Umqondo wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo sokubusa nezimiso ezingokomthetho zezizwe emhlabeni wonke. Lamalungelo asebenza njengesivikelo kubantu ngabanye, aqinisekisa isivikelo ekuxhashazweni nasekuqiniseni inkululeko ethile. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo emazweni ahlukahlukene, siqokomisa ukufana nokwehluka kuyilapho sihlola futhi izisekelo ezingokomlando nezefilosofi ezibumba lezi sivikelo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ahlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe noma umthetho oyisisekelo, osebenza njengencwadi ephakeme yomthetho. Lamalungelo avame ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi, amalungelo ezombangazwe, namalungelo ezenhlalo. Ukuqashelwa nokugcinwa kwamalungelo anjalo kungahluka kakhulu sizwe ngasinye, kuthonywe yingokomlando, impucuko yezombangazwe, nezibopho zomhlaba wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, Isimemezelo somthetho-mthetho wenkululeko yobuntu, [ siye sabangela izisekelo eziningi zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukumiswa kwemisebenzi kwasekhaya kuvame ukwehla.

Imithetho-sisekelo ingabhalwa noma ingabhalwa, iqine noma ithambeke, futhi ngokuvamile ibonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomphakathi. Intengiselwano yamalungelo [ iqinisekisa ukuthi ayinakungagqwala kalula ngomthetho ovamile, inikeze ukuzinza nokuzinqumela. Nokho, ngisho namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo aqhubekeka kakhulu angancitshiswa ngokugcinwa, ukuchazwa kokwahlulela, noma ukucindezela kwezombangazwe.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nezisekelo Ezingokwesayensi KaPhilosophiya

Umqondo wanamuhla wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ulandela umsuka wawo kungqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe njengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noRousseau. Magna Carta (1215) kanye ne-Grilande Bill of Rights [ [1689]) yamisa imingcele yangaphambili ebukhosini. Kamuva, i-U.S. Isimemezelo se-Inkululeko neSimemezelo seSimemezelo seSivumelo seSivumelo seSizwe Samalungelo Abantu neseSizwe Esiphindisiwe. Le zincwadi zabeka isisekelo sokufakwa kwamalungelo phakathi nekhulu le-18 neleshumi elineshumi elinesi-19.

Imithetho-mthetho-mthetho yamuva weMpi II, njengomthetho oyisisekelo waseJalimane (1949) nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseJapane (1947), wagcizelela isithunzi somuntu futhi walahla impi. Ikhulu lama-20 labona ukunyuka kwamalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho emithethweni yezizwe ezizimele, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika nase-Asia. Namuhla, lempikiswano iyaqhubeka ukuthi amalungelo angowomhlaba wonke noma amasiko alingana.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo angahlukaniswa kakhulu abe ngamaqembu amaningana. Nakuba kungaphelele, izigaba ezilandelayo zivame ukuqashelwa edemokrasi yanamuhla:

  • Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi
  • Amalungelo Ezombangazwe
  • Amalungelo Ezenhlalo Nezomnotho
  • Amalungelo Endawo Ezungezile
  • Iqoqo Noma Amalungelo Eqembu

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikela abantu ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yenkolo, yokunyathelisa, neyokungafihliwe. Emazweni anjenge-United States neCanada, kunesivikelo esiqinile, ngokuvamile esiphoqwa ngokwahlulela. Nokho, imingcele ingasebenza ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, abanye ohulumeni baye balengisa ama-habeas corpus noma ukukhuluma ngenkululeko elinganiselwe.

I-Greek of Germany’s Law of Sicreen ibala isithunzi sobuntu njengesingathandeki, futhi iNkantolo ye-Federal Constitution isungule ukuvalwa okunamandla kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzinqumela. Ngokuphambene, isiqinisekiso somthetho sisekelo seChina sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sifaneleka kakhulu ngokongameleli kwezwe kanye "nezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zezezenhlalo.""

Amalungelo Ezombangazwe

Amalungelo ezombangazwe enza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ekubusweni kwezwe lazo: ilungelo lokuvota, ukumela isikhundla, nokwakha amaqembu ezombangazwe. Lamalungelo avikelwa kahle entando yeningi evuthiwe njenge-United Kingdom, iNdiya, ne-South Africa. Ngokuphambene, imibuso yempoqo enjenge-North Korea noma Saudi Arabia ivimbela kakhulu ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi, amalungelo ezombangazwe angabhekana nezinselele ezinjengokucindezelwa kwamavoti, ukuvinjelwa, noma imingcele emalini yomkhankaso. International of Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR] inikeza uhlelo lwalamalungelo, kodwa ukulalela kuyahluka.

Amalungelo Ezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Lamalungelo ahlanganisa ukufinyelela imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo yokuhlala, nesilinganiso esifanelekile sokuphila. Amazwe ase-Nordic anjengeSweden, iNorway, neFinland abeka amalungelo ezenhlalo ezindawo eziphambili ngomthetho nangamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uphawuleka kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa amalungelo asemthethweni ezenhlalo angagcinwa izinkantolo, njenganelungelo lokuthola ukunakekelwa kwezempilo. Kumazwe ampofu, imithombo yemali ilinganisela ukufezeka kwalamalungelo.

Amalungelo Endawo Ezungezile

Inani elandayo lemithetho-sisekelo manje lihlanganisa ilungelo lendawo ezungezile enempilo. Umthetho - sisekelo we-Ecuador ka-2008 waba ngowokuqala ukunikeza amalungelo emvelo. I-University of the Rights of Mother Earth yaseBolivia ilandela indlela efanayo. EYurophu, i-European Convention on Human Rights iye yachazwa njengehlanganisa ukuvikela indawo ezungezile. Lokhu kubonisa ukushintshela embulungeni yonke ekuqapheleni isisekelo semvelo senhlala - ntle yabantu.

Amalungelo Eqembu Nawokuhlanganiswa

Eminye imithetho engokomthetho iqaphela amalungelo aqashelwa abantu bomdabu, njengezizwe ezincane, noma imiphakathi engokwenkolo. iChater of Rights and Freedom yaseCanada ihlanganisa amalungelo aboMdabu, kuyilapho umthetho - sisekelo waseNdiya unikeza izimpikiswano zemfundo nemisebenzi yomphakathi yeShedymad Castes neSchemed Communings. Ukulinganisela amalungelo eqembu namalungelo omuntu ngamunye kungaba nengxabano.

Ukuhlaziya Amalungelo Omthetho Ngokuqhathaniswa Kwaphesheya Kwezizwe

Ukuze sibonise umehluko wamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, sihlola amazwe amaningana emazwekazini ahlukene. Indlela yesizwe ngasinye ibonisa umlando waso ohlukile nesimiso sezombangazwe.

United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhlelo oluqinile lwenkululeko yomphakathi ngeSiphakamiso samaLungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandela. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo, inkolo, imishini, ingqungquthela, nesicelo; iSichibiyelo Sesibili siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali. ISichibiyelo se 14 seSigunyazo siqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanelekile. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokubaluleka kwamalungelo − njengokukhishwa kwesisu (ngokushintsha [kusukela ku-] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Nations ), ukulawula izibhamu, nokukhuluma ngenkululeko yezokuxhumana. ICECCRFR, aziwamukeli amalungelo ezenhlalo.

EJalimane

ISisic Law (Grundesetz) yaseJalimane ibeka isithunzi somuntu esisemqoka. Iqinisekisa inkululeko yomphakathi, amalungelo ezombangazwe, namalungelo ezenhlalo njengalungelo lesikhoselo. INkantolo ye-Federal Constitution ifeza indima enamandla ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo, ngokuvamile iwalinganisele nezithakazelo zomphakathi. IJalimane ingumsekeli oqinile wamalungelo abantu baseYurophu, kuhlanganise ne-European Convention on Human Rights.

eNdiya

Umthetho - sisekelo waseNdiya (1950) unesethi ebanzi yamalungelo ayisisekelo (Indawo III) avumelanayo, kanye neMithetho ePhakeme e-Directive of State Policy (Ingxenye IV) eqondisa uhulumeni kodwa engaphoqelelwa izinkantolo. Inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo iyavikelwa, kodwa eminyakeni yamuva iye yabona ukukhathazeka ngokucindezela inkululeko nokusebenzisa imithetho yokuvukela umbuso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yandisa amalungelo ngezenzo zokwahlulela, ichaza ilungelo lokuphila elihlanganisa ilungelo lokuba umuntu abe wedwa nendawo ezungezile ehlanzekile.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

Umthetho-mthetho waseNingizimu Afrika (1996) ugujwa ngenxa yeSiphakamiso sawo esikhulu samalungelo, iSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu, ezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho, nemveli. INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo iphoqelele amalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho, njengamalungelo okuhlala Grootboom[ icala. Nokho, ukungalingani okukhulu nobumpofu kuyaqhubeka, kulinganisela ukujabulela amalungelo.

i-China

Umthetho-sisekelo weChina uvikela amalungelo amaningi ngokomthetho, kodwa ngokomthetho iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina lizigcina liyilawula ngokuqinile inkulumo, ingqungquthela, nenkolo. Isimiso somthetho asinazibopho, futhi amalungelo angaphansi kwezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile ziveza ukwephulwa komthetho njengokuvalelwa komthetho okungokomthetho nokucushwa. IChina iye yasayina i-ICESCR kanye ne-CCR kodwa ayizange iwasebenzise ngokugcwele.

Brazil

I - Federal Court iye yawaphoqelela la malungelo, ikakhulukazi ngelungelo lokunikeza imvume yokunakekela impilo. Amalungelo endawo avelele, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kusebuthakathaka ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi nenkohlakalo.

Isimiso Samalungelo Abantu Sezizwe Zonke

Izivumelwano nemibuthano yezizwe zonke inikeza indinganiso efanayo ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

  • Umhlaba Wonke Umemezela Ngamalungelo Abantu (UDHR) – 1948
  • Isivumelwano Sezizwe Zonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe (ICCPR) – 1966
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe Zonke samalungelo ezomnotho, eSocial and Cultural (ICESCR) – 1966
  • Amathuluzi Ezifunda: ISivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu, I - Afrika Charter on Human’s Rights, i - American Convention on Human Rights
  • Umhlangano Wokuqedwa Kwazo Zonke Izinhlobo Zobandlululo Kwabesifazane (CEDAW)
  • Umhlangano Wamalungelo Engane (CRC)

Umthetho Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

IUDHR, eyamukelwa yiNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, ihlela amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo okuvikelwa emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba ingaboshelwa ngokomthetho, iye yaba yithonya lemithetho-sisekelo yezizwe nezivumelwano zezizwe. Izihloko zayo ezingu - 30 zihlanganisa amalungelo omphakathi, ezombangazwe, ezenhlalo, nangokwesiko.

Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR yenza izimpawu zamazwe ukuze ahloniphe amalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuqulwa ngokulunga, kanye nendawo yangasese. Iqala indikimba ehlolayo, iKomiti yamaLungelo omphakathi, ebukeza imibiko yezikhulu zikahulumeni futhi ingazwa izikhalo ngazinye ngaphansi kwe-Optional First Amplificial Protocol. Amazwe amaningi aye adonsela i-ICCPR lapho enza izikweleti zawo zamalungelo.

Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Ezomnotho, Ezenhlalo Namasiko (ICESCR)

I-ICESCR igxila emalungelweni anjengelungelo lokusebenza, lemfundo, lokunakekela impilo, nezinga lokuphila elanele. Ifuna ukuba amazwe athathe izinyathelo "ezingeni eliphezulu elikhona" ukuze aqaphele la malungelo ngokuqhubekayo. I-Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights iqondisa ukuthobela. I-ICESCR ibinethonya ekulolongeni amalungelo ezenhlalo emithethweni yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho yezizwe ezisathuthukayo.

Imishini Yokugunyaza Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuba namalungelo ephepheni akwanele; izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ayasebenza.

  • [ Ukubukeza kwe-judicial – izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula umthetho-sisekelo
  • Izinkantolo zomthetho - sisekelo noma izinkantolo eziphakeme ezinezikhungo ezikhethekile zokulwela amalungelo abantu
  • Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zesizwe (i - ambudsman, izimemezelo zamalungelo abantu)
  • Isithakazelo somphakathi
  • Ukukhononda okungokomthetho (abantu bangakhangwa ngokuqondile enkantolo engokomthetho)

Amazwe aneziqu zomthetho ezizimele, njengeJalimane, iNdiya, neNingizimu Afrika, aye awasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Izimiso zokwahlulela ezibuthakathaka emazweni anjengeRussia noma iVenezuela zivumela uhulumeni ukuba angazinaki iziphakamiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kokuba khona kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, amazwe amaningi abhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ekuvikeleni amalungelo.

  • Uhulumeni Uphamba Futhi Ubusa Ngempoqo
  • Ukucwasana nokungalingani
  • Ukonakala nokuntuleka kokulandisa
  • Izimiso zokwahlulela ezibuthakathaka
  • Imingcele engokomnotho nokuntuleka kwezimpahla
  • Ukusongela okuqhubekayo: ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, imiqedazwe

Ukuthola Imibuso Ngokweqile Kahulumeni Nokusekela Uhulumeni

Emazweni amaningi, ohulumeni bangaweqa imingcele yabo, bephula amalungelo abo ngabanye ngaphansi kokuzisholo ukulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuhleleka komphakathi. Amandla aphuthumayo, imithetho emelene nobuphekula, kanye nemibuso yokuqapha ngokuvamile awenzi amagophe omthetho-sisekelo. Ukwanda kwe-populism nokuphambuka kwentando yeningi emazweni anjenge-Hungary, iPoland, ne-Turkey kuye kwenza ukuba isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sibe buthaka. Izinkantolo ezingenazimela azinakusebenza njengesehlolo emandleni esikhulu.

Ukubandlulula Nokungalingani

Ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, indlela yobulili, inkolo, noma isigaba sesigaba luyaqhubeka lululaza ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ivimbela ubandlululo, ubandlululo lwezenhlalo nobandlululo lwezimiso lusaqhubeka. Ngokwesibonelo, ubandlululo lwaseNdiya olusekelwe ezigabani zabantu lusalokhu lugxilile naphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho. I-South Africa ilwa nobandlululo lwezomnotho kanye nohlanga. Ubudlova obusekelwe ezweni eliphansi kanye nokukhokha izikhala ziyizindaba zomhlaba wonke.

Ukonakala Nokuntuleka Kwecala

Ukonakala ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kungaphazamisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma izikhulu zingasolwa, ukuphulwa kwemithetho akujeziswanga. I-World Justice Project’s 's Law Index[ ibonisa njalo ukuthi amazwe anenkohlakalo ephakeme awananhlonipho ephansi ngamalungelo ayisisekelo.

Izimiso Zokwahlulela Ezibuthakathaka

Ikomiti yezomthetho ezimele ibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Emazweni lapho izinkantolo zicindezelwa khona ngokwezombangazwe, zingenamali, noma zivaleleke emacaleni, abantu abanakuwabekela inselele ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo. Izimiso zosizo ezingokomthetho zivame ukuhluleka, zishiye abampofu bengabutholi ubulungisa.

Ukuntengantenga Kwezomnotho

Amalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho adinga imali eshisiwe emphakathini. Izizwe ezineGDP ephansi kumuntu ngamunye zingazama ukunikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, noma indawo yokuhlala. Ngisho noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo elungile, izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganise ukugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nenani lempahla. Umqedazwe weCOVID-19 uqokomisa indlela izinkinga zezomnotho ezingaholela ngayo ekuvinjelweni kwamalungelo.

Imingcele Ehlanganisa Izinga: Amalungelo Amanani Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Inkathi ye-minuber iphakamisa izinselele ezintsha zamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izihloko ezinjengokungafihli lutho, ukulunga komthetho-mthetho, nenkululeko yokukhuluma nge-inthanethi zibhekiswa kakhulu kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-jurisprudence. nelungelo lokulibaleka [ yaqashelwa yiNkantolo yeSikhathi Sobulungisa saseYurophu. i-Brazil’s Marco Civil da Internet imisa ukuvikelwa kwenethiyo nesivikelo sobuso be-mnothi. Amanye amazwe, njengaseNingizimu Korea nase-Indiya, aye aqaphela ilungelo lomthetho lokufihla imfihlolo ezibalo. Nokho, izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola izingozi zivame ukuphikisana nalezi sivikelo.

Ikusasa Lamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqashelwa kwezindaba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuyaqhubeka kwanda, futhi amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo abhekene nezinselele zanamuhla. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphoqelela amazwe ukuba acabangele amalungelo emvelo acacile. Ukwanda kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulandisa. Okwamanje, ukufuduka kwababaleki kanye nababaleki kuhlola imingcele yamalungiselelo esimiso somthetho - sisekelo sokukhosela.

Ukuvundiswa kwezinkantolo zasekhaya kanye nezindikimba zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge European Court of Human Rights, kuyashesha. UMkhandlu wamalungelo abantu ULUNGAN [ nezindikimba zesivumelwano ziyaqhubeka zinikeza isiqondiso, kodwa ukugcinwa kusezindleni zesizwe.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ayisici esibalulekile sokubusa kwentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko emazweni amaningi cishe ekwandiseni kwamalungelo okuhlanganisa izenhlalo, ezomnotho, nezindawo ezizungezile (izinselele ezihambayo) kumelwe kubhekiswe kuzo. Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathaniswa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo emazweni onke kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezinhlangano eziqinile, umphakathi oqaphile, kanye nokuzinikela ekubuseni umthetho. Isivikelo salenkululeko eyisisekelo sidinga umzamo oqhubekayo nozivumelanisa.