Isingeniso: Ukugoqoka Komshado Namalungelo Abantu

Umshado uyilungiselelo lomuntu siqu eliqinile nesivumelwano esiqanjiwe ngokomthetho esinencazelo ejulile yezenhlalo, yempucuko, nezomnotho. Phakathi kohlelo lomthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu, umshado awulona nje ilungiselelo lomuntu siqu kodwa ilungelo eliyisisekelo okumelwe livikelwe ngaphandle kobandlululo. ISiphakamiso 16 seSivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) simisa lesi simiso, siqinisekisa ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane abaneminyaka ephelele banelungelo lokushada futhi bathola umkhaya, okhululekile ekulinganiselwani okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, noma inkolo. Lelilungelo libuye licaciswe ngezivumelwano zezizwe zonke njengesivumelwano esibophaka izivumelwano ze-Onversaltystions of Accords of ACMernant (CM) neConvention of ACR).

Ukuqonda amalungelo omshado nge-lens yomthetho wezwe lonke kudinga ukuhlola indlela lamathuluzi achaza ngayo ukuvumelana, ukulingana, nokungaguquguquki. Ukuchazwa okuguquguqukayo kwalamalungelo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nendlela aphathwa ngayo ngokobulili kanye nobulili, kubonisa amandla ashukumisayo omthetho wamalungelo abantu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezisingatha amalungelo omshado, izinselele eziqhubekayo ekusebenziseni, kanye nethonya lemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe esemthethweni yasekhaya.

Izikhali Zezizwe Zonke Zokuvikela Amalungelo Omshado

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

I-UDHR yatholwa ngo-1948, i-UDR iseyincwadi eyisisekelo yomthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. ISiphakamiso 16 sisho ngokucacile ukuthi “amadoda nabesifazane abaneminyaka ephelele, ngaphandle komngcele obangelwa uhlanga, ubuzwe noma inkolo, banelungelo lokushada futhi bathole umkhaya.” Lesihloko siyaqhubeka sidinga ukuba umshado ungene kuphela ngokuvumelana okukhululekile nokugcwele kwabangane bomshado abazimisele, futhi simisa umkhaya njengeqembu lomphakathi eliyisivikelo sombuso. Nakuba i-UDHR ingabophekile ngokomthetho, amalungiselelo ayo aye ahlanganiswa emthethweni wezizwe zonke futhi akhiwe cishe zonke izivumelwano ezingokobuntu ezilandela.

Ngokuphawulekayo, iUDHR ayigcini ngokuhlukanisa imibhangqwana ehlukene. Inkulumo ethi “amadoda nabesifazane” baye bachazwa kancane kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa izindikimba zamalungelo abantu zamanje zifunda iSiphakamiso 16 kanye nemithetho engeyona engenaluzwela ye-UDHR (Urtle 2) ukusekela amalungelo omshado alinganayo emibhangqwana efanayo exnex. Ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe ngemiphumela ye-UDHR, bheka i-Oficity of the High Commist for Human Rights []

Isivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1976, iguqula izimiso eziningi ze-UDHR zibe izibopho ezibophayo. ISiphakamiso 23 sezibuko ze-ICCPR ISiphatho 16 se-UDHR, iqinisekisa ilungelo lokushada futhi ithole umkhaya, futhi igcizelela imfuneko yemvume ephelele. Izigaba zezwe zibophekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele ukuqinisekisa ukulingana kwamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yabangane bomshado phakathi nomshado nokuphela kwawo.

IKomiti yamaLungelo Abantu, eqondisa ukumiswa kwe-ICCPR, ikhiphe uGeneral Pentry No. 19 (1990) esiphakamisweni 23, icacisa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada lisebenza kubo bonke abantu abaneminyaka efanele ukushada, nokuthi noma imiphi imigoqo kumelwe ibe enengqondo futhi ingangeni ndawo. IKomiti futhi iye yakhuluma ngecala eliphoqelelweyo elihilela ukushada nokuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo obufanayo, nakuba ingakatholi isibopho esiqondile sokuqaphela umshado owengeziwe ngaphansi kwe-ICCPR. Nokho, iKomiti i-2020 yesinqumo se-20 ku-[FL:0]. v. . [i-Australia [i-Comlunic. 27/16] [i-20] iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu amele awe- - ngokomthetho futhi avikela imibhangqwana futhi awabiki ukuvikela ukuhloniswa kwemishano-mthetho.

Umhlangano Wokuqedwa Kwazo Zonke Izinhlobo Zobandlululo Ngabesifazane (CEDAW)

ICEDAW, eyamukelwa ngo-1979, iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lomhlaba wonke elikhuluma ngokulingana kwabesifazane emshadweni. ISiphakamiso 16 se-CEDAW sibanzi kakhulu, sidinga amaqembu ombuso ukuba aqinisekise amalungelo afanayo kubo bobabili abashadile ezindabeni ezinjengokukhetha umngane womshado, ukungenela umshado, ukunquma inani nenani lezingane, nokuba nendawo. I-Convention ifuna ngokucacile ukususwa kobandlululo kuzo zonke izindaba eziphathelene nomshado nobudlelwane bomkhaya.

I-KEDAW iye yaba usizo ekulweni nemikhuba enjengokushada kwezingane, ukuphoqelelwa emshadweni, nokudlwengulwa komshado. Ukutuswa kukajenene uNo. 21 (1994) we-CEDAW Committee igcizelela ukuthi ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha umngane womshado futhi angene ngokukhululekile libalulekile ekuphileni kwakhe nesithunzi. IKomiti futhi ikhuluma ngesithembu, itusa ukunqatshelwa kwaso njengomkhuba owephula amalungelo abesifazane ekulinganiseni nasesithunzi. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe, ibhekisele kuwe ku Abesifazane [FLT].

Ezinye Izivumelwano Nezimemezelo Ezisebenzayo

Ngalé kwalezi zinkonzo ezintathu eziyinhloko, ezinye izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke nezingokwesifunda zikhuluma ngamalungelo omshado. Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke esiphathelene nezomnotho, iSocial and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) sithinta amalungelo omkhaya eSiphakamiso 10. Isivumelwano seNkathi yamalungelo abantu (CRC) simisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zenkathi yomshado nemvume. Ngokwesifunda, i-European Convention on Human Rights (Aricle 12), i-American Convention on Human Rights (Intellique), ne-Afrika ye-Chareter on Human Rights on Human Rights (ICleCCCCCCCC), kanye ne-Forderations on Human Rights (ICECCCCCCCCCCCCCC) ne-UR2017) iphethe i-Sivume saseMelika, i-Latin America iphethe ithonya elikhulu kakhulu i-Latin.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Eziphazamisa Amalungelo Omshado EMthethweni Wezizwe Zonke

Ukuvuma Ngokukhululekile Nagcwele

Mhlawumbe imfuneko eyisisekelo kakhulu emthethweni wezizwe zonke iwukuthi umshado kumelwe ungenelwe ngemvume ekhululekile negcwele yabo bobabili abashadile. Lesisimiso sifaka izinselele eziphoqelelwe ngokuqondile, imishado ehlelwa ngaphandle kwemvume, nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphoqelelwa (noma iluphi uhlobo lokuphoqelelwa) ngokomzimba, ngokwezomnotho, noma ngengqondo. Ukuvuma kumelwe kunikezwe ngokuzithandela, ngokuqonda ngokugcwele ngendawo nemiphumela yomshado. Imfuneko yokuvuma ngokukhululekile isebenza kungakhathaliseki lamasiko noma angokwenkolo, futhi iphoqelele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yabo yasekhaya iyasebenza.

Ukungaxoxi Nokulingana

Ukungaguquguquki kuyisimiso esinqanyulwayo emthethweni wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke. Ngokuqondene nomshado, lokhu kusho ukuthi imibuso ayinakubeka imingcele esekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, ubuzwe, inkolo, ubulili, ubulili, ubulili, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izizathu ezinqatshelwe. IKomiti yamalungelo obuntu ngokungaguquki iye yasekela ukuthi noma isiphi isigaba esinelungelo lokushada kumelwe sibe nesilinganiso esinengqondo, umgomo, futhi sibe nesilinganiso esingokomthetho. Imithetho yokunqanda ubandlululo evimbela umshado oxubile, ngokwesibonelo, itholake iphula amalungiselelo angaveli e-CICRICPR kanye nezinye izivumelwano.

Isivikelo Somkhaya

Umthetho wezwe lonke uqaphela umkhaya njengendawo eyisisekelo yomphakathi futhi ufuna ukuba uvikelwe. Nokho, incazelo yomkhaya iye yaqala ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobuhlobo ngaphandle komkhaya wenuzi oyisiko. Amaqumrhu abantu manje ayaqaphela ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engokwabesilisa nabesifazane, imibhangqwana engashadile, imikhaya engaphezulu, nemikhaya enomzali oyedwa inelungelo lokuvikeleka. Ilungelo lokuthola umkhaya lihlobene eduze nelungelo lokushada, kodwa futhi liqashelwa njengelungelo elihlukile elingasetshenziswa ngaphandle komshado, njengangokusekela ukuzala noma ukutholwa.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano EziseMthethweni Wezizwe Zonke

Ubandlululo Olusekelwe Ekugqameni Kwezocansi Nokuhlukaniswa Kwabantu Ngezinhlanga

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu ezizweni zonke ezikhona emthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu ukuqashelwa komshado ongokobulili obufanayo. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angaba ngu-35 kuphela aye agunyaza umshado ongokobulili obufanayo, kuyilapho amanye amaningi eqhubeka ephula umthetho wobuhlobo obubodwa obungokobulili obufanayo noma enqaba ukubuqaphela. Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ziye zawachaza ngokuqhubekayo amalungelo omshado njengokuhlanganisa imibhangqwana engokwasekuhlanganyeleni ngokobulili, kodwa umkhuba kahulumeni uyaqhubeka wahlukana.

INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (ECTHR) ibiphambili kulendaba. i-Oliari kanye nezinye. I-Italy [2015], iNkantolo yathola ukuthi i-Italy yayiphule iSiphakamiso 8 (ekungabusweni kokuphila kwangasese komkhaya) ngokuhluleka ukunikeza ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwemibhangqwana efanayo. kuse-FLT] Fadova nolunye u-v.[[FLT:] I-Russia[FLT] [12] [12] [iindlela]], iphethe ukuthi i-ECTRRR [20]), ukwenqaba kweRussia ukunikeza noma yisiphi isimo esingokomthetho semibhangqwana ephakathi. Nokho, iMithetho yeNkadedamu yemidamu evumayo ukuba imishaniso engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho yokushiya imisha.

Embulungeni yonke, iKomiti yamalungelo abantu e Toonen v. Australia (1994]) yasungula ukuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kuyisizathu esinqatshelwe sobandlululo ngaphansi kwe-ICCPR. Izingxoxo zamuva kakhulu, njenge [X v. Colombia [2022]] [2022]), iye yandisa lendlela yokucabanga emalungelweni omshado. Ukubukeza kabanzi i-jurisprudence, bheka [ amalungelo alinganayo [[FLT]].

Umshado Wezingane Nowawo Aphoqelelwe

Naphezu kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke enqabelayo, ukushada kwezingane kusalokhu kusakazeke kakhulu, futhi kuthinta izigidi zamantombazane − kanti abanye abafana − ngonyaka ngamunye. ICRC imisa u-18 njengonyaka ophansi kakhulu wokushada, futhi i-CEDAW General Incomela uNo. 21 itusa ukuthi inqabela ukushada ngaphambi kokuba umuntu abe yiminyaka. Nokho, amazwe amaningi avumela ukushada lapho esemancane ngemvume yabazali noma ngaphansi kwemithetho engokwenkolo. Ukuphoqeshana, okuhlukile emshadweni ohleliwe, kubhekwa njengohlobo lobudlova obusekelwe ebulilini nokwephulwa amalungelo amaningi abantu.

Imizamo yomhlaba wonke yokulwa nomshado wabantwana iye yakhula ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezinjenge-African Union’s Campaign to End Child Marriage ne-UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme yokuqeda imishado yabantwana. IHuman Rights Council iye yathatha nezinqumo zokucela ukususwa kwengane, ukusheshe ishade ngempoqo. Ngokuqhubekayo amazwe kudingeka ukuba athathe umthetho, anikeze imfundo, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izisulu zithola ukwahlulela ngokulunga.

Ingxabano Phakathi Kwemithetho Engokwenkolo Neyamasiko Nemithetho Yomphakathi Wonke

Emikhakheni eminingi, imithetho yesikhundla somuntu siqu elawula umshado isuka emasikweni enkolo noma amasiko. Lemithetho ingase ingqubuzane nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwabangane bomshado, isithembu, isehlukaniso, nefa. Umthetho wezizwe zonke ufuna ukuba izimiso zabo zomthetho zivumelanise izimiso zabo zasekhaya nezibopho zesivumelwano, kodwa ukusetshenziswa ngokuvamile kuyakhetha.

Indaba ye iveza lokhu kucindezeleka. Nakuba i-CEDAW itusa ukunqatshelwa, imishado yokuthatha izithembu ihlala isemthethweni emazweni amaningi e-Afrika, eMpuma Ephakathi, nasezingxenyeni ze-Asia. IKomiti yamaLungelo omuntu iphawule ukuthi isithembu siphula isithunzi sabesifazane futhi asivumelani nesimiso sokulingana. Nokho, imizamo yokuqeda ukumelana nesithembu nabaholi benkolo namasiko ababheka inqubo engokwesiko evikelekile. Ukulinganisa phakathi kwamalungelo amasiko nokulinganisa komuntu ngamunye kuhlala kuyinselele eyinhloko.

Ukungafani Nokucwaswa Ngokwengeziwe

Amalungelo omshado awakho angenalutho; ahlangana nezinye izici kanye nobandlululo. Abesifazane abavela ezizweni ezimbalwa, abantu abakhubazekile, ababaleki, nabantu abano LGBTIQ+ abantu bangase babhekane nezithiyo ezikhudlwana ekusebenziseni ilungelo labo lokushada. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane abakhubazekile bavame ukuphoqelelwa ukuvala inzalo noma ukunqatshelwa ukuba bashade. Abesifazane abahlala emakhaya bangacindezelwa ukuba bashade ukuze bavikeleke ngokomthetho. Umthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu uqaphela ukuhlangana kwezindawo njengezibuko zokuhlola imishadolo futhi udinga ukubhekana nezindlela eziningi zokucwaba.

Umphumela Womthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wezizwe Zonke Ezinhlanganweni Zasekhaya

Izinqumo Zokwahlulela Nezezenzo

Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke nezifundayo ziye zafeza indima eguqulayo ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omshado. Izahlulelo ze-ECTHR ziye zathonya kakhulu e-Europe, zashukumisela amazwe amaningana ukuba agunyaze ukushada ngokomthetho obulili obufanayo noma amukele izinyunyana zomphakathi. E-Latin America, iNkantolo yaseMelika e-Advisory OC-24/17 ikhuthaza ukumiswa kwamalungelo eCosta Rica, i-Ecuador, kanye nezinye izifundazwe ziye zadwebela futhi emthethweni wezizwe wemithetho yemithetho yezizwe zonke yemithetho yezentengiselwano yomthetho womthetho wecala, njengoba kuboniswa eUnited States Suprementain Courtments of the [FLD] [FG].[200] [FGene]]

Umzimba Wesivumelwano Utusa

Izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, njengeKomiti yamalungelo abantu ne-CEDAW, ziphetha ukuphawula nokutusa okuvamile okuthi kuvumelane nezibopho zazo. Lokhu kutusa kunesilinganiso esiphawulekayo sokuziphatha nesezombangazwe, ngisho noma kungabopheki ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeCEDAW iye yanxusa izifunda ukuba ziphakamise iminyaka engaphansi yeminyaka yokushada ize ibe ngu - 18 futhi zifake isibopho somshado. IKomiti yamaLungelo engabantu iye yabiza amazwe ukuba anikeze ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo obuhlangene nobuhlanga. Izwe elingazinaki njalo lokhu kutusa lingase libhekane nokuhlolwa okukhulu komphakathi wezizwe.

Ukuthunjwa Kwesizwe Nokuthunjwa Komphakathi

Izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni (NGOS) nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu basebenzisa umthetho wezizwe zonke ukuze basekele amalungelo omshado ngokwezinga lesizwe. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, namaqembu endawo ziye zafaka imibiko egciniwe ezindikimba zesivumelwano, futhi zasekela ukubekwa kwemithetho engokomthetho. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke unikeza ulimi olufanayo nezimiso ezimisiwe abashisekeli bomthetho abangazisebenzisa ukuze bagcine ohulumeni benobuphindu. Ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukulingana komshado ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba kuwumphumela oqondile wokuqhubekisela phambili izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezinyuselwanotsha zotshani.

Intuthuko Yesikhathi Esizayo Neziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukwanda Kokwaziswa Kobuhlobo Obufanayo Nobulili Nohlobo Oluhlukile

Ukuthambekela ekulinganani komshado kuyaqhubeka kukhula, nakuba intuthuko ingalingani. Ngo-2024, iGreece yaba izwe lokuqala lobuKristu bobuOrthodox ukuba libhalise ngokomthetho umshado ongokwasebuhlotsheni bobulili obufanayo. ECaribbean, amazwe amaningana acabangela izinselele zemithetho emelene namakoloni amelene nama-eroma ethinta ngokungaqondile amalungelo omshado. I-UN Human Rights Council idlulise izinqumo eziphathelene nemizwelo engokobulili, futhi inani elandayo lamazwe amukela ukuqashelwa kwesithathu nokukhetha okungahlangene nezindlela zomshado.

Nokho, kusobala futhi. ERussia, isimiso somthetho siye sakwenqabela ngokuphumelelayo ukuqashelwa kobuhlobo obufanayo bobulili, futhi amazwe amaningana ase-Afrika nase-Asia aye aqinisa izijeziso zobugebengu ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo kobulili. Uhlelo lwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kumelwe lulawule lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zomphakathi kuyilapho luqhubeka lusekela izindinganiso zendawo yonke.

Amalungelo Omshado Abantu Abakhubazekile

ISiphakamiso 23 seSivumelwano samalungelo abantu abakhubazekile (CRPD) siqaphela ngokucacile ilungelo labantu abakhubazekile ukuba bashade futhi sithole umkhaya ngesisekelo semvume ekhululekile negcwele. Lesi lungiselelo sibekela inselele imithetho ephika abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo nangokwengqondo ukuba bashade noma efuna ukuba babulawe ukuvaleka kwemihelo. Ukukhubazeka kuhlala kubuthakathaka, kodwa i-CRPD Committee iqale ukunikeza isiqondiso ngokususwa kwemingcele yokuvala izicubu.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinombolo Namalungelo Omshado

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile buphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngamalungelo omshado. Imikhosi yomshado eqashelwa nge-Online, eqashelwa kwezinye izindawo phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, iye yafiphaza izimfuneko ezingokwesiko zokuthola imishado. Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho ngezindawo zesikhulumi kuphakamisa izindaba zokuvuma, ukuphamba, nokulawula. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe udinga ukusingatha le ntuthuko ngokubanzi, kodwa ukuthambekela ekutholeni inqubo yezobuchwepheshe kungandisa ukufinyelela ukungenela umshado kulabo abasezindaweni ezikude noma ezimweni zokuthatha indawo.

Indima Yenguquko Yomthetho Wamasiko Nenkolo

Kunokuba benqabe umthetho wesiko nowenkolo ngokuqondile, abanye abasekeli bamalungelo abantu basebenza phakathi kwalezizimiso ukuze bathuthukise inguquko. Ngokwesibonelo, eSenegal, ama-NGO aye abambisana nabaholi benkolo yamaSulumane ukusungula izivumelwano zomshado ezihlanganisa isivikelo samalungelo abesifazane. ENingizimu Afrika, ukuqashelwa kwe-Calturary Marriages Act kuletha ukuhlangana okungokwesiko ngaphansi kwemvume yokulingana komthetho womthetho kodwa ngokuqondene namasiko. Lemidabu protheni iqaphela ukuthi ushintsho olusekelayo ngokuvamile ludinga ukuthembisana, kunokuba ivume, iziyalezo zomthetho wendawo.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo omshado ayingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, asekelwe ezimisweni zenkululeko, ukulingana, nokungaguquguquki. I-UDHR, ICICPR, CEDAW, kanye namanye amathuluzi anikeza isisekelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu embulungeni yonke. Izinselele ziyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlobene nemibhangqwana ehlangene neyobulili obufanayo, umshado wabantwana, nokuphikisana nemithetho engokwenkolo noma yesiko. Nokho, izindikimba zabantu bomhlaba wonke namalungelo ezifundazweni ziyaqhubeka zisunduza imingcele yencazelo, futhi i-jurispradency yazo ifeza ithonya elibonakalayo ezimisweni zomthetho yasekhaya emazweni amaningi.

Ukuqinisekisa amalungelo omshado emhlabeni wonke kudinga ukumiswa okuqhubekayo, inguquko engokomthetho, nemfundo. Izwe kumelwe livumelanise imithetho yalo yasekhaya nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, futhi umphakathi wesizwe kumelwe uqhubeke uwenza ulandise. Umgomo wokugcina yizwe lapho wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, ukuthambekela kobulili, ukukhubazeka, noma isizinda sempucuko, engakhetha ngokukhululekile ukushada futhi akhe umkhaya onesithunzi nesilinganiso. Umthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu unikeza kokubili ibala lomgwaqo negunya lokuziphatha ukuze afinyelele lombono.