Isingeniso: Ukuncishiswa Kwamalungelo Omshado

Umshado ungenye yezinhlangano zezenhlalo zasendulo kakhulu, ezisebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho nesomphakathi sokwakheka komkhaya, ifa, nokusekelana. Ezimisweni zezwe zanamuhla zomthetho, amalungelo omshado ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhetha umngane womshado, ikhono lokungena ebunyeni obuqashelwe ngokomthetho, ukungenela isehlukaniso, kanye nesivikelo ngokuphathelene nempahla, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, kanye nezinzuzo zobungane. Lamalungelo avame ukuhlanganiswa emithethweni yemithetho-mthetho, imithetho yemithetho yelungelo lomuntu, nemithetho yomkhaya.

Nokho, incazelo yomshado isaphikiswana. Nakuba indoda eyodwa eshadile — indoda eyodwa phakathi kwabantu ababili — iyisibonelo esivamile ezimisweni zomthetho zaseNtshonalanga nasemazweni amaningi athonywa umthetho wamakoloni, ingxenye enkulu yemikhuba yenani labantu emhlabeni noma isithembu esingokomlando. Imishado enzima, ikakhulukazi ipolygyny (indoda eyodwa enezindela eziningi), ivame ezingxenyeni ze-Afrika, iMpuma Ephakathi, ne-Asia, futhi ivame ukufakwa emasikweni enkolo noma angokwesiko. Lokhu kwakha ingxabano eyisisekelo: izimiso ezingokomthetho ziklanyelwe kanjani ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zomshado zezakhamuzi zayo ezihlukahlukene ngaphandle kokwephula izimiso zokulingana namalungelo abantu ngabanye?

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinselele ezingokomthetho ezibangelwa imishado yesithembu, ukuhlola amasiko namalungelo abantu, nokubukeza imizamo yokulungisa esetshenziswayo ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene. Umgomo uwukunikeza abenzi bemithetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwamalungelo omshado nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko kuyini.

Ukuqonda Imishado Edumile: Incazelo Nomkhuba

Isithembu sibhekisela emkhubeni wokushada nabantu abangaphezu koyedwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi kunezici ezimbili eziyinhloko, okungefani neze neze ezintathu:

  • [[FLT: 0] Polygyny[ - indoda eshade nabesifazane abaningi. Loluhlobo olusakazeke kakhulu, oluqashelwayo noma olubekezelelwayo emazweni angaphezu kuka-40, ngokuyinhloko e-Afrika engaphansi kweSaharan, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kanye nezingxenye ze-Southeast ne-Asia.
  • Polyandry - owesifazane oshade namadoda amaningi. Ivela kancane kakhulu emiphakathini embalwa eqhelelene njengeNyinba yaseNepal neToda yaseningizimu yeNdiya, ngokuvamile njengecebo lokunqanda ukuhlukana kwezwe noma ukulawula imithombo eswele.
  • [[[QLT:0] Umshado weqembu [-amadoda amaningi namakhosikazi amaningi. Ivela kakhulu, imbalwa kakhulu, ilinganiselwe emiphakathini nasemizaneni ehlolweni engokomlando (umz., i-Oneida Community in century New York).

Izizathu ezingokwenkolo zokuthethelela ipolygyny zitholakala eMulumaneni (olinganiselwe kubafazi abane, abalinganiselwe ekuphathweni ngendlela efanayo) nasezincazelweni ezithile zobuMormon (ngokulindelekile, nakuba iSonto likaJesu Kristu loSanta weLatterday ngokusemthethweni lawuyeka lomkhuba ngo-1890). Imithetho engokwesiko emiphakathini eminingi yaseAfrika ivumela ipolygyny njengendlela yokuqhubekela phambili kohlu lozalo, ukubambisana kwezomnotho, kanye nesikhundla somphakathi.

Imishado yesithembu ayifani. Eminye iyilungiselelo elibi ngaphandle kokubhaliswa okusemthethweni; eminye iqashelwa ngaphansi komthetho wesiko noma wenkolo kodwa hhayi umbuso. lesi sici sidala ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho ngezigidi zabantu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane nabantwana, okungenzeka ukuthi abanawo amalungelo agunyazisiweyo empahla, ifa, noma ukusekela lapho umshado uphela ngokufa, isehlukaniso, noma ukuthutha.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho Ezibhekene Nemishado Edumile

Inkinga enkulu iwukuthi izimiso eziningi zomthetho zamazwe zakhiwe ngokuthi umuntu oyedwa unezithembu.

1. Ukungatholi Inzuzo Nemiphumela Yayo

Emazweni lapho isithembu singekho emthethweni noma singaqashelwa, umuntu ongenela umshado wesibili eseshade ngokomthetho nomngane wokuqala angase abekwe icala lokulala. Lokhu kwadume kakhulu e-United States, lapho u-Edmunds Act ka-1882 owenziwe ubugebengu, oholela ekumangalelweni kwabenzi bamaMormon. Namuhla, wonke amazwe ase-U.S. awenqabela ukuthatha isithembu, nakuba amanye enziwe ukuba ahlale ndawonye nabantu abaningi. Ukungabhalisani okusemthethweni kusho ukuthi amakhosikazi awana ngokomthetho futhi awakho. Awanakusho ukuthi amakhosi ashadile awanalo ilungelo, azuza ifa, njengenhlala ehlala emakhaya (njenge-Social Security noma umshuwalenserty), noma amalungelo okugcina imvume. Izingane ezizalwa ezinyusenhlanganweni ezinjalo zingabhekwa njengezekwane, ifa elingenamthetho neya ehlayo.

2. Ukuhlukana Kwempahla Nokwelashwa Okufanele

Ngisho nasemazweni aqaphela imishado yesithembu (umz., iNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi komthetho ovamile), ukwahlukanisa impahla phezu kwesahlukaniso noma ukufa kugcwele. Isimiso sokuphathwa ngokulinganayo kunzima ukusisebenzisa lapho indoda inabafazi abathathu. Uma inkosikazi ngayinye ithola isabelo esifanayo sempahla yomshado, noma kufanele ihlanganyele eminyakeni yomshado noma iminikelo? I-Act ye-South Africa's i-Regionation of Custoral Roary Act[[1998] izama ukunikeza isakhiwo, kodwa izinkantolo zisalwa namacala lapho inkosikazi eyodwa ishadile emcimbikweni wezenzweni wesizwe nenye iminikelo engokwesiko. [[FLD:2]] Isenzo ngokwaso siyisikwesimediyo [FL:] kodwa iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa.

3. Ilungelo Lokuwinwa Kwabantwana Negunya Lobuzali

Uma abazali behlukene phakathi kwesithembu noma befa, izinkantolo zibhekene nezinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelene nokuhlala nabantwana nokunakekela umntwana. Yimuphi umama onamalungelo ayinhloko? Izingane ezivela komama abahlukene ziphathwa kanjani ngaphansi kwemithetho yefa? Ezimisweni eziningi ezingokwesiko, izingane zikababa onamathenwa afanayo zingabhekwa njengezihlobo ezinamalungelo alinganayo, kodwa lamalungelo angase angaqashelwa izinkantolo zesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eNigeria, lapho kokubili umthetho womthetho wesizwe nowe-Islimslim usebenza khona ngokuvumelana, umntwana ozalelwe umfazi wesibili enyunyana enyukweni le-imfixalim angalahlwa khona imvume yokungena enqanaweni noma isikole esithola imali esemthethweni uma omunye umshado kababa ungabhaliswa.

4. Ukungeniswa Kwezindawo Nezakhamuzi

Enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu ezingokomthetho iphakama lapho imikhaya enesithembu ithuthela emazweni aqaphela kuphela imishado yalowo oyedwa kuphela. ngokwesibonelo, uyavuma umngane oyedwa womshado wokufuduka njenge "spouse" ezinjongweni ze-visa. Indoda yaseSenegal enabafazi ababili ingaletha eyodwa kuphela eUnited States. Lokhu kuphoqelela umkhaya ukuba uhlukanise noma uphoqe ukuba uphoqe inkosikazi yesibili ukuba ingene njengesivakashi esingenayo imvume esemthethweni. ECanada, [[FLT:] i-immigtion ne Providuction Act [FLT: 1] ngokukhethekile ikhiphe imishadoba emisha emisha yomkhaya exhasayo. i-Libristion Union (ALLU)[FF:] e-lot] e-Canada, [izehlakalo olubanzi] iqonda ukuhlukanisa umkhaya wonke futhi ihlukanise umkhaya.[FLT]

5. Ukukhokha Intela Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Izimiso zentela zithatha isiqu somshado. Ukukhokha ndawonye, ukubophana, noma ukuthola izinzuzo ezisindayo kuba yinto engenakwenzeka noma okungekho uma kukhona abangane abaningi bomshado. E-United Kingdom, isikhulu sentela iHMRC siye sanikeza isiqondiso ngendlela yokuphatha imishado yesithembu uma ivunyelwa ngokomthetho kwamanye amazwe, kodwa imithetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile iphazamisa inkosikazi yesibili. Izimiso zokuphepha zomphakathi zingase zenqabe ukukhokha izinzuzo ezisindayo kumfelokazi oyedwa, zishiye eminye imikhaya ingenalutho.

6. Inkululeko engokwenkolo iphikisana nemithetho yokungavumelani

Ukumangalelwa kwabantu abathathelwe izithembu e-U.S. kuye kwaveza iziphakamiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo ngezikhathi ezithile. [Ku- Reynolds v. United States (1879] [1879], iNkantolo Ephakeme] yasekela ukuthi inkolelo engokwenkolo ayilona isivikelo ekumangalelweni okukhulu, ukumisa isibonelo esilinganisela umkhuba ongokwenkolo lapho uphikisana nomthetho wobugebengu. Muva nje, eCanada, iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela ukunqatshelwa kwesithembuyiselo kwesithembuyiselo enkantolo (201), iveza ukulimala kwabesifazane nabantwana, kuyilapho eminye imiphakathi yenkolo ikwenza ngokuzithandela. Ukulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvikeleni abantu abasengozini kuhlala kusendaweni egcwele ukulwa komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

Imibono Yamalungelo Abantu Ngomshado Odumile

Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke aye ahlola kakhulu isithembu, ikakhulukazi ipolygyny, njengomkhuba owephula amalungelo abesifazane alinganayo. IKomiti yeZizwe Ezihlangene yokuqedwa Kobandlululo Kubesifazane (CEDAW) iye yanxusa kaningi ukuba kuqedwe isithembu, iphikisa ngokuthi asivumelani nesimiso sokulingana phakathi kwabangane bomshado. Ngokugunyaza uNo. 21 (1994), iKomiti yathi isithembu "sithatha isikhundla sowesifazane sokulingana namadoda" futhi "kufanele sikhuthazwe futhi senqatshelwe"""

Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukwenqabela kwengubo kungase kuphule amalungelo amasiko nangokwenkolo alabo abakhetha ukuhlangana nesithembu ngokukhululekile. Ezinye izazi zamalungelo abesifazane zisekela umthetho kunokuba zivimbele: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abashadile banokuma okungokomthetho okulinganayo, ukuthi ifa nokusekela kuyaqiniswa, nokuthi abesifazane banelungelo lokuvuma ipolygyny ngokwezindinganiso ezifanayo. Abesifazane basekela [FLT]] beye baqokomisa ukubaluleka kobuningi obungokomthetho obuphathelene nezimiso ezingokwesiko kuyilapho befaka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zamalungelo abantu.

Ngokwezingane, imikhaya enesithembu inganikeza kokubili izinzuzo (izinhlanganisela zokusekela ezibanzi) nezingozi (izisekelo ezicebelwe umntanakhe, ingozi eyandayo yokulwa phakathi kwabantwana abahlala ezindlini, nokudideka ngokubelesela ezimisweni zepollandrous). IConvention on the Rights of the Child ayikhululi ngokuqondile ngesithembu kodwa igcizelela izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zengane, okumelwe ukuba izinkantolo zilinganisele icala.

Ukuhlola Izigwebo: Ukuxoxa Ngezomthetho Ezisolwayo Ezingafani

ENingizimu Afrika: Ukuqashelwa Ngezimo

Imishado yaseNingizimu Afrika Ukuthola i-Calturary Marriages Act (1998) imelela enye yemizamo ebanzi yokubhalisa imishado yamathembu phakathi komthetho-mthetho wanamuhla. I-Act iqaphela imishado yesiko uma ihambisana nomthetho wesiko, futhi ifuna ukuba ibhaliswe. Nokho, indoda elandelayo kumelwe ithole imvume enkantolo ngaphambi kokungenela umshado owengeziwe, futhi i-pronempa ebusa impahla ye-athom kumelwe isungulwe ukuze ivikele imibhangqwana ekhona. Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika uqinisekisa ukulingana, ngakho izinkantolo ziye zahlasela izici zomthetho ezivamile zokucwasa abesifazane — ngokwesibonelo, ngokufuna imvume yendoda phambi kwenkampano yendoda.

INdiya: Ikhodi Lomphakathi Elingaphelele Elifana Nelabantu

Isimiso somthetho saseNdiya sidume ngokuningi. Nakuba i-Hindu Marriage Act (1955) inqabela amaHindu ukuthatha isithembu, amaSulumane alawulwa umthetho wawo womuntu siqu, ovumela abafazi abane. Lokhu kuye kwaba imbangela yokuphikisana, namaqembu alwela amalungelo angabantu abiza i-UNIFT Civil Code (UC) enqabela zonke izakhamuzi isithembu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanqabela ukubulala umthetho womuntu siqu wamaSulumane kodwa ibonise ukukhathazeka. Ngokungekho kwe-UCC, abesifazane abangamaSulumane abashade namadoda angomashiqela abanawo amakhambi anemi alinganiselwe ikhambi; bangafuna isehlukaniso ngaphansi komthetho we-Sulumane Disation of Marrials Act, kodwa iprotection ayiqiniseki.

E - United States: Imithetho Yase - Anti - Polygamy Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, isithembu siwubuthango ezweni ngalinye lase-U.S., nakuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyahlukahluka. Ngo-2020, i-Utah yanciphisa isijeziso sokuthatha isithembu isuka ekubeni yisifebe yaya ngokungeyikho, ingxenye yomzamo omkhulu wokugxilisa izimali ezimweni ezihilela ukuphoqelelwa nokuxhashazwa kwemikhuba engokwenkolo kunokusetshenziswa kabi. Ukuma okungokomthetho kokuhlala ndawonye kwabantu abashadile (abangane abangashadile ngokomthetho) kuyahlukahluka: amanye ama-omasipala aye andisa izinzuzo zobuhlobo basekhaya ezivumelwaneni eziningi kakhulu, kodwa lezi ziyivelakancane. [[FLT:]] [FLT:] ACLU luye lwaphikisa ukuthi abantu abadala kufanele bavume ukuba baphile ngaphandle kobugebengu, kuyilapho bevumela ukumiswa komshado okuphelele.

ECanada: Isela Liyalwa Kodwa Liyaphikisana

Endabeni ephawulayo ngo 2011 ([FLT:] Ingxenye 293 ye-Criminal Code of Canada), iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCanada yasekela ngazwi linye ukunqatshelwa kwecala kwesithembu. Inkantolo yacabanga ukuthi isithembu siyingozi ngokwemvelo ngoba sihlobene namazinga aphakeme okuxhashazwa, ukungalingani kwabesilisa, nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngokwezenhlalo. Nokho, inkantolo yaphawula ukuthi umthetho onqabelayo kumelwe uphoqelelwe ukuba ugweme ukunqanda abantwana noma izisulu zokuphoqelelwa. I-Enmentmentment ihlala incane; ukugxila emphakathini onezinsukwana we-Bountial, British Columbia, lapho abaholi abaholi bamaMormon beboshwe khona ngaphansi komthetho.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezimfuneko Zekusasa

Izinselele ezichazwe ngenhla ziye zakhuthaza izihlongozo ezihlukahlukene zenguquko, kusukela ekuqedweni ngokuphelele kuya ekulawuleni ubuningi.

Izivumelwano Zokubhalisa Nezempahla

Indlela eqondile ihilela ukuhlanganisa ukubhalisa yonke imishado yesithembu ngokomthetho, nezivumelwano eziphoqelelwe ezichaza ukwahlukaniswa kwempahla, ifa, nokusekela isibopho somngane ngamunye womshado. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane nabantwana abangeni emagebesini angokomthetho. Isibonelo saseNingizimu Afrika siyafundisa, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kudinga usizo oluqinile olungokomthetho nemfundo yomphakathi.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwesimiso Sokuhlala

Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi umbuso kufanele uthathe imingcele ebuhlotsheni obuseduze bamaphoyisa. Kunokuba uphuce isithembu, amazwe angasilahla kuyilapho enqaba ukunikeza ukuqashelwa komshado — "akukho mshado, akukho bugebengu". Lokhu kungavikela abantu ekumangalelweni kuyilapho beshiya umthetho womkhaya ezivumelwaneni zangasese. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kokuqashelwa ngokomthetho, abachaphazelekayo balahlekelwa yisivikelo esifana nokugcinwa komshado nezinzuzo zentela.

3. Ukubhalisa Ngokuzithandela Ngaphansi Kwesimiso Somphakathi

Inguquko eqhubekayo ingakha iqembu lenyunyana yomphakathi elivumela abantu abadala abaningi ukuba babhalise njengeqembu lomkhaya owodwa, elifana nomshado kodwa elivumelana nezimo. Lokhu kungadinga umklamo ongokomthetho owenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa (isibonelo, amandla angenakulingani) nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu anelungelo elilinganayo lefa, ukwenza izinqumo zezokwelapha, nokusekela ukufuduka. Akukho zwe eliseke lasebenzisa isimiso esinjalo ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe, kodwa ezinye izimpikiswano eBelgium naseNetherlands ziye zathintana nayo.

4. Ukuqinisa Onembeza AbanguClaus Ngamunye

Kuzo izikhundla ezigcina umshado wendoda eyodwa njengesibonelo esikhethekile, izishayamthetho zingasungula izigaba zikanembeza ezivumela imishado engokwenkolo noma engokwesiko ukuba iqashelwe ngokulinganiselwe — ngokwesibonelo, ngenjongo yokuthola ifa noma ukugcinwa kwezingane — ngaphandle kokuyiphatha njengemishado ephelele. Lokhu kungaba ukuhlehla okuhlobana namasiko amasiko kuyilapho kusekela ukunqatshelwa kwezwe jikelele.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Amalungelo, Isiko Nokulingana

Impikiswano mayelana namalungelo omshado nemishado yesithembu ngeke ixazululwe kalula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunezimpikiswano ezisekelwe ekuzinqumeleni ngokwesiko, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nelungelo labantu abadala lokwakha izimiso zomkhaya zokukhetha kwabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kuphathelene nokulingana kwabobulili obufanayo, ukushendeka kwezingane, nokuhleleka okuqinile komthetho. Akukho muntu onezinga eliphezulu.

Okusobala ukuthi ukungazinaki imishado yesithembu — uzenza ingabikho noma ubugebengu obungekho ngaphandle kokunikeza ezinye izindlela — kushiya izigidi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esingokomthetho. Kudingeka izinqubo zomthetho eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ezihlonipha ukwahlukahlukahluka kuyilapho ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu osele ngaphandle kokuzisiza. Njengoba izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziqhubeka ziguquka, abamisi-mthetho kumelwe balinganisele lezizindinganiso ezincintisanayo ngokuthobeka nokuzinikela ebufakazini obusekelwe ebufakazini obusekelwe ku - 76.

Ekugcineni, inselele ayikona nje ukuthatha isithembu; iphathelene nendlela izimiso zomthetho ezingabonisa ngayo ubuningi bobuhlobo babantu kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo abo bonke abantu.