Table of Contents

Ukuklanywa Komthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni - phedal Nxabange

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni e-United States bunamandla futhi buvame ukuphikisana. Ukulinganisela kwamandla kuyiphuzu elihlala likhona, ikakhulukazi lapho amazwe ekhetha ukubekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kwenzekani lapho amazwe emisa igunya lawo ngokumelene nemithetho kahulumeni, izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezihilelekile, nezibonelo ezingokomlando eziphawulekayo ezisuka kuNullitiation Crisis kuya ezimpikiswaneni zamanje zokufuduka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesimiso sendawo ezungezile.

Ukuqonda lezimpi kudinga ukuqonda okuqinile komklamo womthetho-mthetho. Abakhi bezakhiwo bakha ngamabomu isimiso sikahulumeni esihlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni, kodwa bashiya imininingwane eminingi ididane. Lokho kungaqondakali kuye kwabangela izingxabano eziphindaphindiwe lapho igunya likahulumeni liphela khona futhi kuqala khona. Lezingxabano azizona nje izimpikiswano ezingokwemfundo; ziveza izimpi zangempela ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi, izinga lombuso kahulumeni, kanye nenjongo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ngokwayo.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa isimiso sikahulumeni kahulumeni, uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Izinguquko nezigaba zinendima ebaluleke kakhulu kulobuhlobo, futhi ukuchaza kwazo kuye kwavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi

ISiphakamiso VI, uClaus 2 soMthetho-sisekelo uthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wezwe. Waziwa ngokuthi i-Supremacy Claus, unikeza ukuthi umthetho woMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni owenziwe ukuba unamathele kuwo umthetho wezwe, ubopha abahluleli bakahulumeni naphezu kwanoma yini ephikisanayo ewumthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noma imithetho. Lo mthetho umthetho uyisisekelo kahulumeni uyisikhali esingokomthetho lapho uhulumeni umelana nemithetho kazwelonke. Nokho, i-qualifier iyisisho "ukwenza i-pur" ngokomthetho-mgate". INkanto ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni ubala imibuso, awukho amandla aphakeme futhi ungamelana naso. Lokhu kudala ukuhluzeka komthetho omkhulu: ukuphakama komthetho womthetho wonke ohlangene ngokusekelwe ewumthetho, okuyibeka inselele inselele.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi

Lokhu kulungisa amagunya okugcinwa akuphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni ezifundazweni noma kubantu. Kwamiswa ngo-1791 njengengxenye ye-Bill of Rights, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu sasingokunye kokuthula ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwayo. Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, kwakungavamile ukubizwa njengendawo eqinile elawula amandla kahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayivuselela njengesilinganiso esinenjongo kuma 1990 nakuma 2000, ikakhulukazi emacaleni anjenge New York v. United States[FLT]][12] [inselele] futhi [FLT] i-Pregz. United States v[FLT] [FLT] [FFLD] [F:3] [1997], eyashaya imithetho ye-omthetho kazwelo ngokomthetho wokulawula ukuphatha izikhulu.

Ibhizinisi LikaClaus

ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 8 sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwezifundazwe. Emashumini eminyaka, i-Choomer Claus yayiyisisekelo somthetho sisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokukhuliswa kwamandla kahulumeni, kusukela kuyi-New Deal ku-Great Society. INkantolo Ephakeme yanikeza u-Congress inkululeko ebanzi ngaphansi kwale-regimead, ngokuyinhloko ibhekisela ezinqumweni zikahulumeni eziphathelene nezentengiselwano. Kodwa United States v] ku-Umthetho owe-Streat [FLT] [2], ibeka imingcele emisha, ibambe ukuthi uKhomishanelo ayikwazi ukulawula umsebenzi ongekho zomnotho ongase ikwazi ukuhlanganisa nezindawo ezihlangene. Lezi zinqumo zemithetho yemithetho ehlangene kakhulu nemithetho ye-Genetic.

Abakhokheli Ababizayo Nabanikazi Bemali

Enye indawo ebucayi ihilela amandla oMkhandlu ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8 yokuchitha imali yenhlalakahle evamile. Uhulumeni kaningi usebenzisa izimali ezinikezwa imibandela ukuze uthonye umthetho wezwe, uhlanganisa izimo zezimali zikahulumeni okumelwe zivume uma zifuna imali. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi izimo ezinjalo kumelwe zicace, zihlobene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esimisweni sokusebenzisa imali, futhi hhayi i-acercidentidentidenti ekhona. I-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT:] (20]), iNkanto ethole ukuthi i-Affordble Carects Act inter's yosongo lokuvimbela lonke usongo olukhona lwemali ekhona eMédicaid ezindaweni ezingomeni eziwenqaba, ukukhipha i-conomode.

Umlando: IMsuke Ejulile YeFederal\-Statem Conflict

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, imithombo iye yabekela impikiswano iziphathimandla ze-othorian inselele emongweni ohlukene. Ukuqonda lezinselele kunikeza ukuqonda ngempikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana namalungelo ezwe namandla kahulumeni. Isibonelo sicacile: uhulumeni wezwe unweba ukufinyelela kwawo ukuxazulula inkinga yesizwe, uphikisa ngezizathu zomthetho-sisekelo nezombangazwe, izinkantolo ziphikisa impikiswano, futhi izenzakalo ezilandelayo ziguqula ukuhlangana kwezwe.

Inkinga Yokuqeda Izifo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kwavela iNyullification Crisis lapho i-South Carolina izama ukuqeda ukunqanda ukunqanda amajaji kahulumeni. Izwe laphikisa ngokuthi amajaji ka-1828 no-1832 ayengahlangene futhi ayeyingozi ezomnotho, futhi yawathi ayize futhi angenalutho emingceleni kazwelonke. Umongameli uAndrew Jackson wasabela ngempi, wamisa ukuphakama kukahulumeni, futhi uMkhandlu wagunyaza uMyalo wango-1833 wagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla empini ukuqoqa izigwegwegwe. Inhlekelele yancishwa ngokuhleba kwe-katha, kodwa umbuzo ongaphansi komthetho - ngokomthetho wawungawuqedangalawulwa umthetho wombuso, waze waze wamiswa ngezikhali zempi yomphakathi.

Ukugumbuqelwa Nempi Yombango

Inselele yokugcina yezwe egunya likahulumeni yafika ngo-1860 nango-1861, lapho amazwe aseNingizimu ayishumi nanye ehlukanisiwe ne-Union, egomela ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuyinhlangano phakathi kwemibuso ebusayo eyayingaqedwa. IMpi Yangaphakathi yalahla ngokuqinile lenkolelo-mbono. ISiphendulo sempi seMpi yeMpi yeMpi yeMpi ye-Proterterbook seHlations, [1] i-Hamianth, i-14th, ne-1653 . Ngokukakhulu likhulu leminyaka, sashintsha ukulinganisela kombuso ngokunikeza i-Carcell amalungelo amashanday amashazi ukuze aphoyisa amalungelo omphakathi ngokumelene nombuso. Kodwa ngisho nangemva kwe-Apolomatox, ishologoza ukumelana negunya likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngesimiso sohlanga esise-Jim Crow se-Crow se-Row sekhulu leminyaka.

Ukuphikisana Okusha: Ukuhlukana Namalungelo Omphakathi

I-Civil Rights Movement yabona ukuthi kunezigunyazo zikahulumeni eziqondiswe ukunqabela ukumiswa kwenkantolo. Ngokuphawulekayo, uMbusi uGeorge Wallace waduma emnyango wesikole ukuze avimbele ukubhaliswa kwabafundi baseAfrika eYunivesithi yase-Alabama ngo 1963, ukudelela umthetho kahulumeni nomthetho wenkantolo kahulumeni. UMongameli John F. Kennedy wamisa iziphakamiso ze-Alabama National National Guard ukuze aqhube umthetho wenkantolo. Nakho kwenzeka eMissississippi, eArkansa, nasezindaweni ezithile. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakakhulu yeNkantolo e[FLT] Brown v. Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezezwe (1194] [194]) yamemezela ukuthi izikole ezisontweni zeze umthetho ezisemthethweni ezimele ukuvinjelwe kwesizwe.

Inkathi KaReagan Ne - Féderal Entsha

Umongameli uRonald Reagan wasekela "INkantolo Entsha yeFederalis" eyayifuna ukubuyisela amandla ezifundazwe, ephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezwe usemkhulu kakhulu futhi ungenaluzwela. Lolushintsho lwezombangazwe lwaqondana noshintsho lwemfundiso eNkantolo Ephakeme, eyaqala ukuthatha ubukhosi bukahulumeni njengobungathi sína kakhulu. IRehnquisst Court kusukela maphakathi nonyaka ka-19990 kuqhubeke yakhipha uhide lwezinqumo ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Cencale, iSinyuselo se-149th, kanye neNguqulo se-Premplete, inikeza amathuluzi amasha angokomthetho okumelana nemithetho kahulumeni.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Egunyeni Lezesigaba Esizimele

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imibuso eminingi iye yabekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele ezindabeni ezisukela ekuthuthweni kwabantu kuya ekunakekeleni impilo nemvelo. Lezi zinselele zanamuhla ngokuvamile zibonisa ukwehlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe nemibono, nemibuso ebambelele enqubweni eqinile ebekela izinselele abaphathi beRepublic inselele.

Amasiko Okushintshana

I-Arizona neTexas ziye zamisa imithetho yazo yokufuduka, zimisa ilungelo lazo lokuphoqelela izinqubo zokufuduka ezikholelwa ukuthi zidingekile ukuze ziphephe futhi zihambe. I-SB 1070 yase-Arizona ngo-2010 yayiyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu, ifuna ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zihlole isimo sokufuduka kwabantu abazimisileyo noma abavalele uma besolwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi umuntu ukhona ezweni ngokungekho emthethweni. Uhulumeni umangalela ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwelinye izwe kungumthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho wezwelonke. [Arizona v. United States[FLT:] [20] [20], iNkathi iNkakhulu yashaya izivumelwano eziningi zemithetho, iphethe ukuthi umthetho umthetho uthenwabe umthetho, kodwa wasekela ilungiselelo lokuhlola ukufuduka phakathi nesinqumo sezwe.

Muva nje, iTexas kanye nezinye izifundazwe ziye zabekela inselele imithetho kahulumeni yokufuduka ngaphansi kwe-Biden, kuhlanganise ne-Department of Homeland Security's ne-accomplish "Hlala eMexico" nokuphela kwenqubo. Lezi zinselele zivame ukubiza i-Take Care Claus of Artigument II, ziphikisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe i-commentia aliyiphuli ngokwethembeka imithetho yokufuduka edluliswa yi-Congress.

Imithetho Yezokwelapha

I-ASTATES ibuye ihlehlise nemithetho yezobungane yezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi i-Affordal Care Act (ACA). Ezinye izifundazwe zenqaba ukwandisa iMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA, ziphikisa ngokuthi i-Medicaid iphazamisa amalungelo azo futhi iphoqelela imithwalo engafanele yemali. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo ka-2012 ibangele isinqumo se- NFIB v. I-Sebelius yenza i-Medicaid ukuba inyuke ngokwekhethelo yezifundazwe, futhi cishe ngo-2024, amazwe ayishumi ayekade engandisangandisangakhulisi izinhlelo zawo. Lokhu kwadala umsebenzi owe-mfaza ngokucutha kwezwe zweni eliphansi, ngezigidi zabantu abadala abangene kuleyo ezindaweni ezingekho-ethena.

Amazwe aye abekela inselele nezinye izici ze-ACA, kuhlanganise nomyalo womuntu ngamunye, umqashi, kanye nezimfuneko ezihlukahlukene zokulawula. California v. Texas (2021], iNkantolo ePhakeme yalahla inselele yemithetho yeRepublican efuna ukuqeda wonke umqambi ngemva kwe-Congress yanciphisa isigwebo somuntu ngamunye. INkantolo yathi abamangaleli babentula ukuma ngoba babengenakubonisa ukulimala okuqinile esabelweni esingaphethe sijeziso.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile siye saba esinye inkundla enkulu yempi kahulumeni elwayo. Phakathi nokuphathwa kweTrump, iCalifornia, kanye nezinye izifundazwe ezithuthukayo zamangalelwa ukuvimbela imingcele yezimiso zendawo ezungezile kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithetho elawula ukukhishwa kwemoto, i-methane, kanye nokungcola kwamanzi. Phakathi nokuqondisa kweBiden, izifunda ezihlotshiswe ngamaRiphabliki ziye zamangalela ukuvimbela imithetho emisha yendawo ezungezile, kuhlanganise ne-Ceoc Power Plan 2.0 nemithetho e-methane ne-PFAS.

I-Celean Air Act ne-Comelar Water Act zombili zimisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zikahulumeni kuyilapho zivumela amazwe ukuba amukele izimfuneko eziqinile. Le sibonelo sikahulumeni esibambisanayo siye sabangela amashumi eminyaka okubekwa kwegunya likahulumeni nemingcele yokuhlakanipha kukahulumeni. I-Ceac Air Act [ inikeza i-EPA] igunya lokumisa izinga lomoya eliqinile, kodwa izifunda kumelwe zithuthukise amacebo okufeza lezo zindinganiso, inqubo eye yaphindaphindwayo kumthetho wombuso owe-RCPU.

Imithetho Yezibhamu Nesichibiyelo Sesibili

I-States iye yabekela imithetho yezibhamu inselele, eminye imibuso ibeka imithetho ehlobana nokuqeda imithetho yezibhamu zikahulumeni. ISiphendulo Sesibini seSiphendu Sokugcinwa Kwezibhamu seMissouri, samiswa ngo-2021, simemezela imithetho yeSibhamu kahulumeni engenasisekelo eSiphendu sesibili ukuba ingasebenzi futhi inqabe ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni ukuba ungabeki. Uhulumeni wamazwe wamangalela, uphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wephula uSupremacy Clauskaste. United States v. Missouri[FL:] [20023], inkantolo yesigodi yashaya umthetho njengomthetho ongawugunyazi umthetho.

Ngokuphambene, izifundazwe ezinemithetho yezibhamu eqinile ziye zabekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele ukuthi ziphikisa ikhono lazo lokulawula izibhamu. Isivikelo se-Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA) ka-2005 inikeza abenzi bezibhamu isciolement ebanzi yokuvikeleka ezingozini zomphakathi, futhi ezinye izifundazwe ziye zafuna ukugwema lesisivikelo sikahulumeni ngokumangalela uhulumeni.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho Nokuqulwa Kwamacala Okuqhubekayo

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esivelele kakhulu sempi kahulumeni elwisana namashumi eminyaka amuva nje sihilela umthetho wensangu. Kusukela ngo-2024, 24 amazwe aye agunyaza insangu yokuzijabulisa, futhi angu-38 amazwe aye agunyaza insangu yezokwelapha. Kodwa insangu ihlala iyisisebenzi esilawula umthetho kahulumeni, futhi ukugcinwa komthetho kungathiwa kuqashelwa abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi asebenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho kazwelonke. Umnyango weJaji ngaphansi komthetho we-Obama wathatha umthetho owenqabela ukufakwa kwempoqo ngeCole Memos, kodwa umphathi we-Trump wanciphisa leyo nqubo. I-Bhiden i-mthetho igcine umthetho womthetho womthetho we-Bhiden ukulondoloza umthetho wokungagunyazeliziwe lapho ilandela inqubo yokubuyisela insangu ewulweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Lempi iye yabangela imibuzo enzima engokomthetho ngokuphathelene nobungako bamandla kahulumeni okugunyaza ukuziphatha okuvinjelwa umthetho kahulumeni, ikhono lamabhizinisi agunyaziswe uhulumeni lokungena ezinkonzweni zokubhaka, kanye nemiphumela yezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikakhululi ngokuqondile ngomthetho ngokomthetho wokugunyaza insangu, kodwa ukucindezeleka phakathi kukahulumeni nomthetho kahulumeni kuhlala kungaphenduli. I-SAFERNING Bank Act[ kanye neminye imizamo yenguquko kahulumeni ibonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa inguquko eqhubekayo yokuxazulula lempikiswa.

Amalungelo okukhipha isisu kanye nokusabela kwezwe [[FLT: 0] amaDobb

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sishintshe kakhulu isimo sombuso wobuzwe ngo-v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202], esalawula Roe v. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakamileyo [, sasusa ngokuphawulekayo isimo sombuso wezwe emongweni wokukhipha isisu. Ngesimiso somthetho ngokomthetho esisusiwe, izifundande izinhlu zahlukene zezimiso, zifake umehluko obanzi zemithetho, kusukela cishe ezindaweni eziqinile ezivinjelwe ukukhishwa kwezisu kwezinye izizwe. Izingxabano ezibangelwa yi-fullstionsss zenza imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ingabe amazwe angavimbela yini izakhamuzi zawo ekuhambeni ukuya kwezinye izindawo zokukhishwa kwezisu, noma zingabeka imibandela eziguli ezisebenza ngaphandle kwe-teinthene, noma zivinjelwe ukukhishwa kwe-Actives (EActives) emisha yokwelapha yokwelapha yokwelapha.

Inqubo Engokomthetho: Indlela Uhulumeni Obhekana Ngayo Nezinselele

Lapho izifunda zezwe zibekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele, inqubo engokomthetho ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ibe mide. Indlela esuka ekumelaneni nombuso kuya enqubweni yokwahlulela ihilela izigaba eziningi nezinqumo ezizolandelana.

Izinselele Zangaphambi Kokuphoqelelwa Nokungagunyazwa Kwamehlo

Kunokuba lilinde ukuqulwa icala lokwephula umthetho kahulumeni, lisho njalo ukuthi lilandelana nezinselele zangaphambi kokuphoqelelwa ukuba kufune isahlulelo sokungavumelani nomthetho noma ukuthi awusebenzi kuhulumeni. Lezi zinselele zingaphikisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni udlula amandla ombuso abekwe uhulumeni, ukuthi uhluleka ukuhlonipha ubukhosi bukahulumeni ngaphansi kweSiphendulo seshumi, noma ukuthi uphula i-Claus enciliniswe ngokubeka izimo ngokungafanele ezigunyazwa uhulumeni.

Imfundiso Yokuhlangana Kohulumeni

Imibuso ingase futhi inxuse imfundiso yokugonywa kwesimiso sohulumeni, esekela ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ngeke ubeke umthwalo othile ohulumeni bakahulumeni. lemfundiso iye yasetshenziswa ukuze ivikele ubukhosi bukahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso sezisebenzi zikahulumeni nemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezikhali zikahulumeni.

Ukumangalela Nezinkantolo Zesizwe

Izwe liyikhomba ngokuqamba icala ezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile lifuna umyalo wokuqala wokuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho ophikiswayo kuyilapho isigwebo siqhubeka. Amacala angase abelwe abahluleli abanemibono ethile engokomthetho, futhi ukukhetha indawo esemthethweni kungaba okubalulekile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukulawulwa kwempikiswano kukahulumeni kuyasebenza, cishe lamacala azwakala njalo enkantolo kahulumeni, hhayi enkantolo kahulumeni.

Indima Yesikhulu Sezolimo

Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ungumthenwa, iSolicitor General yase-United States imelela isikhundla sikahulumeni. I-United States imelelwa abameli bayo, abavame ukuhlangana nabameli jikelele abavela kwezinye izindawo. Emacaleni aphezulu, izifundazwe eziningi zingafaka ama-amicu mifingqi ohlangothini olulodwa. INhlangano ye-National of Attorney General yenza indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izifunda eziningi.

Ukuhileleka KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Amacala amaningi ekugcineni afika eNkantolo Ephakeme, enesici sokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo ingathatha icala uma lidluliswa icala lenkantolo yezicelo kahulumeni noma ingazwa isenzo sokuqala ngaphansi kwegunya layo lokuqala ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwezifundazwe. Inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme isho ukuthi ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuwalalela, futhi ithatha amacala aletha imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-mthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezimo

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakamileyo zamisa izenzakalo ezilawula ikusasa lobuhlobo bezwe. Uma iNkantolo isekela umthetho kahulumeni, imisa ukuthi uMkhandlu unamandla okulawula kuleyondawo, futhi izishaya - mthetho ziboshelwa ngalesosinqumo. Uma iNkantolo ishaya umthetho kahulumeni, iphoqelela umthetho ovimbela amandla kahulumeni alinganisela zonke iziphathi zesikhathi esizayo. NFIB v. Selius, ngokwesibonelo, wamisa isilinganiso esisha sokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokufaka usongo ekukhipheni zonke izinkonzo zeMidice. [FLT]

Izingqinamba Zezombangazwe Nezoqobo Zezinselele ZoMbuso

Izinselele zikahulumeni ezihilela imithetho kahulumeni zibaluleke kakhulu, okudlulela ngalé kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziqondile ezihilelekile.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho Nokulinganisela Okushintshashintshayo

Izinqumo zenkantolo zingathuthukisa ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Izinqumo zikahulumeni weNkantolo Ephakeme phakathi namashumi amathathu eminyaka adlule ziye zadala isimo esingokomthetho lapho amaqembu ezindawo enamathuluzi amaningi okumelana negunya likahulumeni kunalawo ayenzile phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Lokhu kushintsha kuye kwaqinisa izimo ukuba zibekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele kakhulu, zazi ukuthi iNkantolo ingase ivume ukuphikisa kwabo.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwemithetho Yomphakathi Nenkinga Yokuphanga

Imithetho ehlukene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ingaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho exubile ethinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi. Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjengenkambiso yensangu, lapho okuthile okungokomthetho e-Oregon kungafaka khona umuntu ejele e-Oklahoma. Izimo zenqubo yezempilo, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezimiso zamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezidala ukungalingani kwangempela emalungelweni nasezibophweni zezakhamuzi ezisekelwe endaweni ezihlala kuyo. Abaxhasi bemithetho yomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi le mibono esemthethweni ivumela ukuba isebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokhrasi, ukuzama izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingazisa umthetho wezwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi yenza ukungalungisi nokungalawuleki, nokuthi amalungelo ezakhamuzi ayisisekelo afanele ancike emigqeleni yombuso.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwezigebengu Zezombangazwe Nemiphumela Ejabulisayo

Izinselele zikahulumeni ezisemithethweni kahulumeni zingashukumisa izinhlangano zezombangazwe futhi zithonye okhethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-odoli kahulumeni ebhekene ne-ACA, yayiyingxenye yezinselele zeRepublica ebanzi emelene nomthetho, futhi ukubekwa kwasiza ekulondolozeni amandla ezombangazwe ukuze kuvuselelwe imizamo. Ngokufanayo, izinselele zeCalifornia kuTrump ezilawulayo zanika amandla abashisekeli abaqhubekayo futhi zaba isihloko esiyinhloko ekumelaneni nedemocratic nombuso.

Ukufeza Ukungaqiniseki Nemithwalo Engaphansi Kombuso

Lapho izinselele zisalindelwe, ukungaqiniseki okuzungeze umthetho kahulumeni kubangela izindleko zangempela ezifundazweni, emabhizinisini, nakubantu ngabanye. Izwe lingase lifake izimali ekulungiseleleni ukumiswa komthetho kahulumeni owenziwe ize kamuva, noma lingase libambezele ukusetshenziswa kwemiphumela elindele ukuphethwa kwemali, kubangele izikhala zokuhlanganisa noma ukugcinwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ACA kwale mithetho kwathinteka kakhulu ngokungaqiniseki okwabangelwa yinselele eyango-2012, njengoba amazwe ayephuza ukwenza izinqumo zokumisa izivumelwano zomshuwalense nokunwe uMédidid kuze kufike iNkantolo Ephakeme.

Izinga Lokumelana Nombuso: Ukungaphikisi Nokungahloniphi

Izinselele zikahulumeni zemithetho kahulumeni zinezizindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye izifundazwe zifaka impikiswano lapho zihambisana nomthetho kahulumeni olindele umphumela. Ezinye zihlanganyela ezindleleni zokwenqaba ngonya kakhulu, kuhlanganise nokwenqaba ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kahulumeni, ukumisa imithetho ethi iqede imithetho kahulumeni, noma ngisho nokuvimbela imizamo yokugcinwa kwamandla kahulumeni. Nakuba ukulahlwa okusobala kuye kwenqatshwa njalo izinkantolo, amazwe anenkululeko eyengeziwe ekwahluleleni ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kahulumeni, njengoba iSimemezelo se-Tenth se-od sezenqabela uhulumeni ekunqabeleni izikhulu zezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphethe.

Imikhuba Yamanje Nekusasa LobuFederalism

Ukuthambekela kwempi kahulumeni kahulumeni kubonisa ukuthi azinazimpawu zokunciphiswa. Izici eziningana zokwakha zisikisela ukuthi lezi zingxabano zizoqhubeka futhi zikhule.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokumiswa Kwezombangazwe ZoMbuso Ngokwesizwe

Njengoba amaqembu amabili amakhulu ezombangazwe eye ahlukahluka kakhulu futhi agcwala kakhulu, ohulumeni bezwe baye baba yizimoto zokuphikisa abalwa neqembu elilawula uhulumeni. Lapho elinye iqembu lilawula iWhite House neCongress, izikhulu zikahulumeni welinye iqembu zisebenzisa i-ligital njengethuluzi lokuphikiswa. Lokhu sekuye kwaba yinqubo ejwayelekile kangangokuthi kulindeleke ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinkulu zibekelwe inselele enkantolo ngemibuso elawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo.

Indima Yokwahlulela Nenkantolo KaRoberts

INkantolo Ephakeme ngaphansi kukaMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Roberts ikhiphe izinqumo eziphawulekayo zikahulumeni ezithi kokubili kulinganiselwe futhi kusekelwe amandla kahulumeni. INkantolo ibeke amandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kweChwethezi uClaus noMsebenzi we-Pallas, kodwa futhi iye yasekela igunya elibanzi likahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokufuduka, amalungelo okuvota, nokuhlengwa kukahulumeni. Ukuhlelwa kweNkantolo okuya ngokungaguquki kungenza ukuba ikwazi ukubhekana nezinselele zikahulumeni, kodwa isiqondiso somthetho asikwazi ukuchazwa ngokuphelele.

Imingcele Emisha Empilweni

Izindawo ezihlanganisa umthetho cishe zingenza izingxabano ezintsha zesifundazwe. Umthetho wokuhlakanipha owenziweyo, ukuqondisa kokwaziswa, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, nokulawula i-patlog zonke izindawo lapho izifunda zisebenza khona lapho kungekho umthetho kahulumeni obanzi, zakha amathuba ezinselele zokuzikhulula. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlanganisa imithetho kahulumeni ngokukhishwa kwesisu, ukudlulisa amalungelo, kanye nenqubo yokudubula ingenzeki ngokuqinisekile kubangele ukukhushulwa kwentengiselwano enciphileyo nokholo oluphelele nemibuzo ye-Crevo.

Isiphetho: Ukucindezeleka Okukhuthazelelayo

Ukungezwani phakathi kwemibuso yezwe ne-othonal kuyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwe-Melika. Ukuqonda kwangabom umehluko ocacile phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nezwe kuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kucindezeleka kuzoqhubeka uma nje i republic isaqhubeka. Njengoba amazwe eqhubeka ebekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele, imiphumela yalempi engokomthetho izohlela ikusasa le-guvernism e-United States. Ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, njengoba kubonisa izihloko ezibanzi zamandla, amalungelo, nokubusa.

Inqubo ebeka ngayo inselele emithethweni kahulumeni ngokuphikisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukuqoqwa kwezombangazwe, kanye nokudelela okuqondile ngezinye izikhathi, kwembula amandla nobuthakathaka besimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Iveza ukuqina kwesimiso, njengoba izimpikiswano zifakwa ezindleleni ezingokomthetho eziveza izinqumo ezinegunya. Kodwa futhi yembula ukuthamba kwesimiso, njengokuphikisana okuyisisekelo mayelana nokwakheka kwe-Union kuqhubeke ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo wamukelekile. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya lombuso nombuso ayiyona inkinga yokuxazulula kodwa isici esikhona somklamo, ukuvumelana okungapheli ngencazelo ye-buzwe ngokwalo.

Kulabo abafuna ukulandela le ntuthuko, ingosi yeNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza imibono ezinhlangothini ezinkulu ze-construction. inikeza incazelo efinyelelweyo yezimiso ezingokomthetho ezisemgqeni wezwe ukusabela kwezezinga lokulawula kwemithetho kazwe, kanye [[FLT:] ne[FLT] Melika] Bar Association yemfundo yomphakathi [ inikeza izincazelo ezifingqiweyo zezimiso ezingokomthetho ezisesigqeni. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka siphikisana ngezingalo ezifanele zezwe namandla ombuso nombuso, lemithombo ingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kuhilelekeni engxabeni yempini ngayinye entsha.