Isingeniso: Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu Njengophawu Olungokomthetho

I-Good Wearth Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezindawo eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuthula ezikuwo wonke uhulumeni ophethe ikhulu lamashumi amashumi amathathu eminyaka wempi enobudlova eNyakatho Ireland eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, inkathi eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka - 3 500 futhi yashiya izibazi ezijulile. Nakuba iSivumelwano ngokuvamile sigujwa ngenxa yobuhlakani baso bezombangazwe obungokomhlaba obukhona, ukumiswa kombuso onamandla owenza kube khona owehlukanisayo phakathi kwenhlangano yezizwe neyamazwe ayaziwa ngokuthi iNyakatho neyase-irland, futhi iqala ngokulinganayo. Isivumelwano sihlala ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho eziwuhlanganisayo, futhi sisekela izivumelwano ezingokomthetho phakathi nezimiso zesikhathi esizayo, ukuthi i - U. Ukuqonda ukuhlelwa komthetho wokuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zesivumelwano sokuthula kwezwe lonke, kuveza ukumiswa kwezimiso ze-U.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke phakathi kwe-United Kingdom ne-Irland ayiyona iqoqo lemibhalo ehlangeneyo. Izingxenye zayo ezimbili eziyinhloko yi-Mildial Party Act, efinyelelwa phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe eNyakatho Ireland, kanye nesivumelwano se-British-Irish, isivumelwano sezizwe zonke phakathi kwe-United Kingdom ne-Rwanda. Lezi zenza ukuba kubekwe imiphumela engokomthetho ngokomthetho ngokomthetho cishe ngokuyinhloko nge-[FLT][FLD]NURLAND Act [ , eyamisa izinhlangano ezikhungodwebe ezihlukeneyo ze-Rwandayo ne-RwandayoMhlaba womthetho futhi yamisa isimo somthetho sase-Northern Ireland ngokumelene ne-URwanda noma ngokuvikela izivumelwano esingokomthetho, ngaphandle kokuba i-Unithelse-Unitry.[5] I-Active i-extenton i-odverse.

Indima Yomthetho WaseNyakatho Ireland Ngo - 1998

I-Northern Ireland Act iyisisekelo somthetho wasekhaya osungulwe yi-Act 1998. Yadala i-Northern Ireland Assembly neKomiti Elawulayo (i-Aspect-igunya likahulumeni) yachaza imibuso yayo, futhi yamisa izinqubo zezinhlangano ze-bolic. I-Act yamisa futhi i-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission ne-Eyent Commission, kokubili eqhubeka nokuhlola amalungelo abantu kanye nesibopho sokulingana. I-Crucily ihlanganisa izinhlelo zezinhlangano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano uma kukhona ukuwohloka kwamandla embusweni, inqubo eye yasetshenziswa kaningana phakathi kuka-2002, ngokuphawulekayo nangemva kokuwa kwe-2007. I-Act ifuna futhi ukuba uNobhala-Stemental wezwelo cishe u-Rlandland ishovey cishe ukuvomula okukhulu uma iveza ukuvolwa kwemvume yokubuyisa kwe-Rwanda, kusukela ekuthole.

Isivumelwano SaseBrithani Nomthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Isivumelwano saseBrithani esisemthethweni, esibhaliswe neZizwe Ezihlangene njengesivumelwano sezizwe zonke, sinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho esihambelanayo senqubo yokuthula. Lesi sivumelwano senza bobabili ohulumeni ukuba basekele izimiso zeSivumelwano saseGood Wesihlanu Esihle, kuhlanganise nesimiso semvume yoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, isivikelo samalungelo abantu, nokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwezentengiselwano zasenyakatho neMpumalanga. Yamisa futhi i-British-Irish Confective Conference njenge-um yokwaziswa kokuhlola izindaba ezingakhokhwana. Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke senezela ungwengwele lwezi ezingokomthetho: izimpikiswano zokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho, futhi namalungu angeke ahlukaniswe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umthetho wezizwe zonke. Lokhu kwaqokonyiswa phakathi nokuxoxa kwe-Brtik lapho uhulumeni we-UK evimbela isithembiso somthetho wezwe lonke isithembiso somthetho womthetho womthetho wombuso womhlaba wonke ngaphansi kwe-Britishir.

Amalungelo Abantu namalungiselelo Okulingana

Ingxenye enkulu ye-Good Wearth Act igcizelela amalungelo abantu kanye nokulingana. Isivumelwano ngokwaso sidinga imvume yamalungelo eNyakatho Ireland, isifungo esisalokhu singafezeki eminyakeni engaphezu kwengamashumi amabili kamuva. Nokho, amathuluzi amaningana angokomthetho abekwa. I-Northern Ireland Act yenza ukuba iziphathimandla zomphakathi zingabe namthetho wokukhetha isisekelo sezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo noma umbono wezombangazwe, futhi ifuna ukuba wonke amalungu omphakathi athuthukise ukulingana kwethuba. I-Human Rights Act, eyafaka i-European Convention on Human Rights emthetho we-UK, eyalwelwa yizintambo zesivumelwano ze-Actss joctedss joctssssssssssssssss, enqanda ukuvinyaniswa kwezwe umbuso nezinhlangano kwezombangazwe ngokufanayo. Isivumelwano saholela ekusungulweni kwemigomo yombuso [FLD][5] [5] i-EFoct, futhi ihluleka imibuso ezikhali ezingabantu, ngezinye izikhathi eziwusekela kakhulu kakhulu.

Isikhulu Samandla Nemishini Yaso Engokomthetho

Isici esivelele kakhulu esingokomthetho se-Good Frive Advement isikhulu esibophekile sokuphatha amandla. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende ezivamile lapho iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lakha khona uhulumeni, iSivumelwano sifuna ukuba iButho lihlanganise kokubili amaqembu ahlangeneyo namaqembu esizwe, neNgqongqoshe Yokuqala nesekela likaNgqongqoshe wokuqala (manje ebizwa njengeHhovisi likaNgqongqoshe Wokuqala nesekela likaNgqozi Wokuqala) ekhethwe uMphathi woMphathi-Nyakatho we-Omzankosi oxhumene ngesisekelo sesiphambano. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umphakathi ukuba uhulumeni ukuba ulawule omunye futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo eziphathelene nekusasa laseNyakatho Ireland ze-Ireland zenziwe ngokuvumelana. Abaphathi bezomthetho babekwa ngaphandle kwe-Northern Ireland Act 1998 futhi bahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe yizimpikiswa yizi zezombangazwe.

Isimiso Se - d’Hondt Nokubambisana Kwabantu

Ukwabiwa kwenhlangano ye-create communist kunqunywa yisimiso se-d’Hondt, indlela elinganiselwe eqinisekisa ukuthi isigaba ngasinye sithola inani lemisebenzi elingana nezihlalo zaso eMhlanganweni. Lesi simiso sisusa ukunquma kweNgqongqo Yokuqala ukukhetha izisebenzi ezisebenza nabo, yenza isibopho ngempela. Imfuneko engokomthetho yesivumelwano sokubhalisa i-gudrobo amaqembu angakwazi ukuzikhethela ukuhlala ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho, ebangela ukuba athathe inqubo, ebangela ukususwa kwangempela kwezindawo zokubusa eMbusweni. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekukhetheni kwemiphumela ethile engekho ngokomthetho ye-parcofolios eMthethweni we-Nyakatho, lapho i-Didemocratic Union Partion (DUPUP) inqaba ukuthatha isekela le-Scesterist yoLust, ukuvuselela i-Geneadeccouption. Inkantolo iye yaphumela ekusebenzeni kweqembu eliphansi kakhulu enziwasemuva kakhulu, lapho ingazange i-inde izingamele ukuba i-inde izinga, inqaphendla

Ukuvuma Nokunxusa Okuhlobene Nezinkathazo

Ukuze kuvikelwe inzuzo yayo yomibili imiphakathi, i-League ifuna ukuba izinqumo ezithile eziyinhloko cishe njengezinguquko ezisemthethweni omisiwe woMhlangano, ukukhethwa kwesikhulumi, nokusetshenziswa kwemali emishadweni. ("ifanele ithole ukusekela okunqamule i-commony). Lokhu kungaboniswa ngamalungu amaningi akhetha ubunye nabesizwe abavota ngokukhetha ngokukhetha noma ngokufaka isisindo esingu-60% wamalungu avotayo, okungenani amashumi amane% omphakathi ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Accommentoctive of Accommony imvume yokuhamba, ifuna ukuthathwa kwayo. Ngokuyinhloko ukuhlobana nokukhishwa kweminyango okungokomthetho, ukunxuswa ukukhandleka kwemithetho eqhubekayo kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokuphikisanayo emishazweni emishandweni eqhubekayo njengalokhu kuhoxiswa ukukhishwa ukukhishwa kwezikhali.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele

Naphezu kwezakhiwo zayo ezingokomthetho ezibanzi, i-Good Wear Agreement iye yabhekana nezinselele ezinkulu. Ukungathembani kwezombangazwe, imisebenzi yezempi nezenzakalo zangaphandle kuye kwaluvivinya ngokuphindaphindiwe lolu hlelo. Iminyaka yokuqala yesivumelwano yaphawulwa izimpikiswano zokukhishwa kwezikhali, inguquko yamaphoyisa, kanye nokukhululwa kweziboshwa, futhi zonke izindaba ezazidinga ukulinganisela okubucayi okungokomthetho nokungokombangazwe.

Ukuyeka Izikhali

Enye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu kwakuwukukhishwa kwezikhali zezempi. I-Aplican yathi bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babeyosebenzisa “noma yiliphi ithonya” ukuze bafeze ukuphothula phakathi neminyaka emibili, kodwa ayizange imise isikhathi esiqinile esingokomthetho. Ukwenqaba kwe-Irish Republican Army (IRA) ukuyeka ukulwa kwaba yindawo enkulu ebambekayo, okwaholela ekuweni kweSingqungqungquthela sokuqala ngo-20022. I-Antase yagcina ixazululiwe ngo-20059 lapho i-IRA iqeda ukuphoyisa ngaphansi kwesiqondiso se-Independent International Commission on Decoming. Indlela engokomthetho yokususa izigebetho zokuzisela umthetho yayincike ekulaleleni ngokuzithandela kunokuba imthetho, ukukhetha okuvumela ukusindiswa kwebutho lempi ukuba lilondoloze kodwa kwaqala ukubambeka. Inqubo yempi yabekwa kamuva ngenxa yempi yamaqembu engokomthetho engokomthetho enziwayo ngaphandle kweze yezombangazwe.

Ukushintsha Kwamaphoyisa Nokuthunywa KwamaPatten

I-Good Wearver Agreement yacela ukuba kube nesimiso esisha, esimelela inkonzo yamaphoyisa eNyakatho Ireland. Umbiko owavelayo kaPatten Commission waholela ekushintsheni kweRoyal Ulster Consabulary (RUC) ekushintsheni iNkonzo yamaphoyisa aseNyakatho Ireland (PSNI). Izinguquko ezingokomthetho zahlanganisa ukuqondisa okusha kwezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Police Ombudman, kanye nemfuneko ye-50:50 ye-Protestontontontontontons, ex arreat arvements. I-Province yamiswa ngaphansi kwe-Actum (Nyakatho ye-Australia). Kodwa izinguquko zahlanga zahlanganiswa ngokuncishwa kweminyana kwemigomo engokomthetho, kodwa zathola inseleleka ngokuzinyelelwa kwezikhali ze-Stua, kodwa zaphumelela inselele ezindaweni ezingcono kakhulu, inseleleka inselele yamaKatolika, kodwa yazamukela inselele inselele inselele yenselele ye-N.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngezindaba Zefa

Enye yezinselele eziphikelela kakhulu ezingokomthetho ukuthi ingabhekana kanjani nefa leZinkathazo − nokho, amacala awenziwa yizo zombili imikhosi kahulumeni kanye nebutho lezempi phakathi kwawo-1960 no-1998. I-Good Wearday Avrence yanikeza ukukhululwa okusheshayo kweziboshwa zempi ezibekwe isigwebo sezempi, ilungiselelo elabhekwa njengelibalulekile kakhulu kodwa elibalulekile ekutholeni ukuthula. Nokho, alizange limise iqiniso elibanzi noma indlela yokulawula ubulungisa. Umthetho ohulumeni baye bazama ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zezindawo eziseminyameni njengeSigungu seSifundazwe neSikhathi seSikhulu se-Phovisi sase-Ombudman, kodwa laba baye babhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yokuhamba kwejubane, ngaphansi kweSivumelwano sombuso waseYurophu, futhi uhlulekile ukunikeza izisulu ezigebengwini. Umthetho onjalo, njengoNolutho lwezente oluse-Northern Ireland (Egconation 20 Act, iSivume somthetho sokubambisana somthetho sawokusekela somthetho waseYurophu, iSivume somthetho owe- - seSikhulu, uhulumeni owe

Umphumela We - Brexit

Isinqumo se-UK ngo-2016 sokushiya i-European Union sabangela inhlekelele ye-Good Wear Agreement. Isivumelwano saveza umngcele ovulekile phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland ne-Riphabliki yase-Ireland, owaba nokwenzeka ngokuba amalungu afanayo e-EU imakethe eyodwa namasiko. I-Brexit yasongela ukuphinde iqale i-evile enzima, eyayizoba nemiphumela eyingozi yokuthula, engokomnotho, kanye neyasesiphambano se-Rwanda. Isivumelwano esingokomthetho sawonke i-Northern Ireland (iRrevition) yaba enye yezimpikiswano zempikiswano ezinkulu ze-Brititrutrust UK.

Imithetho YaseNyakatho Ireland Nesakhelo Semimoya

I-Rwanda yase-Northern Ireland i-Protocolotion, ingxenye ye-UK-Eafly Actrigion, yakha umngcele ongokomthetho e-Irish Sea yase-Ireland ngokugcina i-Northern Ireland ivumelana nemithetho ye-EU nemithetho yezentengiselwano eyodwa yempahla. Lokhu kwagwema umngcele ongokoqobo esiqhingini sase-Ireland kodwa kwakha izithiyo eziphakathi kweGreat Britain ne-Northern Ireland. Isivumelwano saxoxwa ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu futhi ngaphandle kwemvume eqondile ye-interern Ireland, okwaholela ekumangaleleni ukuthi silulaza umoya wesivumelwano. I-DUPU, ikakhulukazi i-DUP, yaphikisa ukuthi amalungiselelo eSivumelo somthetho amasiko emikhosini nakuhlolwa kwezentengi yase-Rwanda aphathwa ngendlela ehlukile ngokunye kwe-UK, iphula isimiso se-se-irrinethi ye-Arrinethi ye-DUTT.

NgoFebruary 2023, i-UK ne EU yavumelana nge-[FLT] Windsary Framework, eyasungula izinguquko ezithile eMthethweni weSivumelwano, kuhlanganise nemide eluhlaza nobomvu yempahla, futhi yasusa isithiyo sokuhweba ngezinto ezihlala ngaphakathi kwe-UK. I-Framey yanika futhi i-Northern Ireland Assembly inqubo ye-“Sithormont Brake"." [[Fom] , eyenza ukuba i-MLMA kuhlale imfuno eshaye ngemisebenzi emisha elawula izinto ezintsha ze-EUS elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Nakuba i-WindsFrame ingenzanganelise ngokugcwele ingxabano, imfuthombo ye-Prence ihlala ihleli ye-Forni eqinile kuze kuphele u-204. Imithetho yeMikha yeMikha yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-Europe iqhubekelaye.

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nezingxabano Zezombangazwe

I-Protocol ingumthetho owenziwe ka-2022. INkantolo ePhakeme eNyakatho Ireland yalahla inselele yezazi zezombangazwe ezihlangene ezaphikisa ukuthi i-EUC yaphula i-Excts of Union 1800, kodwa yavuma ukuthi ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho. Uhulumeni we-UK ngokwawo wamisa umthetho − i-Protocotocolo yase-Northern Ireland uBill ngo-20222.Nkathi eyayizonika izikhonzi amandla okususa izingxenye zemithetho esemthethweni, okubangela ukuba i-EUU iphinde iqale kabusha izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ze-UK. Isivumelwano sahoxiswa ngemva kokuba i-Windsaferame savunyelwane, kodwa isenzakalo siqokomisa indlela i-Paractive ngokomthetho engancishiswa ngayo ngesenzo esingenakuncitshiswa abantu abangalinganiswangalelwanga muntu. Ukushukumi okuphakathi kwemithetho kanye nokuvumelana kwe-Errencespic.

Imibono Engokomthetho Yesikhathi Esizayo

Uma ubheka phambili, izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ze-Good Wear Advement kuzodingeka ziphendukele ukubhekana nezinselele ezintsha. Lezi zihlanganisa ifa elingaxazululwanga lezinkinga, imiphumela enciphisayo ye-Brexit, izinguquko zomphakathi ezingasusa ukulingana komthetho-sisekelo, nokubaluleka okukhulayo kwamalungelo abantu nokulingana emphakathini osalwa nokuhlukana kwamahlelo. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho bakhomba ezindaweni eziningana lapho kudingeka khona inguquko noma ukuvumelana nenqubo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinhlangano

Izinhlangano ezisekela amandla ziye zabonakala zintekenteke, zinezinkathi zokuwa ezivamile. Ikhomishane engokomthetho eyamiswa nguhulumeni wase-UK nowase-Ireland ngo-2021 ihlola indlela yokwenza izinhlangano ziqine ngokwengeziwe. Iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezicelo zokukhathazeka, ukulungisa inqubo yokumisa uNgqongqoshe wokuqala nesekela leNgqongqoshe Yokuqala, futhi ukuvumela umhlangano ukuba usebenze ngisho noma isikhulu singenziwanga ngokugcwele. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi basuse emfelaneni owesivumelwano sokuzithandela, kodwa lokhu kungadinga ukuncitshiswa kwe-Northern Ireland Act ka-1998 futhi kungafaka inguquko ekubekeni ingxabano emphakathini. Noma isiphi inguquko kumelwe ilinganisele isidingo sokuzinzika kwesimiso sokuhlanganisa isiphambano sesivumelwano sokubambisana.

Ukusingatha Ifa Lezinkinga

Impikiswano ngomthetho wefa iyaqhubeka. Ukuveza indlela yamanje kahulumeni we-UK yokuhlola i-Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery(impikiswano ye-Internast Ireland) ibhekene nezinselele zomthetho kanye nokuphikiswa yizo zonke izigaba ezinkulu zaseNyakatho Ireland. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ziye zaphikisa ukuthi leli cebo alihambisani neSiphakamiso 2 seSivumelwano se-Europe (ilungelo lokuphila), esidinga ukuhlola okuphumelelayo kuhulumeni nokubulala kwebutho lempi. Inkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu elwela amalungelo abantu ingagcina ibusa kulendaba, futhi iphoqeqe i-UK ukuba ikhumbule umthetho wayo. Isinqumo esisekelwe kakhulu, njengaleso esichazwe kuyi-Sponsont House Acrement of 2014 (emperences of the providential commentations commentation, in commentation, commental proverdial.) uma ibuya futhi inguququlmental.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezombangazwe

Izimiso ze-Demographic eNorthern Ireland zisikisela ukuthi inani lamaKatolika/isizwe se-Ireland liyanda ngokuhlobene nenani lamaProthestani/amaProtestanti. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlolweni kwe-Ayrish ngokuhlanganiswa phakathi namashumi ambalwa eminyaka alandelayo, njengoba kulungiselelwe i-Parant. Umthetho wokuhlola ubekwa eMthethweni we-Paradeston Act eNyakathon Ireland 1998, kodwa imininingwane eminingi − njengomnyango wokuvumelana, isikhathi, nempikiswano. Uhulumeni wesikhathi esizayo ungadinga ukumisa izivumelwano zemithetho eqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuvota ukuvota kobunyela ubunye ubunye uzohlelwa ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilela amalungelo ezakhamuzi ahlala eBrithani, ukudluliselwa kobukhosi, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi. Izimiso zemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho yemithetho yezomthetho nezimiso zemithetho esemthethweni, inqubo ewumthetho ewumthetho ewubekelwe phambili ngokulandelana kwemiyayo eminingi yemithetho engokomthetho, esikhundleni semiya engokomthetho.

Isiphetho

I-Good Wearth Agreement ihlala iyimpumelelo ephawulekayo ngokomthetho, eyaletha ukuthula endaweni ehlukene kakhulu ngokulinganisela ngokucophelela amalungelo, ukuma, nokubuyisana. Isimiso sayo somthetho siye sasebenza kahle kakhulu − ukusinda kwezimo eziningi zezombangazwe nokungalawuleki (nanjengobuntwane), njengoba ukuwohloka okuphindaphindiwe kwezinhlangano kuboniswa. Ukuhlolwa okukhulu okungokomthetho kuvela eBrexit, okwaveza imingcele eqinile yalesivumelwano, eyabangela ukulinganisela okungalawuleki kwemidanti, okungahlelekiyo kwemingcele yamandla eMbusweni, − − futhi kwaphoqeqeqedisela umngcele owe ngokomthetho womthetho wayo wemithetho yesivumelwano ngeSivumelo-Proto nowerftware. Ukubheka phambili, isakhiwo sesivumelwano sesivumelwano kumelwe siqhubeke izimo ezintsha, uma ihluleka ukumelana nezingcindezi ezimpoqophelweni zempini zeNkazwe ngokomthetho, futhi ihluleka ukusekela i-Morn, futhi i-Est ngokomthetho kuphela ukusekela i-Est ngokomthetho.