Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho nomthetho ogunyaziwe benza i-lick lomthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Nsuku zonke, izikhulu zamaphoyisa namanxusa kahulumeni basebenzisa iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lesivikelo esingokomthetho esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kubantu, ukuqonda lamalungelo akuzona nje izifundo ezifundiswayo − kunika amandla okusebenzelana neziphathimandla ngolwazi futhi kuqinise isivikelo sazo lapho zidingeka. Ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuqondwa okujulile kwemingcele kubalulekile ekwenzeni imisebenzi yabo ngokomthetho nokugcina ukwethenjwa kwemiphakathi abayisebenzisayo. Lesi sihloko sinweba ezimisweni zesisekelo, izicelo eziwusizo, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho, futhi izinselele eziqhubekayo ezichaza lo mdlalo obalulekile.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ikakhulukazi ngeBhill of Rights kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo, umisa uhlelo olulinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi uqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo. Lamalungelo awacacisi − awalona icebo lokuqashelwa kwezisebenzi zomthetho ngokuqondile ukuthi kumelwe zenzeni phakathi nophenyo, ukuboshwa, kanye nokuhlangana kwansuku zonke.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eqondisa Ukungenela

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo, inkolo, umbiko, ingqungquthela, nelungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni. Ngokomongo womthetho, lokhu kusho ukuthi izikhulu kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo ezakhamuzi okuveza ukungavumelani, umsebenzi wamaphoyisa ogciniwe ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi ziqoqe ukuthula. INkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ilungelo lokuthwebula amafilimu livikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala ( Glik v. Cunniffe, 1st.], 2011). Abaphathi bengenakuphindiselela abantu ngabanye ngokusebenzisa lenkululeko, nakuba bengase bafake isikhathi esifanelekile, indawo, nemithetho uma kusobala ukuthi kusongelwa ukuphepha.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

Cishe ukunqandwa kwemithetho okuvame kakhulu, iSichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kube okunengqondo.

  • I-Conict:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, akukho justamenti edingekayo.
  • Umbono oPlain: izikhulu zingathatha ubufakazi obubonakala ngokucacile ngaphandle kophawu.
  • [ Izimo ezizinzile: Izimo eziphuthumayo njengokuphishekela ngokuphuthumayo noma ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi kungathethelela ukuseshwa okungenasiqinisekiso.
  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukubopha: izikhulu zingase zifune umboshi nendawo eseduze ukuze zithole izikhali noma ubufakazi.
  • Ukukhishwa kwemoto okuzenzekelayo: Imbangela engenzeka iyodwa ivumela ukuseshwa kwemoto okungenaluphawu.

Misa-fufulik imikhuba elawulwa [ Terry v. Ohio, idinga ukusola okunengqondo [ ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Umugqa phakathi kokuhlangana okungalawuleki nokuqubuka uxegisiwe u-explorect; ukuziphatha kwe-implor-at jroll, noma ukuyala, kudinga [[FLT:] ukuguqula ingxoxo ibe yijele elidinga ukunyundelwa okunengqondo.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuziphindiseleleni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu “ophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala lobugebengu ukuba abe ufakazi omelene naye.” Lesi isisekelo samalungelo adumile amaMaranda afundwa phakathi nokuphenywa kwesigwebo semvume. Uma umuntu esolwayo esejele futhi efuna ukuphenywa, kumelwe atshelwe ilungelo lawo lokuthula nokuba nommeli. Uma isikhulu sihluleka ukunikeza lezi zixwayiso, noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezingase zivinjelwe enkantolo.

Ngaphandle kokuzisola, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlanganisa futhi ne-Awd Procession Claus, evikela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni sokuzithandela. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kulandele izinqubo ezimisiwe lapho kuncishwa othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla (ngokwesibonelo, lapho usebenzisa amandla abulalayo, ukulunga kumelwe kube okunengqondo ngokunengqondo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, hhayi ukwephulwa kwenqubo efanele lapho ubanjwa.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi Nokumelelwa Ngokomthetho

ISichibiyelo seSihlanu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelomphakathi, i-avaleji engakhethi, kanye nosizo lweseluleko. Kumthetho, lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho umuntu esolwa ngokusemthethweni ebekwa icala, banelungelo lokuba nommeli phakathi nazo zonke izigaba ezibucayi, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwemigqa nokuphenywa. Icala lengqoko yesifunda Gideon v. Wainright[[ [1963]) lamisa ukuthi izimemezelo kumelwe zinikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukunikeza ummeli. Izinqubo zamaphoyisa kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi abamangalelwa abangelwayo abangenakuphiwa.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Nakuba ngokuvamile kuhlangene nokugwetshwa, iSichibiyelo seNguquko sesishiyagalombili sithinta futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa. Amandla adlulele ashaqisa unembeza angase aphazamise ukulungisa, nakuba iziphakamiso eziningi zihlaziywa ngaphansi ‘ kokucabangela okufanelekile'kweSichibiyelo Sesine. IsiMithelela seNguquko sesishiyagalombili sivimbela nokusetshenziswa kwemingcele ethile noma izimo ezilingana nesijeziso ngaphambi kokuqiniseka.

Indima Yomthetho Ekusekeleni Amalungelo Omthetho

Izikhulu eziqapha imithetho azizona nje izisebenzi eziphoqelelwayo zemithetho; zingabagcini bamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi kuyilapho zihlonipha imingcele engokomthetho ebekwe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lomthwalo wemfanelo ombaxambili udinga ukwenza izinqumo njalo ngaphansi kokucindezela.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yamakhoba

  • Ukuvikela ukuphepha komphakathi nokugcina ukuhleleka: izikhulu zisabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, imiphakathi yabalindi, futhi zingenele ezimweni eziyingozi.
  • Ukunikeza uphenyo nokuqoqa ubufakazi: Lokhu kudinga ukuqonda uma isiqinisekiso sidingeka, ukuthi ungabuthola kanjani, nokuthi ungabusingatha kanjani ubufakazi ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo.
  • Imithetho elandelwayo ngokuvumelana neziqondiso zomthetho-sisekelo: Zonke izingcingo, ukuboshwa, nokuseshwa kufanelwe kuthethelelwe ngokomthetho.
  • Ukunikeza amalungelo abasolwa nezisulu ihlonishwa: izisulu zinamalungelo futhi, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi koMthetho wamalungelo obugebengu, kumelwe ziphathwe ngenhlonipho futhi zitshelwe ngezindaba.

Ukuqeqesha Nemfundo

Izikole zamaphoyisa zanamuhla zinikezela isikhathi esibalulekile emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo. INhlangano yezizwe zonke yaMakhosi itusa imfundo eqhubekayo kuSichibiyelo sesine, ukusebenzisa izimiso zempoqo, nokungasasebenzi. Izindawo eziyisihluthulelo zihlanganisa:

  • Imfundo esemthethweni ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nasemacaleni: abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe bazi izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme, njenge Rodriguez v. United States[ [2020] (20] ngokuyeka ukuhamba ngezimoto kanye Utah v. Strieff[[[FL:5]]] 2016 ngokufaka ubufakazi obungcolile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amasu okuhlukanisa:[[FL:1] amasu eVerbal, isikhathi, ibanga, futhi ukumboza isidingo sokuphoqelela nokunciphisa izingxabano zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Amasu asemthethweni amaphoyisa: Ukwakha ukwethembana ngokuxhumana okuqinile, okungekukho okuphoqelelwe kukhuthaza ukuzithoba nokubambisana kokuzithandela.

Ukulandisa Kwangaphakathi Nokuqondisa

Imishini futhi isebenzisa izimiso zangaphakathi ezivame ukudlula izimfuneko ezincane zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iminyango eminingi manje ifuna izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise amakhamera omzimba phakathi nohlanganiso lwezakhamuzi ( lwezinhlelo zeBWC[). Amabhodi okubukeza e-Civinian, asebenzisa izimiso zokubika eziphoqelelwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokungenela zakudala zisiza ekutholeni abaphathi abangase baphule amalungelo.

Izinselele Ekusekeleni Amalungelo

Naphezu kokuqeqeshwa nezinhloso ezinhle, kuba khona ukuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo.Izindaba zesimiso, ubandlululo olucacile, kanye nezingcindezi ezingavamile kungaholela emikhubeni eqeda inkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukuhlambalaza Nokuhlambalaza Kohlanga

Imininingwane evela ekuhloleni okuningi ibonisa ukuthi abantu abamnyama nababhinqile bamiswa ngokungenakulinganiswa, baphenywa, futhi bafakwa ngaphansi kwegunya. Nakuba ukusola okunengqondo kumelwe kube ukuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga, ubandlululo olucacile lungathonya indlela isikhulu esibheka ngayo ukuziphatha okusolayo. Ukukhishwa kwesiqondiso sobulungisa sokuhlukanisa izinhlanga[ kunxusa izinhlangano ukuba ziqoqe ukwaziswa kokuvala izimoto, zihlaziye ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, futhi zisebenzise ukuqeqeshwa kobandlululo. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zavala imithetho esekelwe ngokuqondile ebalazweni, ebuhlangani, nasenkolo.

Amandla Adlulele Nokulandisa

Izenzakalo eziphezulu zezehlakalo ziye zaqokomisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo. Indinganiso yeSichibiyelo sesine ku-Graham v. Connor (19989) ibuza ukuthi amandla “ayenengqondo" ngokombono wesikhulu esinengqondo" ngokombono wesikhulu esisesimweni. Abagxeki baphikisa lendinganiso ibangela ukuhlehlela kakhulu. Izinguquko ezinjengokufuna ukuqeda i-escation, ukuvala imigodi, nokuhlola okuzimele (umg., ngokusebenzisa ummeli wezwe noma abameli abakhethekile) bahlose ukunciphisa amandla aphakeme nokwandisa ukulandisa komthwalo wemfanelo. UGeorge Fleyd uphikisa kakhulu i-Choliclect, nakuba zingadlulangadlulanga ngokulawula kwe-buzwe, izinguquko eziningi.

Ukucwaninga Okungenamthetho Nokukhohlisa

Ukuphenya okungaguquguquki okusekelwe ku- “ukuvumela” kungaba okuvumelanayo, ikakhulukazi uma abasolwayo bengazi ukuthi bangalahla. Ukukhipha inyumbazane kucindezela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, “‘ kusebenza njengesithiyo, kodwa ngaphandle komthetho wokholo oluhle ( United States v. Leon, 1984]) ulinganisela ukufinyelela kwayo. Amakhamera endikimba kanye nezimiso zokuphatha ezigunyazisayo kuyasiza ekunciphiseni amaphutha.

Ukwethembana Nobumbano Lomphakathi

Uma amalungelo omthetho-mthetho ebhekwa njengokwephulwa njalo, imiphakathi iyaphelelwa ukuthembana komthetho olandelwayo. Le “nkinga yokugcinwa kwemithetho” yenza ukuba ubugebengu bunciphe kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ofakazi nezisulu ziba manqikanqika ukubambisana. Izehlulelo zesizwe (i-fuir", ukuvaleka, ukubonakala, nokuzwana kwezwi emagameni . Izinhlangano ezithatha ukungenela kwezinkinga (CIT) zinciphisa ukuboshwa nokuphoqelela okungadingekile.

Ukuhlola Izimpawu Zophawu

Amacala alandelayo eNkantolo Ephakeme abalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo asetshenziswa ngayo emikhubeni yokugcinwa komthetho.

[[UMTH:0] Miranda v. Arizona[ (1966)

Ernesto Miranda waboshwa ngokuthumba nokudlwengula okusekelwe ekuvunyweni kwamaphoyisa lapho engatshelwanga khona ukuthi unelungelo lakhe lokunikeza iseluleko. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuze sinikeze isixwayiso samalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa ngelungelo. [[[FLT:] [[FLT:] [] [[FLT]] [] [imiphumela eqondile] yalesi sinqumo. Kamuva yachaza ukuthi uma isikhulu sisola ukuthi impoqo ngaphandle kobuzo iMira nesixwayiso, izimpendulo ziwubufakazi obusobala, kodwa obungokoqobo obutholakala njengomphumela wenkulumo engahlolwanga lutho] “ungase uvunywe ngokuphepha. [FLT] [2] [2]

Terry v.O. (1968)

Isikhulu se-McFanden saphawula amadoda amathathu enza ngokusola cishe esitolo futhi, ngaphandle kwesizathu, awaphoqelela phansi ukuze asebenzise izikhali. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuseshwa okulinganiselwe (i- “frisk”) kwezikhali kuvumelekile uma isikhulu sino ukusola okungenangqondo [[ ukuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Lokhu kuyeka-frisk imfundiso elinganiselwe ye-flk ngokuvikela kwezehlobisa kweNguquko Yesine. Kodwa futhi iNkantolo yaxwayisa ukuthi “inkanto esekelwe engoko engokobukweni yezinhlanga. [[[[FLT]] [FLT] [FF:3] [FF]] ukulinganisa, [FF:4] inter.[2]

Mapp v.O. (1961)

Dollree Map wabekwa icala lokuba nezinto ezingcolile ngemva kokuba amaphoyisa epheqululile ekhaya lakhe ngaphandle komthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yanikeza umthetho ohlukanisayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, iveza ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakalayo bephula iSichibiyelo Sesine abunakusetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu. Lesisinqumo sombuso nomthetho wezwe ophoqelelwe ukuba bathathe izimfuneko zeSichibiyelo Sesine ngokungathi sína noma balahlekelwe izinkolelo ezingokomthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomthetho ungavumela abamangalelwa abanecala ukuba bakhululeke, kodwa abasekeli bawubheka njengeseshwa elibalulekile ekuphathweni ngecala kwamaphoyisa.

[[UMTH:0] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

UClarence Gideon wabekwa icala lokugqekeza egumbini eliseFlorida. Wacela ummeli kodwa waphikiswa ngoba umthetho waseFlorida wawunikeza kuphela iseluleko emacaleni abulalayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi ilungelo leSigamu sesithupha lokunikeza iseluleko libalulekile futhi lisebenza ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Namuhla, umthetho akumelwe uphenye ummangalelwa oye wacela iseluleko kuye, futhi noma imuphi ummangaleli ongagunyazi kumelwe azi futhi azimisele. Leli cala ligcizelela ukuthi kungani amaphoyisa kumelwe ayeke ukubuza ummeli osolwayo.

Ferguson v. City of Charleston (2001])

Lelicala alidume kakhulu kodwa libaluleke kakhulu. Isibhedlela somphakathi eCharleston, eSouth Carolina, sibambisana namaphoyisa, senza ukuhlola kokuchama kwabesifazane abakhulelwe abasolwayo ngokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ngaphandle kwemvume futhi sababopha ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kwezingane. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuhlola kwesibhedlela kwakungenangqondo lapho injongo yaso eyinhloko iwukugcinwa komthetho kunokusetshenziswa kwemithi. Icala laqokomisa izingozi zokusebenzisa imininingwane yezokwelapha ephoyisa amaphoyisa ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukugunyazwa kwamacala, futhi lagcizelela isimiso sokuthi isivikelo somthetho wemithetho-mthetho wezomthetho asinakugwenywa yizinhlangano zomphakathi.

Izinguquko Zanamuhla Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Ukuqonda lezi zimo kunikeza umongo wezinhlangano zanamuhla zenguquko. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera egazi, ukufushaniswa kwezindawo zokudubula okuzimele kwesikhulu esizifake emfuleni, nempikiswano ngokuvikela komzimba okufanelekayo konke kubonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nomthetho wokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yombuso weLegislatures[ ithatha indingando eyandayo yezifundazwe eziye zaguqula noma ezilinganiselwe, ezivikela izikhulu ekubekelweni isibopho elungelweni amalungelo omphakathi ngaphandle kokuba “zimisiwe ngokucacile.

Isiphetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kunamandla futhi kuyafuna. Umthetho-sisekelo awunikezi amaphoyisa isandla esikhululekile − ulinganisela ngokucophelela igunya lawo kuyilapho uwanika amandla okuvikela umphakathi. Kubaphathi, ukunqoba lemingcele engokomthetho kuyimfuneko engokomthetho nengokokuziphatha. Kuzakhamuzi, ulwazi lwamalungelo azo luyithuluzi lokuhlanganyela okunenjongo ekubuthweni kwentando yeningi. Amacala anjenge [[FLT], [FLT]], [FLTY] , futhi ithuluzi lokuhlanganyela okunenjongo entando yeningi. [[FLT] [FLT:] [5]] ayaqhubeka nokuxhumana kwansuku zonke, kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokuzingela izinjongo eziphambili. Ngokulinganisela ngokuvikela nokuvikela komthetho, nangokuziphendule ngokulunga, ngokulinganisela ngokusebenza kwezimiso ezingokomthetho.