Amalungelo Omshado Nokuqashelwa Ngokusemthethweni Kwamalungiselelo Okuzalana

Ukulalana ngezingane sekuyindaba eyinhloko ekwakheni amalungelo omshado, ezobuchwepheshe, nomthetho womkhaya. Njengoba abantu abaningi nemibhangqwana bephendukela ekusizeni ukuzala ukuze bakhe imikhaya yabo, izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nenselele yokuchaza ukuba umzali, ukuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqaphela lokho akucaci ngesisekelo somshado noma ngokuthanda ubulili. Ukuhlukana komshado nokushaya inyumba kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha enqunywa izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nemikhaya kuyaqhubeka kulawula.

Ukuhlolisisa Izinhlobo Ezimbili Eziyinhloko Zokuzalana

Ukulalana ngezingane kuyilungiselelo lapho owesifazane evuma ukuthatha ukukhulelwa komunye umuntu noma umbhangqwana ozoba yingane i’ abazali abangokomthetho ngemva kokuzalwa. Nakuba umqondo oyinhloko uqondile, ukuhlukana okungokomthetho nokungokwemvelo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuzala kunezici ezibalulekile ezithinta amalungelo abazali, ukuqashelwa umshado, nengxabano yokubusa.

  • Ukwethaka okungokomlando u-#821]; kuloluhlobo lwakudala, i-patract isebenzisa iqanda lakhe, elifakwa ngesidoda kuyise ohloswe (noma onikelayo). Ngenxa yokuthi i-propatixxx ihlobene nengane ngezakhi zofuzo, angabhekwa njengomama ongokomthetho emikhakheni eminingi ngaphandle kokuba adele amalungelo akhe obuzali. I-rogracyse manje ayivamile ngenxa yemiqondo engokomthetho futhi ikhuliswe ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokwandiswa.
  • Ukuzala umntwana ngenani elizimele [#821]; Lapha, umbungu owakhiwa nge-ftilization in vitro fretilization (IVF) ovela kubazali abahlongozwayo noma abanikeli ufakwa e-partifini. I-patrandroper engenakho ukuxhumana kwezakhi zofuzo nengane. Le nqubo ivame kakhulu namuhla, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemibhangqwana eshadile kanye nezixhuminye, ngoba inikeza ukwehlukana okucacile kwesayensi yesayensi yemvelo kanye nomzali wokukhulelwa. Nokho, ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kusahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuye ngokuthi ukuzalwa kwenzekaphi nokuthi kuphi nokuthi abazali bahlose kuphi.

Ukukhetha phakathi kokubeletha okungokwesiko nokubeletha ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekudingekeni kwezokwelapha, iseluleko esingokomthetho, nemithetho yesimiso esingokomthetho. Amazwe amaningi nemibuso yaseU.S. kuye kwavinjelwa ngokuphelele ukubeletha okungokwesiko ngenxa yezingozi ezikhudlwana zezinkinga zamalungelo omama, kuyilapho ukubeletha okubangelwa ukubeletha kujabulela ukuvuthwa kakhulu (nakuba kungewona wonke umhlaba).

Umshado Nomzali: Isizathu Sokuba Isimo Somshado Siba Nendaba Emthetho Wokuzala

Ubuhlobo phakathi komshado nomthetho wokuthola umntwana abufani. Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, umshado unikeza umbono wokuba kube nomzali abantu abangashadile nemibhangqwana abavele bawuthole.

Uma umbhangqwana oshadile ungenela isivumelwano sokuthola imvume yokuzalana, ezinye izifundazwe ziwuvumela ukuba uthole uhlelo oluthi abazali abahlongozwayo babe abazali abasemthethweni ngokushesha lapho uzalwa. Lenqubo yokuziphindisela ngokuvamile ayitholakali emibhangqwanani engashadile noma abantu abangashadile, okungase kudingeke ukuba bathole ukutholwa kwabantwana ngemva kokuzalwa noma bathole uhlelo lwenkantolo ngemva kokuhlola izakhi zofuzo. Umphumela uwukuhlelwa kwesimiso esinezici ezimbili ezihlosiwe: abazali abahlosiwe babhekene nezithiyo ezithiyo zimbalwa, kuyilapho abazali abangashadile behamba ngezindlela ezibiza kakhulu futhi bethatha isikhathi esingokomthetho.

Kubantu abashadile abangongqingili, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Ngisho nasezindaweni eziqaphela ukuhlangana kwemibango, imithetho yokubeletha ingabhalwa ngokwezifebe ethatha umama nobaba. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhangqwana oshadile wongqingili ungathola ukuthi ngubaba ongokwemvelo kuphela oziqaphelayo, oshiya umngane womshado ongeyena umuntu ongowakwakhe noma isahlulelo somzali. Lokhu kudala ukungalondeki okungokomthetho nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo emikhayeni eyaziwa kahle ngaphansi komthetho womshado.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Kunqamula Iziphakamiso

Esinye sezithiyo ezinzima kakhulu emikhayeni eyakhiwa ngokubeletha kungenxa yokungaqashelwa komthetho wokujeziswa. Isimiso sangaphambi kokuzalwa kwengane singase singasebenzi e-Nebraska, futhi umbhangqwana waseBrithani oqede ukubeletha ngokuphumelelayo eNdiya ungathola ukuthi izwe lakubo alifuni ukukhipha uhlelo lwabazali. Lemikhawulo yokuqaphela ithinta abazali abahloselwe ukushada nabangashadile, kodwa ngokuvamile ithonya liba likhulu kakhulu kulabo abasikhundla sabo somshado singabafaneleki ngokusemthethweni.

  • United States i-#821] i-octal. I-United States iwumthetho oyisici. I-California, i-Illinois, ne-Massachusetts inemithetho ecacile nemithetho esekela ukukhuliswa kwemibhanqwana eshadile. Eminye, njenge New York neMichigan, iye yavinjelwa ngokwengokomlando noma yenqatshelwe ukukhokhwa kwemithetho. Ngisho nasemazweni asekelayo, imibhangqwana engashadile ingabhekana nezimfuneko ezengeziwe njengobufakazi bezakhi zofuzo zomzali noma izifundo zasekhaya.
  • I-United Kingdom ̵]; Ukulala kungokomthetho kodwa akuhwebi. Imibhangqwana eshadile, abantu abashadile, imibhangqwana engashadile (ebuhlotsheni obuhlala njalo) ingafaka isicelo sohlelo lwabazali. Abantu abangashadile abakhishwa ngaphandle kokuba babonise ukuthi bangabazali abangokwemvelo. Umthetho udinga ukuba abazali abahlongoselwe ukusebenzisa phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuzalwa, futhi isivumelwano kumelwe sivume ngokukhululekile ngemva kokuzalwa.
  • Canada & #821]; ukulala kwezentengiselwano akuvunyelwe, kodwa ukulala kweqanda kuvunyelwe. Izifunda eziningi zivumela ukuqashelwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa kwemibhangqwana eshadile, kodwa abangane abangashadile kungadingeka bathathe izivumelwano zokutholwa.
  • Australia

I-sorogate yamazwe ngamazwe iletha ezinye izinkinga: umthetho wokufuduka, izindaba zobuhlali, nezingxabano zomthetho. Ingane ezalelwe kwelinye izwe kuyisela sesivumelwano ingase ingabi nalubala uma abazali abahlongozwayo i’ izwe lasekhaya lingaboni ukuthi iwumzali. Imibhangqwana eshadile ngokuvamile inendlela elula, njengoba amazwe amaningi anikeza izingane ezizalwa umzali oshadile oyizakhamuzi izakhamuzi izakhamuzi. Umshado ohloselwe obabawodwa noma abazali abangowesibeletho kungase kudingeke ukuba zifakaze izakhi zofuzo noma ukuthola uhlelo lwenkantolo olugunyaza imvume yokungena emakhaya ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe isango.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ababambeli: Ukukhathazeka Ngokungathathi - hlangothi Emshadweni

Nakuba ingxenye enkulu yengxoxo engokomthetho igxile kubazali abahloselwe, amalungelo nokuhlala kahle kwababebelwe ingeyikho kugxeka ngokufanayo. Ababambeli kumelwe bazenzele imvume engokomthetho ecacile, imvume ecacile, nezivumelwano ezigunyaziwe ezivikela impilo yabo, ukuzimela, nenkokhelo (lapho kuvunyelwe). Ukuba semshadweni we-propatistlix kungaba isici: amanye amagunya adinga ukuba umfakelani u̱ umngane womshado avume elungiselelweni futhi aphule noma yiliphi ilungelo lobuzali, ikakhulukazi ekwamukeleni okungokwesiko.

INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene yeFarentility Societies neNhlangano yaseMelika yeReproductive Medicine iye yakhipha iziqondiso ezigcizelela ukuthi ababambi besivumelwano kufanele baphathwe njengezisebenzi ezikanye kulenqubo, hhayi nje njengendlela yokuqeda. Lezi ziqondiso zitusa ukuba izivumelwano zokuzalana zibe ezinengqondo ngokwezimiso, ziqondiswe ngokwezimiso zezokwelapha, futhi ziqiniswe ngokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abazali abahlosiwe banesimo somshado.

Imibhangqwana Engokobulili Obufanayo Nokungalingani Komshado Nokuzalana Kwabantwana Abafanayo

Ukulingana komshado kuye kwakhula kakhulu phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule, kodwa imithetho eminingi yokuzalana ngokungemthetho ayizange igcinwe. Kwezinye izindawo, imibhangqwana eshadile engowesilisa neyobulili kumelwe ibonise ukuthi ihlobene nengane, imfuneko engabekwanga emishadweni ehlukile eshadile engokobulili obuhlukile ngokusebenzisa ukuqamba. Lokhu kungafani kusuka emithethweni ephelelwe isikhathi echaza ukuhlangana kwabazali ngobuhlobo bomzimba noma umshado kumzali ongokwemvelo.

Kubantu abashadile abangongqingili, isimo singaxazululeka nakakhulu. Umbhangqwana oshadile ongongqingili osebenzisa isidoda esingaziwa kanye ne-patrix okhulelwe ungathola ukuthi ngumama obelethayo kuphela oqashelwa ngokomthetho emazweni amaningi, ophoqelela umama ozalwayo ukuba athole umntwana. Lokhu kubiza, akunamali, kuyabiza, futhi kuyalulaza imikhaya okufanele iphathwe njengolingana nomunye umbhangqwana oshadile.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise noMkhankaso wamalungelo abantu , usekela imithetho ephatha yonke imikhaya ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokuthambekela kobulili noma isimo somshado. Ziphikisa ngokuthi inzuzo engcono kakhulu yengane kufanele ibe yisimiso esiphambili, nokuthi umzali ongokomthetho kufanele anqunywe ngenhloso, ngemvume, nangokusebenza kwabazali, hhayi ngemibono ephelelwe isikhathi yomshado.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho Nezindlela Ezituswayo

Abasekeli bokuguqulwa komthetho wokuzalisa baye baveza izinguquko eziningana eziyinhloko ezaziyonciphisa ubandlululo futhi zinikeze ukucaca:

  • Izenzo zobuzali ezivumelayo ̵ ama-recunts acabangela umthetho ofana ne-Flact Paretage Act (USA) eUnited States, enikeza uhlelo lwendlela yokuba umzali ozozalayo ngokusekelwe enhloso nasemvumeni, hhayi nje ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo noma umshado. I-UPA ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe izahlulelo ezimemezela ukuba umzali ngaphambi kokuzalwa, inciphise ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho kuyo yonke imikhaya.
  • Ukususa ukugcinwa kwesango lomshado ̵ Imithetho evimbela ukulalana kwemibhangqwana eshadile kufanele ithathelwe indawo ngamalungiselelo ahlanganisayo avumela abantu abangashadile, abangane abangashadile, nemibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo ukuba ingene ezivumelwaneni zokuthatha isisu ngokusemthethweni.
  • Izivumelwano zezizwe ngesivumelwano sokuzalisa ̵ Ingqungquthela yeHague on Private International Law ibisebenza emhlanganweni wezizwe eziningi ozomisa imithetho yokuqamba i-octal-preset, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantwana abazalelwe kwamanye amazwe abashiywanga ngaphandle kwabazali abasemthethweni. Isivumelwano esinjalo singanikeza izihloko zengxoxo yesizwe, ukuqaphela abazali, nesivikelo sesivumelwano sesivumelwano.
  • Izikhuselo zezimo ezithathelwanayo ̵ Izinguquko ezingokomthetho kufanele zigunyaze iseluleko esizimele somthetho kubabambi besivumelwano, zidinga impilo kanye nokuphila, futhi zibeke imingcele enanini lokukhulelwa ngokwesivumelwano ukuze kuvikele impilo engokomzimba. Lezisivikelo kufanele zisebenze kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abazali abahlongozayo i ̱ isimo somshado.
  • inciphisa imiyalo yokuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa i ̫]; bonke abazali abahloselwe ukushada noma cha, kufanele bakwazi ukuthola uhlelo olumisa ukuba ngumzali ngokushesha lapho ezalwa. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo ongokomzwelo nongokwezimali wokutholwa ngemva kokuzalwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umntwana unamasibopho angokomthetho kusukela esikhathini sokuqala sokuphila.

Amazwe amaningana asethathekile kakade abhekiselwe emasikweni amaningi ahlanganisayo. Ngo-2021, u-Israel wandisa imithetho yakhe yokuzala ukuze avumele abesifazane abangashadile nemibhangqwana efanayo engongokobulili obufanayo ukuba basebenzise i-serfectary[, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi ye-advocacy nezinselele ezingokomthetho. E-United States, i-Unicif Law Commission itusa ukuba kuthathwe imithetho engu 2017=Umboniso-Union Montaractic Paretage Act, ehlose ihlanganisa abazali ngokuqondile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isikhundla somshado. Ukushaya kwe-Roms.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Kubazali Abanethemba Lokuba Abazali

Kunoma ubani ocabangela ukubeletha, ukuqonda imingcele engokomthetho yezwe lakubo nendawo umntwana azalelwa kuyo kubalulekile. Imibhangqwana eshadile ngokuvamile inezinketho eziqondile, kodwa kufanele ithole iseluleko esingokomthetho esivumelana nesimo sayo esiqondile. Imibhangqwana engashadi nabazali abangabodwa abahloselwe ukuba bahlele ngokucophelela, ngokuvamile bakhethe imingcele enikeza abazali abangewona amagedlwane isivikelo esicacile.

Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ummeli [ ̵ i-Hire ummeli ohlukanisa umthetho wokuzala futhi onolwazi ngamacala okuthola umntwana ahilela isimo esithile somshado nomndeni.
  • Khetha uhlobo olulungile lokuzalela ̵ Ukubelethisa kuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yemigqa ecacile yabazali, kodwa ukubeletha okungokwesiko kungaba yindlela engokomthetho kwezinye izindawo ezinezivikelo ezifanele.
  • Ngaphansi kwe-international ’ amalungelo [ ̫ kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-partial inendlela ezimele futhi isivumelwano sihlanganisa izingozi zezokwelapha, imbuyiselo, nelungelo lakhe lokwenza izinqumo ngempilo yakhe.
  • I-Plan yezindaba zomhlaba wonke ̵ Uma usebenzisa i-partheid phesheya, sebenza ne-aunt neqembu elingokomthetho eliqonda kokubili imithetho ye-propatist ’ izwe nabazali abahloselwe ukuba babe yi-̱ izwe lakubo. Ukuthola iseluleko esingokomthetho ngezakhamuzi, amaphasishi, nokungena kwezindawo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele umntwana.
  • Cabangela izindlela ezingezona ̵ kwezinye izifunda, ukutholwa kosingamzali noma ukutholwa komzali wesibili kungadingeka ngisho nasemibhangqwana eshadile uma imithetho ingakuqapheli ukuqamba ikhanda. Ukuhlela kusengaphambili kungasindisa izinyanga zokungaqiniseki ngokomthetho.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge- American Bar Association ̱ i-Ingxenye yoMthetho womkhaya [ inikeza imithombo nezindawo ezigciniwe zabameli abagxila ebuchwephesheni bokusiza ukuzala. Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza futhi izikhombisi zemfundo ze-wibinar kanye nezikhombisi ezisemthethweni.

Ikusasa Lomshado, Umkhaya, Nomthetho Wokuzala

Njengoba incazelo yomkhaya iqhubeka yanda, izimiso zomthetho kumelwe ziphendukele ukuze zibonise amaqiniso anamuhla. Umshado akufanele ube imfuneko yokuqashelwa abazali, futhi imithetho yokuhlukanisa izingane ngokusekelwe ekutheni zishadile noma ukuthambekela kobulili ibhekwa njengengavumelani nezimiso ezilinganayo. Izinkantolo ezisezindaweni eziningi kakade seziye zayiqeda imingcele enjalo, futhi izinguquko zemithetho zithola imvume kancane kancane.

Inzuzo engcono kakhulu yezingane ifuna ukuba zilondoloze, ziqapheleke ukuthi zithola abazali kusukela ekuzalweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zakhulelwa kanjani noma abazali bazo banjani. Ukulala nothile, uma kulandelwa ngokwezimiso nangokomthetho, kungaba indlela efanelekile yokuba umzali wemibhangqwana eshadile, abangane abangashadile, nabantu abangashadile ngokufanayo. Umgomo wokushintshwa komthetho kufanele kube ukususa izithiyo ezingadingekile, ukuvikela isithunzi sababeki besivumelwano, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izingane zinabazali abahloniphekile (noma omunye) abazimisele futhi abazimisele ukuzithanda nokuzisekela.

Ekugcineni, ingxoxo ngamalungelo omshado nokubeletha akuphathelene nomthetho kuphela kodwa mayelana nohlobo lomphakathi esifuna ukulwakha: lowo ohlonipha ukuzimela kokuzala, owehlukile emikhayeni, futhi ongafuni ukuvumela ukuba isimo somshado sinqume ukuthi ingane izoba nabazali abangokomthetho. Intuthuko ingase ingabi ehlukile, kodwa isiqondiso sicacile: Umshado kufanele ube isizathu sokugubha, hhayi sokugcina amasango ekwakheni umkhaya.