Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile liyisisekelo sezimiso zokubusa kwentando yeningi, linika abantu amandla okuveza imibono, ukubekela igunya inselele, futhi lihlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni noma ukuziphindisela. Kodwa lenkululeko eyisisekelo ilula. Ilobunjwa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka empikiswano yefilosofi, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezomthetho, futhi ehlala iveza izimiso zezenhlalo. Ukuqondwa okucacile kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile akubalulekile kubafundi nabafundisi kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezidlulisa ulwazi lwanamuhla.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Imisuka yenkululeko ifinyelela ekujuleni kwasendulo. E-Athene yasendulo, umkhuba we-rrussia `ukukhuluma iqiniso ngesibindi, ngokungagunci kwakubhekwa njengobuhle bomphakathi, njengoba kwakuvame ukunikwa izakhamuzi ezingabantu. Abathandi befilosofi abanjengoSocrates noPlato babephikisana ngendima yokubhala nokuxoxa ngokuphishekela ulwazi, bebeka isisekelo sakuqala somqondo ovulekile obalulekile emphakathini ophilile.

Nokho, umqondo wanamuhla wenkululeko yokukhuluma, uphiwe ngamalahle phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa. Abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke baphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo emvelo ohulumeni okumelwe bawahloniphe, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokucabanga nokuxoxa ngokukhululekile. UVoltaire waduma (uma kungama-openpiracryptus) wamemezela, “Angikufuni lokho okushoyo, kodwa ngizokuvikela kuze kube sekufeni kwelungelo lakho lokukusho.” Lemibono yathola amazwi aqinisekile esiGuqulweni sokuqala eSingeni-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution, owagunyaza ngo-1791, othi“ i-Koret ngeke yenze mthetho... ikhiphe inkululeko yokukhuluma.”

Amakhulu eminyaka kusukela lapho aye abona ukwanda okuncane kodwa okunamandla komuntu onelungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Abesifazane, amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga, namanye amaqembu angaphansi aye alwela − futhi awina isivikelo sokwenqatshwa (negebe) okwase kukudala kuphiwe. Ikhulu lama 20 leminyaka laletha imithetho yokwahlulela ephawulekayo eyathuthukisa futhi yafinyelela imingcele futhi yaveza inkululeko, iqinisekisa indima yayo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani

Intengo Yemibono

Enye yeziluleko ezinethonya kakhulu zokulunga kwenkululeko yokukhuluma “isingathekiso semibono”, esithandwa uMahluleli u-Orrever Wendell Holmes Jr. Inkolelo ikholelwa ukuthi iqiniso livela ekuncintisaneni okusobala phakathi kwemibono ehlukene, futhi ukuthi ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni kuvimbela lenqubo ebalulekile. Ngisho nemibono engamanga noma ephambene, ifeza injongo ewusizo ngokuphoqelela umphakathi ukuba uvivinye futhi uqinise izinkolelo zawo ezijulile.

Uhulumeni Wentando Yeningi 76

Enye insika yenkolelo - mbono yenkululeko yokukhuluma ivela encwadini ka - Alexander Meiklejohn, owaphikisa ngokuthi impikiswano engalawuleki ibalulekile ekuzifuneleni intando yeningi. Izakhamuzi azinakwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngabaholi bazo noma izimiso uma zinqatshelwa ukufinyelela imibono ehlukahlukene. Inkulumo yezombangazwe, kulesimiso, ifanelwe isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu ngoba ifeza okuhle emphakathini.

Ukuzenzakalela Komuntu Ngamunye

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yayo yezenhlalo nezombangazwe, inkululeko yokukhuluma idumisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ikhono lokukhuluma libalulekile ekuhloniphekeni komuntu siqu, ukuzanelisa, nokukhula kokuziphatha. Uma isimo sithulisa umuntu, azibaphi ilungelo lezombangazwe kuphela kodwa futhi nengxenye eyinhloko yesintu sabo.

Umsebenzi Wesakhelo Esingokomthetho

Isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko yokukhuluma siyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngomhlaba ngamunye. E - United States, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza izivikelo ezibanzi kakhulu, kodwa ngisho nalapho, ilungelo aliphelele. Izinkantolo ziye zaqopha izigaba ezilinganiselwe zezinkulumo ezingavikelekile noma ezingagunyaziwe.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Nokusetshenziswa Kwaso

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala mfushane, kodwa ukuchazwa kwawo kuye kwavela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka emithetho yezezimali.

  • Ukungathathi-hlangothi okuhleliwe:[ Uhulumeni ngokuvamile ungase ungenqabe inkulumo ngenxa yemibono ayidluliselayo.
  • [ I-Priortivet:[ Uhulumeni unganqabela ukuvimbela ukukhuluma ukuba kwenzeke ekuqaleni, ukuphikisa okukhulu ngokumelene nokucusumbulwa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukushelela nokweqisa: Imithetho evimbela inkulumo kumelwe icace futhi ilungiswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze kugwenywe izimpawu ezivikelayo ezicaphukisayo.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawulekayo ziye zathonya indlela yesimanje yokuchaza inkululeko yokukhuluma:

  • [FLT] Brandenburg v.O. [1969] INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi inkulumo ekhuthaza ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi kungenzeka ishukumise isenzo esinjalo. Lokhu “ukuzama okungenamthetho” kuthathelwe indawo ekuqaleni, izindinganiso eziqinile ngokwengeziwe.
  • ker v.Des Moines Independent School District [1969] [Abafundi] abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole.] Icala lasungula ukuthi izikhulu zesikole kumelwe zibonise ukuphazamiseka kwezinto ukuze zithethelele ukubeka izimpawu zabafundi.
  • [FLT][[FLT] New York Times Co.V. Sullivan [1964]] Ukuvikela inkulumo - mpikiswano eqinile ngezibalo zomphakathi, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinkulumo ezingamanga ngezikhulu zomphakathi azingcolisi ngaphandle kokuba zenziwe “ngobubi obungokwemvelo” ." Ulwazi lokukhohlisa noma ukungalinaki iqiniso.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokuvamile siyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, anqabela ukuzonda inkulumo ngokuqine kakhulu kune-U.S. uMthetho oMkhulu waseJalimane uqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekile kodwa uvumela ngokucacile imingcele ukuze uvikele intsha nodumo lomuntu siqu, futhi ulwe nokugqugquzelwa kwenzondo. ICharter of Rights and Freedoms yaseCanada ibuye ilinganisele ukuveza okukhululekile ngokumelene nezinye izindinganiso ezinjengokulingana nezimiso. Ukuqonda lokhu mehluko kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni eligcwele imbulunga yonke.

Izinhlobo Zokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa ukuveza izinhlobonhlobo zenkulumo, ngayinye enezinga elingafani lesivikelo.

Inkulumo Yezombangazwe

Inkulumo yezombangazwe isekelwe emnyombweni wesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ihlanganisa ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukubusa kwabazohlolwa kwezombangazwe, nokuphikisana ngesimiso somphakathi. Izinkantolo zinikeza isilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokuzithoba kwezombangazwe, zicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano

Ukukhangisa nezinye izintatheli kuthola isivikelo esiphansi. Uhulumeni angase alawule inkulumo yezentengiselwano engamanga, edukisayo, noma ekhathazayo ngokungemthetho. Ngisho nezikhangiso eziyiqiniso zemikhiqizo engokomthetho zingavinjelwa uma isithakazelo sikahulumeni siqinile futhi umthetho ukhangwa kancane.

Inkulumo Engokomfanekiso

Akuyona yonke inkulumo eshiwoyo. Inkulumo engokomfanekiso ihloselwe ukudlulisela isigijimi sezombangazwe noma sezenhlalo, futhi ivikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izibonelo zesigaba zihlanganisa ukushisa ifulege laseMelika ngokubhikisha (elivikelwe ngaphansi ] Texas v. Johnson), ukugqoka izibambo ezimnyama ukuze ubhikishe impi (njengaku [[FLT:]] Tinker[[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]), futhi uguqe phakathi nengoma yesizwe.

Ukuziphatha Okubonisa Isineke

Inkulumo engokomfanekiso ihlobene eduze nezenzo ezibonisa imizwelo, ezihilela izenzo eziwuphawu, njengokuzihloma, ukuthatha uhambo, noma ukusakaza amapheshana.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezingezona isivikelo esiphelele esisekelwe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, kanye nezithakazelo zikahulumeni ezingokomthetho ezingathethelela imingcele ethile.

Ukushukunyiselwa Ubudlova

Inkulumo ekhuthaza ngokuqondile isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo ayivikelwe. Brandenburg ukuhlola kudinga ukuba inkulumo iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni futhi ngokunokwenzeka iphumele isenzo esinjalo. Ubudlova obungabonakali nje kuphela."Njengobufana obungavikelwanga ubizo oluqondile lwesenzo esisheshayo", luhlala luvikelekile.

Amazwi Alwayo

“ Imfundiso elwayo”, eyasungulwa [ku- Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), ivumela uhulumeni ukuba ajezise inkulumo eqondiswe kumuntu futhi ngokunokwenzeka ivuse ukusabela kobudlova. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yanciphisa lenketho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ayisasebenzi namuhla.

Usongo Lweqiniso

Usongo lweqiniso − izisho ezihloselwe ukuveza injongo yokwenza isenzo esingathi sína sobudlova", azivikelwe. Ukuzimisela ukuthi inkulumo iwusongo lweqiniso kuxhomeke emongweni oqondile, hhayi emqondweni wesikhulumi.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Amanga okuthi ukulimaza idumela lomuntu kungaba ukuhlanjalazwa. Izibalo zomphakathi zibhekene nomthwalo ophezulu, okumelwe zibonise ububi bangempela, kanti abantu ngabanye badinga ukubungatshazwa kuphela. Nokho, izinkulumo ezingamanga zombono omsulwa ziyavikelwa.

Ububi

Izinto ezikhangayo ezinesithakazelo esiphezulu ebulilini, zibonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela ehlazisayo, futhi ukuntula ukuqamba, ubuciko, izombangazwe, noma inzuzo engokwesayensi kungalinganiselwa njengehlazo. Ingxenye ethathu Miller v. California ukuhlola kusetshenziselwa ukunquma ukungcola, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukusebenzisa.

Zonda Inkulumo

E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo `ihlazisa noma ilulaze umuntu noma iqembu elisekelwe ohlazweni, enkolweni, ezinhlangani, noma ezicini ezifanayo" ngokuvamile ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba ibekwe kwesinye sezigaba ezingavikelekile (umz., ibhebhethekisa, ukusongela kweqiniso, noma amagama okulwa). Lokhu kuphambene nezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, ebangela ukuzonda inkulumo ebanzi.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ngezimiso Zokufundisa

Izikole namayunivesithi kuyizindawo eziyingqayizivele zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngoba ziyizindawo zokudlulisela imibono, kodwa kumelwe futhi zilondoloze indawo ephephile nephumelelayo yokufunda.

Ukubonakaliswa Kwabafundi

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi abafundi balondoloza amalungelo abo okuHlakulela kokuqala esikoleni, kodwa lawomalungelo angaphansi kwemingcele. Ngaphansi Tinker, izikole zingavimbela ukuveza izinkulumo zabafundi kuphela uma bezingaphazamisa imisebenzi yesikole ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi ngokunamandla. [[FLT:] [200] [200], njengaye, BEL School Distric v. [1986] [[FLT] [FLT]] v.[FLT][200] [200]] [7], liye laveza ngaphandle kwezenzo zokuziphatha noma inkulumo engcolileyokusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho. [FT] [FT] [FLL] [6] ISikole sesifunda iGreverse.[7]

Ukukhuluma Okuhle Nenkululeko Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Othisha noprofesa bajabulela inkululeko yemfundo − ilungelo lokufundisa nokucwaninga ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungafanele. Nokho, lenkululeko ayiphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, oprofesa baseyunivesithi yomphakathi banenkululeko enkulu emsebenzini wabo wemfundo nemfundo yekilasi, kodwa inkulumo yabo njengezisebenzi zomphakathi ezindabeni ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabo yobuchwepheshe ingaba ngaphansi kwemingcele elinganiselwe yomqashi. Imingcele phakathi kwenkulumo evikelweyo yezemfundo nokungalawuleki nokuhlukunyezwa ilokhu iyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo engokomthetho.

Impikiswano Yokukhuluma Ekhululekile

Amakolishi aseyizindawo zokufuna izimpikiswano zenkululeko yokukhuluma. Izikhulumi ezikhulumayo, izivukeli, futhi zisula amaprojekthi aphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela izinhlangano okufanele zilinganise ngayo izindinganiso eziphikisanayo zokufakwa, ukuphepha, nokubuza obala. Amayunivesithi amaningi aye athatha izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi ingazwakala lapho ulondoloza indawo ehloniphekile. [I-FLT]] I-FORCIRY kanye no-RE (FLT) [FY:1] inikeza imithombo kanye nokungavumelani kulezindaba.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkathi yokusetshenziswa kwemishini iye yayishintsha kakhulu indlela yokuveza imizwa ekhululekile, yaletha izinselele ezintsha ababengazilindele abakhi beSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ukulinganisela Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nezinsalela Zezokuxhumana

Izinkampani zezenhlalo zezezenhlalakahle ezinjenge Facebook, Twitter (manje engu X), kanye no-YouTube banethonya elikhulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yomphakathi. Izinqumo zazo zokuhlanganisa izikhundla . "reammash", ukumisa ama-akhawunti, noma ukulinganisela ngokulandelana kwe-algorith ukufinyelela "imibuzo ekhululekile extensiaspeech". Ngenxa yokuthi la mapulatifomu ayiyona i-athomu eyimfihlo, awaboshelwa ngokuqondile yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kodwa amandla awo phezu kwesikwele somphakathi aholela ekubizeni ukukhanya okukhulu nokulandisa. I-Ectron Foundation Foundation (EFFF:1]]

Khansela Isiko Nokudlwengula Umphakathi

Inkinga “yomphakathi""" inqaba yasobala kubantu ngabanye ngenxa yezinkulumo noma izenzo ezibonakala zicasula, kodwa isuke iyimpikiswano ehlukanisayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ithuntu ngokudala isimo sokwesaba, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ukuthi kuwuhlobo oluthile lokuziphendulela emphakathini. Ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwenkulumo akuvikeli imiphumela yomuntu siqu, kodwa imiphumela engokokuziphatha yokucusumbula kwezixuku iyaqhubeka iphikiswa kakhulu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuvezwe Kuyindalo

Intuthuko ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa, kuhlanganise nezifekethiso ezinkulu zolimi kanye nezici ezijulile, ziletha izinsongo ezintsha ezisongela ubuqotho benkulumo yeningi. I-Al ingaveza amakhasethi angokoqobo nevidiyo, okungase kudukise izibukeli noma kuhlukumeze abantu. Imithetho nezinkantolo kuyodingeka ukuba kuncintiswe ukuthi kulawulwa kanjani lokho okuqukethwe ngaphandle kokuphula inkulumo engokomthetho.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okungamanga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo yomphakathi nokhetho, kuye kwaholela ekungeneleni okuqinile kukahulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Nokho noma yimuphi umthetho wenkulumo engamanga kumelwe umiswe ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme inkulumo eqanjiwe eyiqiniso. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme e eUnited States v. Alvarez[ [202] wabulala umthetho owephula umthetho ngokuzisho okungamanga ngokwamukela izimendlela zamasosha, ugcizelela ukuthi ngisho nezinkulumo ezingamanga ngokuvamile “zinhlangothi eziyingozi nezingenabulungisa” nokuthi ikhambi i-partlespech kunokucurry.

Isiphetho

Ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma lilokhu lingenye yezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu neziphikiswana kakhulu ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Ukuziphendukela kwalo okungokomlando, ukuthethelela kwefilosofi, nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha bushintsha indlela esixhumana ngayo, futhi njengoba imiphakathi ilwa nezingxabano phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana, izinselele eziyisisekelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ziyokhula ngokubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhlonyiswa okuqinile kwalelilungelo eliyisisekelo, izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa kangcono iziphakamiso zenkulumo yasobala yanamuhla futhi zivikele ukuxoxisana okusobala kwemibono exhomeke ekuthonyeni kwedemokhrasi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Free Speech Center e Central Tennessee State University, enikeza i-encyclopedia ebanzi yomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, noma hlola i- i-American Liberties Union yenkululeko yokukhuluma [.