhlelwa: kuhlanganisa isivumelwano esibhaliwe sokubonisa izinhloso zamalungu.

Ngokuvamile izinkantolo zikhetha amakhambi angokomthetho kunalawo alinganayo ngoba kulula ukuphoqelela ukuba kugcinwe umonakalo, kodwa ukulinganisela kutholakala lapho imali inganele.

Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nomphakathi

Umthetho wangaphakathi uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla. Usiza abantu ukuba babheke abanye ngezithembiso eziphukileyo, ukunganaki, noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele. Unikeza amabhizinisi uhlelo olunokwethenjelwa lwezentengiselwano, uwavumela ukuba abophe izivumelwano futhi avikele impahla. Futhi usekela amalungelo ayisisekelo − njengamalungelo empahla, amalungelo obuzali, nelungelo lokungacwaswa ngokucwaswa kwecala − ngokungemthetho wecala. Ngaphandle kwesimiso somphakathi esisebenzayo, izingxabano zingadlondlobala ukuze umuntu azitholele usizo noma alwe, futhi umsebenzi wezomnotho ungancishwa ngokungaqiniseki.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimiso sokuqulisana kwezenhlalakahle sibhekene nezinselele: izindleko eziphakeme, ukulibala isikhathi eside, nokuthola ubulungisa ngokungafani ngalabo abangenayo imithombo. Imibuso eminingi iyaqhubeka ihlola izinguquko //izimiso ezilawulayo, ukwandisa izinkantolo ezincane, nokukhuthaza u-ADR(ukuthuthukisa ubulungisa bangaphakathi kubo bonke. Kunoma ubani ohilelekile empikiswaneni yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nommeli noma ukufuna usizo olusemthethweni kungawenza umehluko phakathi kwesinqumo esilungile nomphumela onzima.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezihloko zomthetho we-computer, bheka i-Melikan Bar Association’s mayelana nomthetho we-opulan, [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute ye-Learct ye-[, noma USA.gov’s mayelana nezingxabano zomphakathi[[. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho nezibopho zakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuwavikeleni kunoma yisiphi isici somphakathi.