Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ezindinganisweni Zanamuhla

Umqondo wamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengendawo eyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, ukusungula uhlelo olungokomthetho nolwezimiso oluvikela abantu ekuphathweni yizwe. Lamalungelo awazona nje iziqinisekiso ezingekho ezingokoqobo; ayiziqinisekiso eziqikelelwayo ezilawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela emandleni okukhuluma ngokukhululeka ngokuphathwa ngokulunga ngaphansi komthetho. Kubafundisi, ochwepheshe bezezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi ezibophayo, ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile kwalezisivikelo sendawo yonke okudingeka ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi obheka isilinganiso sobulungisa, ukulingana, nomthwalo wemfanelo wezenhlalakahle. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi, izinga, nesilinganiso samalungelo omthetho womthetho, sinikeza umbono ocacile wendlela lesivikelo esisebenza ngayo ekuziphatheni nasekushintsheni ngokushesha kwezenhlalo yezenhlalo nezobuchwepheshe.

Ayini Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo?

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayizinsika eziyisisekelo ezinikezwa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe kubantu abangaphansi kwegunya lawo. Lamalungelo asebenza njengesivikelo esingokomthetho sokumelana nohulumeni ophakele, aqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ombuso asetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele echazwe. E-United States, lamalungelo ahlanganiswa ngokuyinhloko kuyiBill of Rights — izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo — owagunyazwa ngo1791. Nokho, lomqondo udlulela ngalé kwemingcele yaseMelika, njengoba cishe wonke amalungelo ombuso wentando yeningi wanamuhla ehlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lomthetho-sisekelo we-sisekelo noma amalungelo ayisisekelo embusweni yawo.

Ngaphakathi, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo eziningana ezibanzi: inkululeko yomphakathi, evikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni; amalungelo ezombangazwe, avumela ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi; namalungelo okulingana, avimbela ukucwaswa futhi aqinisekise ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lamalungelo awahlukani njalo futhi aqinisana. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yokukhuluma (inkululeko yomphakathi) ibalulekile futhi ukuze umuntu ahlanganyele kwezombangazwe, kanti ilungelo lokuvikela ngokufanayo ngaphansi komthetho wonke amanye amalungelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi asebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu.

Ukuchazwa nokugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kwehlela egatsheni lokwahlulela, elinegunya lokubukeza umthetho nezenzo zobuphathi kumthetho-sisekelo. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo awamane nje afinyelelwe kodwa asekelwa amandla enkantolo okulungisa ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho. Icala le-Landmark Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [[FLT]] ] ne[FLT] Roe v.[] [73]] [77]]) libonisa indlela incazelo yomthetho engathi ingandisa ngayo izinga nencazelo yemithetho evikela isikhathi, ibonisa izinga elihambisana nezinzuzo zezezezeze.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Namalungelo Okunqanda Imithetho

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho namalungelo omthetho-mthetho. Amalungelo omthetho-mthetho afakwe emthethweni ophakeme wezwe futhi awakwazi ukushintshwa kalula umthetho ovamile. Asebenza njengendinganiso ephakeme lapho yonke eminye imithetho ilinganiswa khona. Amalungelo okunquma imithetho, ngokwehluke, adalwa yimithetho engokomthetho ngemithetho evamile futhi angalungiswa noma abekwe kabusha ngezenzo ezilula zomthetho wemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba ilungelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko liyisivikelo somthetho-mthetho, izimiso ezithile ezilawula umkhankaso wezezimali noma inzondo zingashintshwa ngomthetho omusha. Lesigaba sokubusa siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo ahlala eqinile ngisho nanjengomthetho omkhulu, kunikeza ukuqhubekeka nokubikezela okusemthethweni.

Isisekelo Esingokwemfundiso Samalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukuhlola amasiko efilosofi awabangela ukuba aphakame. Umbono wanamuhla wamalungelo usuka kakhulu kongqondongqondo bokukhanyiselwa bekhulu le-17 nele-18, kuhlanganise noJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Inkolelo - mbono ka-Locke yamalungelo emvelo — ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla i-— ngokungagwegwesi ithonya uThomas Jefferson ukuhlelwa kweSimemezelo se-Inkululeko, esidume ngokudume ngokuthi bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo athile angenamthetho.

Elinye ithonya yile nqubo engokomthetho ephethe ukuthi amalungelo adalwa yizwe futhi athola igunya lawo esimisweni somthetho ngokwaso. Nakuba inkolelo-mbono yamalungelo emvelo igcizelela isisekelo sokuziphatha samalungelo, i-posivivism engokomthetho igxila endleleni amalungelo abekwa ngayo, achazwe futhi aphoqelelwe ngayo ngaphakathi kwegunya elithile. Izimiso eziningi zomthetho ngokomthetho zanamuhla zixubanisa kokubili amasiko, ziqaphela ukuthi amalungelo anezinga lokuziphatha okuhle nesisekelo somthetho esiwanikeza ithonya eliwusizo.

Isivumelwano senhlanganisela somphakathi i-— siphakanyiswe ongqondongqondo abanjengo-Hobbes, uLocke, noRousseau — siveza esinye isisekelo esiyinhloko. Ngokwalombono, abantu bavuma ukubuswa ukuze bakhulunyelwe amalungelo abo. Umthetho-sisekelo umelela imibandela yalesosivumelwano sezenhlalo, usho kokubili amandla kahulumeni namalungelo agcinelwe abantu. Lokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi amalungelo omthetho sisekelo akuzona izipho ezivela kuhulumeni kodwa kunalokho izimo zemibuso engokomthetho efuna ukuba izakhamuzi zihloniswe.

Ukubaluleka Kwezivikelo Zendawo Yonke

Isivikelo sembulunga yonke sibalulekile ekudaleni umphakathi lapho wonke umuntu engahlanganyela khona ngokugcwele futhi ngesithunzi. Lezisivikelo zisebenza esimisweni sokuthi amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi kumelwe asebenze kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe, ubuzwe, ubulili, inkolo, noma isimo sezenhlalo nezomnotho. Umqondo wokwakheka kwendawo yonke ubalulekile emalungelweni abantu anamuhla, kuhlanganise neSimemezelo soMniwo Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu (UDHR), esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1949.

Izinzuzo zesivikelo sendawo yonke zidlulela ngalé kwenhlalakahle yomuntu ngamunye empilweni yomphakathi uwonke. Uma abantu beqiniseka ukuthi amalungelo abo ayakuhlonishwa, basengozini kakhulu yokuhileleka ekuphileni komphakathi, banikele enkulumweni yasobala, futhi bafake imali emiphakathini yabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isivikelo sisetshenziswa ngokungafanele noma sinqatshelwa ngokwezimiso, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni ezikhundleni eziwohlokayo, ukuncitshiswa kwezenhlalo, futhi amaqembu ancishisiwe angenwa imingcele yomphakathi.

Isivikelo sendawo yonke senza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile:

  • eqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho: Akukho muntu noma iqembu elingaphezulu komthetho, futhi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuthola isivikelo somthetho kanye namakhambi. Lesimiso siyisisekelo sokubusa umthetho futhi sivimbela ukudalwa kwesimiso sobulungisa esinezimbili.
  • Ukuvikela ubandlululo: amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo anikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezindlela eziphikisayo zokulahla ubandlululo ezisendlwini, emsebenzini, emfundweni, nasezindaweni zomphakathi. I-Unimeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-14th Reformation iyisibonelo esiyinhloko, esebenza njengesisekelo samalungelo omthetho wesizwe ongokomthetho wezwe.
  • Inkululeko yokufaka imvume yokukhuluma nenkulumo:[ Ikhono lokuveza imibono, ukugxeka uhulumeni, nokuhlanganyela engxoxweni yomphakathi kubalulekile ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi nasekudayiseni kwemibono.
  • Ukulondoloza ilungelo lokungafihliwe: Ezweni elinobubanzi obukhulayo, izivikelo zobuso bezindaba zibalulekile ukuze umuntu azimele, ahlonipheke, futhi alondeke. Amalungelo ezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo alinganisela ukuqashelwa noqoqo lokwaziswa kukahulumeni.

Isivikelo somhlaba wonke sinezici ezibalulekile emhlabeni wonke. Izivumelwano ezinjenge-International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICPR) ne-International Common on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICECCR) zimisa izindinganiso zembulunga yonke ezigunyazwa amazwe asayina ukusekela. Nakuba lamathuluzi engekho njalo anamandla angokomthetho angokomthetho angokomthetho ezimisweni zasekhaya, akha amathemba angokwesiko futhi anikeze izinqubo zokulandisa ngezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke.

Ukujula Kwamalungelo Abalulekile Omthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ehlukahluka kwezinye izindawo, izivikelo eziningana eziyisisekelo zibhekwa njengeziyisisekelo ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivame ukuchazwa njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi ngoba yenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukushintshisana ngemibono, ukugxeka izikhulu, nokusekela ushintsho. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala senqabela uKhiqo lwemithetho yokuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ivunyelwe, futhi lesivikelo siye sadluliselwa kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni ngokweSiphendu seGawulayo se 14 seSimiso seNkamputhe seGawulayo. Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. INkanto Ephakeme iye yaphawula izigaba zenkulumo ezithola isivikelo esincane noma ezingatholi nhlobo isivikelo, kuhlanganise nokugqugquzelwa kobudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokusongelwa okuyiqiniso.

Isilinganiso sesivikelo sokukhuluma siyaqhubeka sibhebhetheka ngenxa yezobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo. Izindaba ezinjengomthetho wokulawula ukuzonda ulimi, umkhankaso wokuguqula izimali, nomthetho wezezenhlalo zezembutho zezokuxhumana uphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nokuthi imingcele yokukhuluma okuvikelekile kufanele ibe kuphi. Kwezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, njengeCanada neJalimane, inzondo ilawulwa ngokuqinile kunase-United States, iveza ukulinganisela okuhlukile phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nezinye izindinganiso ezifana nokulingana nokuzwana kwezenhlalo.

Inkululeko Yenkolo Nenkolelo

Ilungelo lokwenza inkolo yomuntu — noma ukungabi nazinkolelo ezingokwenkolo kuwo wonke ama-— kuyisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiyisisekelo emazweni amaningi. Ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala sika-Claus no-Free Express Claus ndawonye kwakha uhlelo lapho uhulumeni ungenakumisa khona inkolo engokomthetho noma uvimbele abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo. Lesivikelo esihlangene sibonisa isibopho kuyo kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo nobuningi obungokwenkolo.

Inkululeko yenkolo ayihlanganisi nje kuphela ukukhulekela kwangasese kodwa nelungelo lokuveza izinkolelo ngokufundisa, umkhuba, nokugcina. Nokho, lelilungelo lingalinganiselwa lapho imikhuba engokwenkolo ingqubuzana nezithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo, njengempilo yomphakathi noma ukuphepha. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sihlanganisa Employment Division v. Smith [1990] [1990]) likholelwa ukuthi imithetho evamile esebenza, engathathiwe ngokomthetho engokwenkolo ewumthwalo ongangqubuzanga u-mfantula u-mscle Claus Claus, iqala impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokuhlala okufanelekile kwemikhuba engokwenkolo.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

Inqubo elandelwayo isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo esiqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga ngesimiso sokwahlulela. Sinenqubo edinga inqubo engokomthetho nengangenisiyo. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezimisiwe zomthetho ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqaphela, ukuzwa, ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Inqubo efanelekile, imfundiso ephikisayo, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni ngisho nalapho kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanelekile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo efanelekile ehlobene nomshado, umkhaya, nombuso.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha nangomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, nosizo lweseluleko sokuzivikela kobugebengu. Lezi zivikelo zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abantu ababoshiwe noma bajeziswe ngokungemthetho nokuthi isimiso sokwahlulela sisebenza ngobuqotho nangokungakhethi.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nakuba igama elithi "privracy" lingaveli eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokufihla imfihlo elisekelwe kwiZinqumo zokuqala, zesithathu, zesine, zesihlanu, nezeshumi elinesine. Lelilungelo livikela abantu ekungeneni kukahulumeni ekuphileni kwabo siqu, kuhlanganise nezinqumo eziphathelene nomshado, ukuzala, ukuvimbela inzalo, ubuhlobo bomkhaya, nokuzala umntwana. Kulenkathi yonyaka, amalungelo emfihlo aye athatha ukuphuthuma okusha njengoba ohulumeni nezinkampani ziqoqa izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane yomuntu siqu.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeki nokuquleka siwumthombo oyinhloko wamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-[FLT] Riley v. California (2014]) (2014) sikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuhlola okuqukethwe ngocingo lwezinombolo ngaphandle kwemvume, aqaphela inani elikhulu lokwaziswa komuntu siqu okuqukethwe yimishini yanamuhla. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola buqhubeka ukuqhubekela phambili, izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ziyaphazamisana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zemfihlo ezingokwesiko ezisekelwe emongweni ezintsha.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda lesi sici esingokomlando kubalulekile ukuze siqonde lokho okuye kwafezwa kanye nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekuvikeleni amalungelo.

IMagna Carta, eyasayinwa ngo-1215, ivame ukucashunwa njengencwadi eyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba yayikhuluma ngokuyinhloko ngobuhlobo phakathi kwenkosi yamaNgisi nezikhulu, yamisa isimiso sokuthi amandla enkosi awekho ngokuphelele nokuthi amalungelo athile awanakungahlukaniswa. Lesimiso sikahulumeni olinganiselwe saba isisekelo sezenzakalo zamuva zomthetho sisekelo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamelela intuthuko ephawulekayo ekuhlanganisweni kwamalungelo. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala awuzange uhlanganise incwadi yamalungelo, okwaholela empikiswaneni enkulu phakathi nenqubo yokuhlukanisa. IFederalists yaphikisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo kwakungadingekile futhi kwakuyingozi, njengoba kungase kusho ukuthi uhulumeni unamandla phezu kwazo zonke ezinye izindaba. I-Anti-Féderalist, ekhathazekile ngemithetho eqinile, yagcizelela isivikelo esicacile. Ukuyekethisa kwakuyinani leMiba lamalungelo elungile ngo1791, okuye kwasebenza njengesibonelo sesivikelo somthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ikhulu le-19 nelama-20 laba nokwanda okuphawulekayo emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo. Iziphendu zeMpi Yombango — ubugqila beshumi nane, obuyishumi nane nesihlanu — ubugqila obuyekiwe, ukusungula ubuzwe obufanayo nesivikelo esilinganayo, nokunqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvotelweni. Lokhu kushintsha ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula uMthetho-sisekelo, kwanikeza isivikelo sikahulumeni kubantu ngabanye ngokumelene nezenzo zombuso futhi kwabeka isisekelo se-Civil Rights Active Movement of the 1950 ne-1960.

ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948), esamukelwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, saphawula isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni amalungelo emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, umphakathi wezizwe zonke wamisa iqoqo elibanzi lamalungelo okufanele wonke izizwe ziwahloniphe, kuhlanganise nesesizwe, ezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, nesomphakathi. Nakuba iUDHR ingesona isivumelwano esibophayo esingokomthetho, iye yathonya imithetho-mthetho yamazwe amaningi futhi iye yasebenza njengesisekelo samathuluzi amalungelo abantu alandelanayo.

Intuthuko yamuva kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo iye yagxila ekwandiseni kwezivikelo zamaqembu ancishisiwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-[FLT]bergefell v. Hodges (2015) saqashelwa umshado ofanayo wobulili njengomthetho ngokomthetho welungelo ngaphansi kwe-CTIRCT and Exlimate Protection Clauses, uveza ukuqonda okungaguquguqukiyo kokulingana nokuzimela komuntu siqu. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaningi aye aguqula imithetho yawo ukuze anqande ukucwasana okusobala okusekelwe ekuzimbeni kwesithombe sobulilini, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Kumalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwezindlela eziqinile zokuvikela ezingokomthetho - sisekelo, izinselele ezinkulu zisongela ukugcwaliseka okugcwele kwalamalungelo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukwanda Kwezombangazwe Nokuwohloka Kwezinhlangano

Ukubekwa kwezombangazwe eziqinile kungalulaza izinhlangano ezivikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengabenzi bezembubhiso kunokuba zithathe uhlangothi, ukuqapha kwazo kuyantengantenga, nekhono lazo lokuphoqelela amalungelo liyancipha. Ngokufanayo, uma izindikimba zemithetho zinqanyulwa yimpi yamavolitiki, zingase zihluleke ukuxazulula izimpikiswano eziphoqelela amalungelo, zishiye izikhala ezivikelekile. Kwezinye izifunda ziye zazama ukuvimbela igunya lokwahlulela noma ukuvimbela isivikelo somthetho-mthetho ngezindlela zokulawula, zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuqina kwamalungelo ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu.

Ukucwasa Nokungalingani Kwezimiso

Nakuba amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo enqabela ubandlululo ngokomthetho, ukungafani kwezimiso kuyaqhubeka ezicini eziningi. Ukuhluka kwezinhlanga esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho okulinganisela ukutholakala kommeli ongokomthetho, nokucwaswa okuqhubekayo okusekelwe ebulilini, ebulilini, nasekukhubazekeni konke kubonisa ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho asanele ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwemithetho eqinile nenguquko. Ukuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo, namathuba emfundo alinganiselwe ahlanganisa lezinkinga, okwenza amaqembu abhekene nemingcele eqinile ekutholeni amalungelo awo ngokugcwele.

Imishini Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

Ukushintsha kwezimiso zemishini kuye kwadala izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe ngandlela-nye zamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ohulumeni nezinkampani bangaqoqa, bahlaziye, futhi bagcine izilinganiso eziningi zokwaziswa komuntu siqu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqondisa noma ukuvumelana komuntu ngamunye. Izinhlelo zokuhlola inqwaba, ukuphulwa kokwaziswa, nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokusungula ukubikezela amaphoyisa nezokuhlobisa umphakathi kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo wamanje. INkantolo Ephakeme iqale ukusingatha lezi zimo, idinga izicelo zokuhlola icell nokwenza i-GPS, kodwa inguquko yezobuchwepheshe iyaqhubeka iveza ukufaneleka okungokomthetho.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni Nasemfanekisweni Ongokomthetho

Amalungelo oMthetho awunanjongo uma abantu bengakwazi ukuwaphoqelela. Nokho ukukwazi ukumela izimpawu ezingokomthetho kuhlala kungalingani kakhulu, futhi abantu abathola imali ephansi ngokuvamile abangakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko ezindabeni zomphakathi. Ilungelo lokweluleka ezicabeni zobugebengu, elisungulwe Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], liye lalulazwa izimiso zomphakathi ezithwele imithwalo enzima. Ezemisebenzini yomphakathi ehilela izindlu, umsebenzi, nomthetho womkhaya, akuqinisekisiwe, kushiye abantu abaningi befuna ukuya ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho kuphela. Lokhu kungena kusho ukuthi amalungelo akhona ephepheni kodwa atholakalayo ngokulinganayo.

Amalungelo Okuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nawokuhleleka Kwesiphambano

Ezweni elihlangene, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ayanda anezici ezingafani. Izindaba ezinjengokuqapha kwezizwe zonke, ukuvikela, nokuphoqelelwa kwezahlulelo zakwamanye amazwe ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo ezingaphezulu. Umthetho wezizwe zonke wamalungelo abantu unikeza isiqondiso esithile, kodwa izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo asebenza asebenza kahle zibuthakathaka, futhi amazwe amaningi awawahloli kahle amalungelo awo. Ukungavumelani phakathi kobukhosi besizwe namalungelo embulunga yonke kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.

Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Kuyaphumelela

Othisha banendima ebalulekile yokulungiselela abafundi ukuba baqonde, bavivinye umzimba futhi bavikele amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ukufundisa okuphumelelayo ngamalungelo kugcina ikhanda ngokukhunjulwa kokulungisa izigwebo namacala asenkantolo; kuhilela ukuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga abucayi, ukuthuthukisa uzwela, nokunika abafundi amandla okuba abahlanganyeli abakhuthele ekuphileni kwentando yeningi.

Enye indlela ephumelelayo ukusebenzisa ukuhlola kwezecala okubonisa ukusebenza kwangempela kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlola amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme engokomlando anjenge Tinker v. Des Moines [1969], okuvikela ilungelo labafundi lokubhikisha ezikoleni, noma imanda v. Arizona [196], ezasungula ilungelo lokuthula, zisiza abafundi ukuba baxhumane nezimiso ezingokomthetho eziqondene nezimo eziqinile. Uma abafundi behlola amaqiniso, izimpikiswano, nemiphumela yezezindaba ezibalulekile, baveza ukwazisa okujulileyo ngokuthi amalungelo achazwa kanjani futhi agcinwa kanjani.

Ukuhlanganyela kubafundi ezimpikiswaneni zamanje ezihlobene nezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kungelinye icebo elinamandla lokulawula izinqumo. Izihloko ezinjengenkululeko yokukhuluma emakholiji, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yobuchwepheshe, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi nenkululeko engokwenkolo kunikeza ukwaziswa okucebile ukuze kuxoxwe ngakho. Izimpikiswano zidinga abafundi ukuba bachaze futhi bavikele izikhundla zabo, bahileleke emibonweni ephikisanayo, futhi bacabangele incazelo ebanzi yezenhlalakahle yezinqumo zomthetho. Le nqubo yakha amakhono abalulekile ekwakheni intando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokungavumelani ngenhlonipho nokucabanga kobufakazi.

Izikhulumi ezimema izimenywa i-— njengabameli, abahluleli, abashisekeli bamalungelo omphakathi, noma izikhulu zomthetho u-— ziletha ulwazi lwasekilasini. Ngenxa yokuthi lezizisebenzi zinolwazi oluqondile nezimiso zomthetho, zinikeza imibono ewusizo izincwadi ezingayiniki. Abafundi banethuba lokubuza imibuzo, ukuzwa izindaba zomuntu siqu, nokufunda ngezindlela zomsebenzi emthethweni nasebukhoneni.

Imisebenzi esekelwe emphakathini futhi ijulisa ukuqonda kwabafundi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Imisebenzi ingahlanganisa ukucwaninga izindaba zendawo ezihlobene nokucwaswa kwezindawo, ukuvota, noma ukulandisa ngamaphoyisa, bese kusungulwa iziphakamiso zokuguqula isimo. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni okuhlekisayo, izikhawu zeZizwe Ezihlangene, noma ukusungula izivumelwano zomphakathi kungathuthukisa ulwazi lwabafundi olusebenzayo lwezimiso ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Ukusingatha Impikiswano Ekilasini

Ukufundisa ngamalungelo omthetho ngokungenakugwenywa kuhilela ukusingatha izihloko eziphikisanayo. Izindaba ezinjengokukhipha isisu, ukuvuma, nokusekela kwezezimali ngomkhankaso zidala imizwelo enamandla nezinkolelo ezigxilile. Abafundisi abaphumelelayo badala izindawo zasekilasini lapho imibono ehlukahlukene ingavezwa khona ngenhlonipho futhi ihlolwe ngokuhluzekile. Bagxila ezimisweni ezingokomthetho nasezimisweni zomthetho kunokuzivumelanisa komuntu siqu, basize abafundi baqonde isimo sempikiswano engokomthetho ngaphandle kokubeka imithetho ethile ethandayo. Lendlela ihlobisa abafundi ukuba bakhe imibono yabo siqu eqondiswe ngenhlonipho kuyilapho behlonipha amalungelo abanye okusekela imibono ehlukile.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ukuqonda amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nesivikelo sendawo yonke akuwona umsebenzi wemfundo; kuyilungiselelo elibalulekile lokuthola ilungelo lokuba isakhamuzi. Amalungelo esivame ukuwathatha kalula i-— inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo efanele, ukuzifihla, nokulingana kwe-— ayimikhiqizo yamakhulu amaningi eminyaka yokulwa futhi ihlala isengozini yokuguguleka. Amalungelo eMithetho-siseko awakona ukuzibulala; adinga ukuzivikela ngenkuthalo ngokuvota, ngokuvota, ukuthatha imvume yokuzifunela, nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi.

Kubafundisi, umsebenzi ukulungiselela abafundi hhayi nje ukuba bazi amalungelo abo kuphela kodwa nokuba bawasebenzise ngokuhlakanipha nangobuqotho. Lokhu kusho ukufundisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lwamalungelo kanye nezibopho ezingokomthetho ezihambisana nokuphila emphakathini wentando yeningi. Amalungelo ahlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo: umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye, ukuhlanganyela empikiswaneni elungile yokholo, ukusekela izinhlangano ezisekela ukubusa komthetho, nokusebenzela umphakathi lapho isivikelo sendawo yonke singokoqobo kuwo wonke umuntu.

Njengoba sihlola izinselele zamanje i-— kusukela ekuhloleni kwezibalo kuya ekuhlolweni kwesimiso sezombangazwe kuya ekulinganiseni kwezimiso ze-— ukuzibophezela emalungelweni omthetho-sisekelo kusadingeka empilweni yentando yeningi. Lamalungelo anikeza ulimi olufanayo lobulungisa, indinganiso yokulinganisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni, nesisekelo sokufuna ukulandisa. Ngokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nesivikelo sawo sendawo yonke, sizihlomisa thina nezizukulwane ezizayo ukuze sisekele izindinganiso zenkululeko, ukulingana, nesithunzi okuchaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ogcwele wamalungelo ovela eMvukweni wesizwe, UMthetho Ongavumelaniyo Wamalungelo Abantu [[ ovela eZizweni, kanye nemithombo etholakala nge- American Compul Liberistic Union [[[, enikeza ukwaziswa kwamanje okuphathelene nemithetho ehlangeneyo kanye ne-advocacy [irtics] ehlobene namalungelo omthetho.