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Ukuqonda Ubuhlobo Bezishaya - mkhuba Zaseburhulumenteni

Ubudlelwane obuhlangene phakathi kwezindawo ezihlangeneyo nezindawo ezisemthethweni, ukuhlangana okungahleliwe, ukuxoxa, nokubambisana okwenzeka phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni((federal, isifundazwe, isifundazwe, nezwe). Lobu buhlobo bulawula indlela izinqubo zomphakathi eziklanywa ngayo, zixhaswe, futhi zisetshenziswe ngayo ezikhungweni ezihlukene zikahulumeni. Esi sihloko sihlola izitebhisi, izinzuzo, izinselele, namasu okuthuthukisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-United States ne-Canada, iJalimane ne-Australia, ubudlelwane obuphumelelayo obuphakathi kwezindawo ezisebusweni obuhlangene, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezempilo yomphakathi, ezethutho, imfundo, nenhlekelele. Lesi sihloko sihlola izisekelo, izilinganiso, izinselele, amasu okuthuthukisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezeze-Grevernvernverne ne-ose.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kobuhlobo Bezinhlangano

Isimo sobudlelwane phakathi kohulumeni siye sashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi sibonisa izinguquko zefilosofi yezombangazwe, izimo zezomnotho, nezidingo zomphakathi. E-United States, irepublic yokuqala yasebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuhulumeni (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-layer-cake sobupolitika"), lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni babenemithwalo ehlukene, imithwalo ehlukene ngeminye imibandela elinganiselwe. Izifundazwe zasingatha izindaba eziningi zasekhaya kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe ugxile ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, isivikelo, nezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano enkulu. Lelilungiselelo lasebenza kahle kwaze kwaba ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho, lapho uhulumeni baqala ukuthatha indima enkulu kwezomnotho nenhlala - zenhlalo.

I - New Declarance Nombango Obambisanayo

Umongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt waphawula inkathi yoshintsho, iqala inkathi yombuso wobuzwe ("FLT-kake uhulumeni)]. Izinhlelo ze-aid, ukuphatha okuhlanganyelweyo, kanye nezimiso zezezimali ezihlangeneyo zaqala ukuqheleka. Lenkathi yabona ukuzalwa kwemifelandawo ephakathi yezindawo ezifana nenkokhelo yokuswela umsebenzi, izindlu zomphakathi, nezakhiwo zezakhiwo zezindawo. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, uhulumeni obambisana wanwetshwa ngezinhlelo ze Great Society, Medicaid, ne Interstate quete quepageway Sy System.

Imikhuba Yamuva: I - New Federalism Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Kusukela ngo-1970, imizamo yokubuyisela amandla emazweni nasezindaweni ezithile cishe ibizwa ngokuthi i-New Federalism noma i-devovolution(ukulungisa futhi ukuhlangana kwe-organ. I-Reagan iye yathuthukisa iziphakamiso zemali nokunqanda, kuyilapho o-1990 babona inguquko yezenhlalakahle idlula ngaphansi komthetho wobuntu ne-Octive Offrialition Act, inikeza ukuvumelana kakhulu ekuklameni izinhlelo zosizo. Muva nje, umqedazwe we-CHOVAID-19 ubonise kokubili amandla nezicinzakalo zomphakathi, njengombuso, umbuso, nohulumeni wendawo ehlangene neziqondiso zezempilo, usizo, nokusakazwa komgoqolo.

Okwenza Kube Nendaba Ukuhlangana Kwabantu Basebuthweni

Ubudlelwane obuphumelelayo phakathi kohulumeni abuyona nje indlela yokulawula kuphela − ibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sanamuhla sokulawula. uphengululo oluvela kwi-OECD lugcizelela ukuthi ukubusa kwamanani amaningi kubalulekile ekusingatheni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidlula imingcele yendawo, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Izizathu ezikhethekile zokubaluleka zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Policies:[ Uma amazinga amaningi kahulumeni ehlanganyela icala endaweni ethile yenqubo (umz., ezokuthutha, indawo ezungezile), ubuhlobo bomphakathi buqinisekisa ukuthi imizamo iphelelisana kunokuba iphikisane.
  • Imithombo esemthethweni: ukuthelisa imali, ubuchwepheshe, nengcebo yabantu ezifundeni zezwe kunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka futhi kuvumela umnotho wezinga.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuhlanganisa kwendawo ezungezile nezindinganiso zesizwe:[ izinqubo ze-intertive zenza ukuba izimiso zezwe zivumelane nezimo zendawo, zigcine kokubili ukuhleleka nokuvumelana.
  • Ukuphathwa kwe-CLT: 0 [ Izinhlekelele, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nokushaqeka kwezomnotho kudinga ukubambisana okusheshayo; iziteshi ezisungulwe kahle zikahulumeni zisheshisa ukwenza izinqumo.
  • Ukukhokha-mali kanye nokubonisa ngaphaya: Okucacile izindima nokuxhumana njalo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elibangela ukuthembana.

Izikhundla Zikahulumeni Nezindima Zawo

Nakuba isimo esiqondile sihlukahluka ngokwezwe, izimiso eziningi zikahulumeni zinezinga eliyinhloko ezintathu zikahulumeni, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ehlukile kodwa engenayo.

Uhulumeni Wezwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usingatha izindaba zokukhathazeka kwesizwe: isivikelo, inkambiso yangaphandle, inkambiso yemali, ezentengiselwano zamazwe aphakathi, namalungelo omphakathi. Futhi unikeza imali enele emazweni nasezindaweni ngezipho, ngemali, imali ebolekiwe, nokuhlanganyela inzuzo. Emazweni amaningi, uhulumeni ubeka izinhloso zesimiso nezindinganiso zezemfundo ezibanzi (umz., imithetho yomoya ehlanzekile, izimemezelo zemfundo) kuyilapho ushiya ukufezekisa imininingwane emazingeni aphansi.

Uhulumeni (OwaseProvincial)

Amazwe nezifundazwe zisebenza njengezindawo eziyinhloko zenkambiso yomphakathi ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni. Zivame ukulawula imfundo yomphakathi, imishini yokuthutha (imigwaqo emikhulu yasenyakatho), impilo yomphakathi, ukugcinwa komthetho (amaphoyisa asesifundeni), imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezinkonzo zezenhlala - kahle. Amazwe futhi anegunya elikhulu lokukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali. Ziyimidanti eyinhloko phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wendawo, ngokuvamile zidlula ngezimali zikahulumeni kanye nokumisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lukamasipala.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo (izindawo, izikhawu, amadolobha, nezigodi ezikhethekile) basondelene kakhulu nezakhamuzi futhi banikeza izinkonzo eziningi zomphakathi zansuku zonke: isivikelo somphakathi, ukukhucululwa kwendle, amanzi nendle, amapaki, imitapo, imitapo, nokuhlelwa kwendawo. Ohulumeni bendawo bathola amandla abo emithethweni kahulumeni noma imithetho (imithetho kaDillon.irs) ethonya ikhono labo lokungena ezivumelwaneni zombuso womphakathi.

Izibonelo Eziyinhloko Zobuhlobo Obuphakathi Kohulumeni

Izazi nodokotela baveza imifanekiso eminingi ecatshangelwayo echaza indlela amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni asebenzelana ngayo.

I - Dual Federalism (Layer-Cake)

Kulesibonelo, isilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni sinamandla akhethekile, achazwe ngokucacile alinganayo. Saye sivelele ekhulwini le-19. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yaqinisa ubuzwe obumbaxambili emacaleni anjenge United States v. Lopez[ (1995], amandla alinganiselwe ezwe ngaphansi kwentengiselwano Claus. Nakuba isenethonya enkulumweni yezomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, uhulumeni ohlangeneyo uyinto engavamile namuhla.

Inhlangano ehlangene (Ikakhulu Elihlangene)

Lo msizi ugcizelela ukubambisana nokuphathiswa umthwalo. Izimali ze-Federal, izinhlelo ezihlangene, kanye nekhomishane yohulumeni ziyizimpawu. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe- Medicaid [ luxhaswe uhulumeni wezwe nezifunda, kanye nokuqondisa kwe-ovective ne-ocetionalism. Umbuso ukhuthaza ukusungulwa kwenqubo ngemithetho ngenkathi ugcina izindinganiso zesizwe.

UbuFederalism

I-Fiscal unitionalism igxila ebuhlotsheni bezimali phakathi kohulumeni − ukukhokhela igunya, ukudluliswa kwezindawo, nenkokhelo. Imiqondo eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa [[FLT: 0] ukungalingani kwezindawo okuthe ngqo [ (uma isilinganiso esisodwa sinyusa inzuzo eyengeziwe kunesidingo lapho esinye sintula imali) kanye nokungalingani okungahleleki okungahlelekiyo [ [izindawo ezihlukene phakathi kwezifundazwe]. Inkokheli, izipha, iziphakamiso, nokuhlanganyela imali kusetshenziswa ekukhulumeni ngalezi zimo ezintenteko. Ihhovisi lomthetho wohlelo [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

I - Féderalism Entsha Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Kusukela ngawo-1980, ohulumeni abaningi bamazwe baye bashintsha imithwalo yemfanelo banciphisa amazinga aphansi, banciphisa ukulawula kukahulumeni kanye nokusungulwa kwezindawo nendawo. Lendlela ihlanganisa iziphakamiso zemali (isibonelo, usizo lwesikhashana lwemikhaya edinga i-Piosyses) nokuvumelana nezimo okuthé xaxa. Nakuba ukwenziwa kwenguquko kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusabela, futhi kufaka izingozi zokungalingani uma amazwe acebile enganikeza izinkonzo ezingcono kunalezo ezimpofu.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zobuhlobo Obunamandla Bokubambisana Nohulumeni

Lapho ubuhlobo bohulumeni busebenza kahle, izinzuzo ziba ziningi.

Ukubeletha Kwenkonzo Okuthuthukisiwe

Ukuhlinza kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba bahlanganyele imikhuba emihle futhi bagweme ukubuyisela isondo. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi namadolobha asebenzisa imithetho efanayo yokusabela okuwumqedazwe (izindawo zokuhlola, imithola-khaya yokugoma) esekelwe ekuqondiseni kukahulumeni nasekwenzweni kontanga, okuholela ekuqedweni ngokushesha. Izivumelwano zokuthenga ngamaqembu zinganciphisa izindleko zemishini nezinto ezizosetshenziswa.

Ukulungisa Inqubo

Izinhlangano zeze-othoffal zivame ukuveza izixazululo zokusungula. I-Programationation Act ye-State IP (IZIP) ivumela amazwe ukuba aklame amasu awo siqu okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zobuhle bomoya, akhuthaze ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekulawuleni intuthu. Ngokufanayo, i-Act ye-Refect (ESA)[FLT] inikeza ukuvumelana nezimiso zokuzinganisa ukuklama kwezimiso zokulungisa, ithonya inqubo yokukhula kwabafundi kanye nezilinganiso zesikole.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuliswe Ngokwentando Yeningi

Amazinga amaningana kahulumeni akha amaphuzu amaningi okungena ezakhamuzini ezithembisene. Amakhomishane okuhlela indawo, ukuqulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, kanye nezikhathi zokukhulumela kukahulumeni kuvumela amazwi ahlukahlukene ukuba athonye isimiso. I-intergovernmentals forums jn . − njenge-National Guvernars Association noma i-Conference of Mayors .S._alula imibono yendawo ephakathi kwezwe lonke.

Ukuzimela Ebunzimeni

Ubudlelwane obungcono phakathi kohulumeni bubonakala kakhulu phakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) isebenza eduze nezinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo sombuso kanye nabaphenduleli bokuqala ngokwesimiso sokuyala esihlangene. Ubuhlobo bangaphambi kwenkathi ekhona nezivumelwano zosizo (umz., i-Emergency Management Application Completetion) yenza ukuba ukubunganyeza okusheshayo phakathi kwemigqa yombuso.

Izinselele Nezithiyo

Naphezu kwezinzuzo, ubuhlobo bohulumeni bugcwele izinkinga.

Amagebe Okuxhumana Nokwaziswa

Amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni avame ukusebenzisa amagama ahlukahlukene, izinhlelo zokwaziswa, kanye namafomethi okubika. Umnyango wezempilo wendawo ungatholanga izinhlelo zesikhashana zezwe ezibonisa iziguli, okuholela ekubambezeleni. Ukuxhumana njalo. zihlanganisa amabutho ahlangeneyo kanye namapulatifomu okwaziswa ahlanganyelwe, kodwa kudinga ukutshala imali nokwethembana.

Ukungqubuzana Kwezimiso Zokuziphatha Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni sinezisusa zaso zezombangazwe nezisusa. Uhulumeni ungabeka phambili ukukhula kwezomnotho ngenxa yesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukungqubuzana nezimiso zikahulumeni. E-United States, izingxabano ngokubekwa kwamandla okuvuselelwa, ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwensangu, nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuduka kubonisa indlela ukuntengantenga okudala ngayo ukungezwani. Ukuhlehliswa kwemithetho kahulumeni kungayisusa imithetho, kodwa ngokuvamile kuholela ezimpini ezingokomthetho.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

I-Fiscalism iveza ukungalingani okuyisisekelo. Abanye ohulumeni bendawo abanaso isisekelo sentela sokukhokhela izinkonzo ezigunyaziwe, kuyilapho abanye bephumelela. Imithetho egunyaziwe .[1] Lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni noma kahulumeni udinga isinyathelo ngaphandle kokunikeza imali eyanele yokuxhasa imali. (isibonelo, i-ID ye-ID yangempela ibeka izindinganiso ezintsha zokuhlukanisa amazwe ngaphandle kokukhokhelwa imbuyiselo egcwele kahulumeni.)

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Kulenkathi yokuhlukana kwabashokobezi, ubudlelwane bohulumeni bungaba yisikhawu. Abaholi nomeya bamaqembu ahlukene bangase baphikise obala izimiso zikahulumeni, banciphise ukubambisana. Umqedazwe weCOVID wabona ukungavumelani okukhulu ngemiyalo yokufihla isikhumba, izintambo, nezimfuneko zokugoma, okunciphisa ukusabela okunobunye kwesizwe.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obungokomthetho Nobuqondisi

Izimiso, iziqondiso, kanye nezinqumo zenkantolo ezibusa ukusebenzelana kohulumeni kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, iCommerce Clause, ISichibiyelo semithetho , ne yemfundiso yokukhulula [[FLT:]] idala imfucumfucu engokomthetho. Izinhlangano zesigaba kumelwe zisebenzise izivumelwano ezihlukene, ngokuvamile ezidinga izivumelwano ze-i-atrunectures [[FLT]] ezizoxoxa.

Ukuhlola Icala Ebudlelwaneni Bezinhlangano Ezihlangene

Ukuhlola izibonelo zezwe langempela kwembula indlela lezi zimiso ezisebenza ngayo lapho zingasebenzi khona.

Ukusabela Kwe - FEMA Nenhlekelele

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu sokubambisana kwezezigebengu. Uma kwenzeka inhlekelele enkulu − njengeSiphepho uKatrina (2005) noma iSiphepho uHarvey (2017).(FEMA ihlangene namahhovisi okuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo sikahulumeni, iziphengululi zokuqala, nezinhlangano zokuzithandela. Stafford Act Act [[FLT]] ilawula inqubo: umbusi ucela isimemezelo sikamongameli, ngemva kwalokho i-FEMA inikeza usizo lwezezimali, izisebenzi, nemishini. I-Katrina igcizelela ukuxhumana okungcono nezindawo zangaphambi kwezezimali. Inkathi yesiphepho ka-20171717]

Isimiso Sempilo Nese - Medicaid

I-Medicaid, exhaswe uhulumeni nezifundazwe ngokubambisana, iwuhlelo lwe-quintessial phakathi kohulumeni. Uhulumeni umisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe futhi uvumelanisa izimali zikahulumeni ezisukela ku-50% kuya ku-8% (kusekelwe emalini kahulumeni ngenzuzo yomuntu ngamunye). I-United States inobushiqela ekuklameni izinzuzo nasekuqondiseni uhlelo. [affordrible Care Act [AKA) futhi ivumela ukuba isebenzise izilinganiso zokudlulisa okusha, njengezimfuneko zomsebenzi noma ukunakekela. Lobungane bunzile benza ukuba kukwazi ukuhlanganisa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-80, kodwa ukuhlukanisa kwezwe kudala izimo eziqhubekayo ezingokondla izimali.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezinguquko Zangaphakathi

Isimiso sezwe esiphezulu se-Nationaly Subhway Fund kanye ne-[FTLT:2] System Highhams System [ iyimikhiqizo yokubambisana kwe-othoric. Uhulumeni unikeza izimali (ngokuyinhloko nge-Highway Trust Fund), uhlela imiklamo, futhi uvumelanisa amapulani. Iminyango yezwe yezokuthutha (TS) ilawula ukwakhiwa nokunakekelwa, ngokuvamile ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zendawo zemisebenzi ethile ethile. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, [[FLT] inikeza iHlastriation Information Invementationation Actal Act 201] [12] [FLD:5] izakhiwo, amabhuloholobhuloho, ama-Brange, ama-magedmillion, neminye imisebenzi ehlela izindleko zezindawo ezithile.

Imfundo: Izindinganiso Ezizimele, Ukuthotshiswa Kukahulumeni

Imfundo e-U.S. ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe, kodwa uhulumeni uthonya inkambiso ngokuxhasa ngemali ehlobene nezimo. Imfundo eyimfihlo neSecondal Education Act (ESEA), kamuva egunyazwe njenge-%] Beall Lend Behind Act (2001] [[FLT]]] i-[FLT] ibuye isebenzise [[FLT] impumelelo yomthetho (20:5] [[FLT]], ifuna ukuvivinya nokubika ulwazi. ESA inikeza ukuvumelana kokuhlela ukulandisa ezimisweni zokuhlobisa. Ngokwesibonelo, njengase California nase-Tennessesseeves zithathe izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisa isikole, ukuhlelwa kwe-FogrownFFF, ukuhlelwa kwe-Fognercet, ukumiswa kwe-'uthoriqution, futhi i-'educed producertion, i-'erverse

Izinhloso Zokuqinisa Ubuhlobo Bendawonye Behulumeni

Ngenxa yalezi zinselele, yiziphi izinyathelo ezingathuthukisa ukubambisana nokunciphisa ukungezwani?

Yakha Iziteshi Zokukhulumisana Ezivamile

Izimiso zezimiso kanye nezimiso ezihleliwe phakathi kwezikhulu kuwo wonke amazinga ezakha ukwethembana nokugeleza kolwazi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-National Association of Countalies (NACO), ephethe imihlangano yaminyaka yonke kanye nezimiso zokufushanisa, kanye ne- Council of State Public , evumela i-international comples.[Foctive comptys.eactives.nactivenations (um. g., u-om. quall) i-compligist) ingasusa izingxabano.

Sebenzisa Izivumelwano Zohulumeni Ezihlangene (IGA)

I-GAs ziyizivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezichaza izindima, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nokusekelana kwemisebenzi ehlangeneyo. Zisukela ekusizeni okulula kwezivumelwano kuya kumaqoqo ayinkimbinkimbi ezindawo zokuthutha noma zokuphatha amanzi. I-Emergancy Management Intectal Consolation (EMAC) iyisibonelo: ivumela amazwe ukuba acele imithombo evela kwezinye izifunda phakathi nezinhlekelele ngesivikelo esingokomthetho nangezindleko. I-IGAS isiza ekucaciseni izingozi futhi agweme ukungaqondani.

Ukutshala Imali Ezobuchwepheshe Nezokuxhumana

Izimiso zemininingwane ezifakiwe zisiza ohulumeni ukuba balandelele imiphumela, baphawule izikhala, futhi baqondise izinkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, u- U.S.U. uMnyango wezempilo nezinkonzo zabantu usekela umbuso nemininingwane yempilo yendawo ukuze bahlanganyele imininingwane yesineke phakathi kwezindawo ezilawulayo. Iziteshi ezisekelwe emafwini zingathuthukisa ukubonakala kokuqondisa. Nokho, izingasese nezimiso zefa kusene.

Ukuqeqeshwa Kwamaqembu Nokwakha Izakhiwo Ezingasetshenziswa

Cross-level training programs help officials understand each other's constraints and procedures. FEMA’s National Incident Management System (NIMS) requires standardized training for all emergency responders, regardless of jurisdiction. Similarly, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers workshops to help states implement federal regulations. Investment in local government capacity, especially in rural areas, reduces dependency and improves readiness.

Khuthaza Ukuhlela Okuyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuhlanganisa wonke amazinga ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuklama kuvimbela izingxabano ezisemifuleni. Isibonelo se- sokuhlela ibhodi , esisetshenziswa ezinhlanganweni zokuhlela zomphakathi (i-MPOs), sidinga uhulumeni, umbuso, kanye nabameleli bendawo ukuba bathuthukise izinqubo ezihlangane. Izinqubo zokwakheka kwangaphandle zakha ubuni kanye nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ubuhlobo Obushintshile

Ukusingatha ukungalingani okuqondile okuqondile nokuqondene nokunganqamuki kunganciphisa ukucindezeleka okungokwezimali. Izinguquko ezingase zihlanganise ukunikeza izindlela zokulungisa ukunyuka kwemali kanye nokushintsha kwenani labantu, ukunciphisa imiyalo engagunyaziwe, nokunikeza izimvume ezivumelanayo ngemiphakamiso evimbelayo. Abanye abasekeli babiza [ ukulinganisa [[FLT]] okulinganayo nesimiso saseCanada, lapho izifundazwe ezicebile zidlulisela khona imali kwabampofu ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinkonzo zomphakathi ezifanayo.

Ikusasa Lobuhlobo Bezinhlangano Zasebuthweni

Imikhuba eminingi eyenzekayo iyothonya indlela ohulumeni abasebenzelana ngayo emashumini eminyaka azayo.

Uhulumeni Osebenzisa Izinombolo Nokubambisana

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zenza kube lula ngezinhlangano ukuba zihlanganyele ukwaziswa nokunikeza izinkonzo ezingenamthungo. "Izimiso zakudala" zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikeze ukwaziswa kanye, futhi ohulumeni bakuhlanganyela njengokudingekayo (isizk., ukukhokhela intela noma ukuvuselelwa kwelayisensi yomshayeli). Nokho, izingozi zokwehluleka kweze-ibhuloho nezimiso zobumfihlo zidinga ukubambisana kombuso ngokucophelela.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokulawula Indawo Ezungezile

Ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu nokuguquguquka kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo kuwo wonke amazinga. Ohulumeni bendawo basebenzisa iziqondiso zokwakha kanye nokuhlala; izigungu zimisa izindinganiso ezivuselelwe; izinhlangano zikahulumeni zilawula ukukhishwa kwegesi nemisebenzi yokusekela izimali. Izakhiwo ezintsha zezezimo zombuso . njengezi U.S. Ulwelwelwelwelwesi lwezwe oluzinikele ezimigomweni ze-Paris Activenetics, ```Iigcustone''''''''.

Ukubambisana Kwesifunda NeMetropolitan

Izinselele eziningi . i-Regional Greenhouse Gas Ititiatiatiatiatiative [RGGI] phakathi kwezifunda zasenyakatho mpumalanga] zibonisa ukuthi ohulumeni abaningi bangabambisana kanjani nesimiso sezentengiselwano.

Ubuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke Bezishaya - mkhuba

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, njengeECD kanye ne[FLT] World Bank [, ifunda futhi ithuthukise izinguquko zamazinga amaningi. ECD] umsebenzi wokubusa kwezinga eliphezulu [ unikeza amacebo amazwe ukuze ahlole izimiso zawo ze-opulani. Imfundo yezengxenye enkulu ye-cross. /Ngokwesibonelo, indlela izifunda zase-Canada ezixhumanisa ngayo izinkonzo zempilo, intuthuko kwezinye izifundazwe zikahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ubudlelwane obuhlangene buyizicubu ezixhumanisa izimiso zikahulumeni. Kusukela ekushintsheni okungokomlando kusukela ekubuseni okuhlangene kuya ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sobuzwe kuya ekusebenzeni kwanamuhla kokulawula kwezemishini kanye nesimo sezulu, ikhono lamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni lokuxhumana, ukuhlanganyela imithombo yezimali, nokuhlela izimiso ezibalulekile kubalulekile ukuze kuqondiswe umphakathi ngendlela ephumelelayo. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokuhlukanisa ngokwezombangazwe, ukuhlukana kwemithombo yemali, nezingxabano ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka, amasu aqinile, ukuqeqeshananisa ulwazi, nokuhlela ukwaziswa okubambisana. (* ukukhomba imigwaqo ukuze ikwazi ukuxhumana, ukuphatha ngokuqinile, ukumelana nokwehlukana kwezizwe ngezindawo. Njengoba izinhlangano zibhekene nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukuvotelelana kwemisebenzi enyangweni yemithetho ephakathi kwezezinhlangothini.