Isingeniso: Umbuzo Ohlala Njalo Wamandla Kahulumeni

Umbuzo wokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ubambe amandla amakhulu kangakanani, futhi imingcele yalelogunya ikhona, idala njengomphakathi ohleliwe. Isimiso ngasinye sezombangazwe, kusukela emadolobheni akuqala kuya ezindaweni zombuso wentando yeningi zanamuhla ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, siye salwa nobunzima obuyisisekelo phakathi kwesidingo sokubusa okuphumelelayo kanye nesidingo sokuvikela isisekelo somuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamandla kahulumeni akuyona nje indlela yokusebenzisa imfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlola izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zamanje, imibandela yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yesisekelo, nokulwela amalungelo abantu okuqhubekayo. Lesi sihloko sibonisa ukuthuthuka kwegunya likahulumeni ngezikhathi eziyinhloko zomlando, sihlola izisekelo eziye zabumba ukubusa kwanamuhla, nokuhlola izinselele ezicindezelayo eziqhubeka ukuvivinya imingcele yezwe lamandla ekhulwini lamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nambili.

Isisekelo Esiqinile Samandla Kahulumeni

Igunya Lezenhlalo Negunya Elingokomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuhlola ukubonakaliswa okungokomlando kwamandla, kuyadingeka ukuqonda izimiso zefilosofi ezithethelela noma ezilinganisela igunya likahulumeni. Inkolelo-mbono yenhlalo, eyavela phakathi nokuKhanyiselwa, amaphasishi uhulumeni ongokomthetho othathwa emvumeni yababuswayo. Amasuntswana anjengoThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau ngamunye wanikeza imibono ehlukile yalesivumelwano. I-Hobbes, ibhalwe phakathi neMpi yeSizwe, impikiswano [iphethan] [i FLT] ukuthi ubukhosi obuphelele babudingekile ukuze kuphunyuke isimo semvelo. Locke, ngokuphikisana, ukuvikela kwenkululeko yaso ngokwemvelo, nempahla, futhi izakhamuzi ezibunziswa ukuvukela kwelungelo elivamile lombuso wezombangazwe.

Umthetho Wemvelo Nemvelaphi Yamalungelo

Umqondo womthetho wemvelo .Isu lomthetho wemvelo — umqondo wokuthi izimiso ezithile zokuziphatha zizuzwe ngokwemvelo kubantu futhi zitholakale ngesizathu, uye wanikeza ukuhlola okunamandla emandleni kahulumeni kulo lonke umqondo wezombangazwe zaseNtshonalanga. Abacabangi abanjengoCicero eRoma lasendulo noThomas Aquinas enkathini ephakathi baphikisa ukuthi imithetho ewenziwe umuntu kumelwe ivumelane nendinganiso ephakeme, yendawo yonke. Lelisiko lathonya kakhulu ukuphuhliswa komthetho-mshicisho-m siseko kanye nemfundiso yamalungelo ayisisekelo. ISimemezelo saseMelika senkululeko, kanye nokukhishwa kwaso "ilungelo elingenamthetho" ekwamukelekeni kwe-" i-"Leaw of Nature nethiod God ," imelela ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile kwemfundiso yemvelo esisekelwe kuhulumeni. Umthetho wezizwe zonke izizwe, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yomthetho womphakathi [F.0] [1]

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwamandla Kahulumeni Nemingcele Yawo

Impucuko Yasendulo: Imvelaphi Yegunya Eliphakathi

Imiphakathi yakudala eyinkimbinkimbi yasungula enye yemithetho engokomthetho ebhalwe phansi, emisa imingcele yemisebenzi emikhulu, futhi igcine ukuhleleka komphakathi. EMesophothamiya, i-Ade kaHammurabi (i-lirca 1754 BCE) yamisa enye yemithetho esemthethweni ebhaliwe, imisa imingcele yegunya lenkosi kuyilapho ibeka futhi imingcele yokuphindisela ngesimiso sokulinganisela. EGibithemi lasendulo, oFaro babebhekwa njengonkulunkulu abaphilayo, besebenzisa amandla aphelele phezu kwezikhonzi zabo. Nakuba kunjalo kulezi zimiso ze-ocracracratic, imingcele ewusizo yayikhona: isidingo sabaqondisisebenzi bezengameli, ithonya labapristi, nokusongela okuqhubekayo kokuvukela kwegunyazwa ngaphansi kwe-Tshayina yasendulo ngaphansi kwe-Fin ne-cncun, izimiso eziphambili ezingokwemithetho ebekwe phambili kakhulu, ngesikhathi kuchazwa ngokusemthethweni.

IGrisi Yasendulo NeRoma: Umzamo Ngokuqondene Nobuzwe Nomthetho

Umlando wasendulo wasungula imiqondo eyayizoyisisekelo sokucabanga kamuva ngemibuso kahulumeni. Izifunda zase-Greece, ikakhulukazi i-Athens, zazama izindlela zentando yeningi eziqondile lapho izakhamuzi zahlanganyela khona ngokuqondile eminyangweni yomthetho nokwahlulela. Nokho, lesimiso sasilinganiselwe ekukhululeni izakhamuzi zabesilisa nabesifazane abakhishwe ngaphandle, izigqila, nabezizwe. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kwedemokrati ye-Athene kwaveza futhi izingozi zokubusa ngentando yeningi okungavinjelwe, kuhlanganise nokungamukeleki kwenani elikhulu lezakhamuzi ezibusayo kanye nokucindezela kweningi.

IRome Republic yasungula isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sikahulumeni oxubene, sihlanganisa izici zombuso wenkosi (i-consol), izicukuthwane (isigele), nentando yeningi (imihlangano ethandwayo). Umqondo wokubusa komthetho, ohlanganiswe kakhulu emqondweni [ ITables[ futhi kamuva esimisweni somthetho weRoma, wamisa isimiso sokuthi umthetho kufanele ulawule umbuso kunokuba ulawule intando ewumthetho. Lefa lathonya kakhulu kamuva umcabango womthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Ulpian wachaza isimiso esithi "okuthanda isikhulu siphethe amandla omthetho," kodwa lokhu kwakulinganiselwe ngokuqonda ukuthi umthetho osusiwe esikweni, esibonelweni, nasekubonelweni, futhi, hhayi nje.

Intuthuko Yenkathi Ephakathi NeyangeNkathi Yempucuko

Inkathi yenkathi ephakathi yaba nokuhlukana kwegunya eliphethe kanye nokuvela kwezikhungo zamandla ezincintisanayo. I-Foudal yadala isigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi samakhosi, i-vassals, kanye nezakhamuzi, negunya elisakazeke kabanzi ezingqimbeni eziningi zokubusa. Lokhu kubekwa ngokuphikisana kwakudala kwakha indawo yokuthuthukisa izinhlangano zabameleli. [Magna Carta] ka1215], okhishwe yiNkosi yaseNgilandi John engaphansi kokucindezela kohlupho oluvukelayo, wamisa isimiso esibalulekile sokuthi inkosi ngokwayo ingaphansi komthetho. Nakuba ekuqaleni ukuxazulula iMagna [unta] [igna] [i-Carta] [ignal:1] [i-FLT] ka-1215], ikhutshwe yi-Frentshile, i-Corseswondssssss, i-Earnegnond, i-sssssssssss, ivela kakhulu kulelo, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, nakuba i

INguquko yavuselela imfundo yakudala futhi yasungula izindlela ezintsha zokucabanga ngezombangazwe. UNiccoĺ Machiavelli's INkosana (1532) yanikeza ukuhlaziywa okungokoqobo kwamandla, kwahlukanisa amandla ezombangazwe nemithetho engokwesiko. Nakuba ngokuvamile kwakuqondwa kabi njengokusekela ukugxeka okumsulwa, umsebenzi kaMachiavelli waphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane phakathi kwezimiso zokuziphatha nokubusa okusalokhu kusekhona. Inguquko yamaProthestani yaqhubeka ibekela inselele igunya, njengoba abashisekeli benguquko abanjengoMartin Luther noJohn Calvin baqinisa ukuphakama konembeza womuntu ngamunye phezu kwesonto namandla ezwe, ibeka isisekelo sezimpikiswano kamuva zenkululeko engokwenkolo nokumelana nobushiqela.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuqala Kobu - mthetho Banamuhla

Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa neleshumi elinesishiyagalombili kwamelela ukuphelelwa amandla ekucabangeni ngamandla kahulumeni. Izazi zefilosofi zasungula izinkolelo-mbono ezihlelekile zamalungelo emvelo, imvume, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamagunya ayezobumba izinhlangano zentando yeningi zanamuhla. uJohn Locke's [ [Izimo] zokuhlanganisa uhulumeni [[FLT] [1689]]) zaphikisa ukuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo okuphila, inkululeko, impahla, nokuthi uhulumeni ukhona kuphela ngemvume yabo, ngenjongo elinganiselwe yokuvikela lamalungelo. Imibono ye-America.

i-Montequieu' Umoya woMthetho (1748]) wachaza isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ephikisana ngokuthi amandla agxilisa amandla kunoma yisiphi isimiso esisodwa aholela ebushiqela. Lolu hlelo lwaba itshe le-U.S. uMthetho-Constitution nezimiso zemithetho ye-gonothi ye-gascture emhlabeni wonke. Ezinye izazi zeSikhankamiso, kuhlanganise noVoltaire, no-rous, no-Melika u-Anstries, zathuthukisa imibono ehlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, imvume engokwenkolo, ubukhosi obuthandwayo, kanye neyokuguqulwa kwenguquko. Ukuguqulwa kwezwe lwaseMelika (1775-17178) kanye ne-3) kwaseFrance kwazama ukuguqula lemiqondo eliqinile kulemibono engokwezombangazwe, kanye neminye imibuso ebusa.

Ukubusa Kwanamuhla Nemingcele Yamandla Ombuso

UbuKhosi - sisekelo, Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela, Nomthetho

Ohulumeni bentando yeningi banamuhla bakhelwe esimisweni sokuthi amandla ezwe kumelwe alinganiselwe umthetho-sisekelo ochaza izinga nesimiso segunya. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., nesimiso sawo sokuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, neBill of Rights ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, basungula isibonelo esiye sashintshwa izizwe eziningi. Umqondo wobuProgramustism. .[1] Ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe usebenze ngokuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe elawula ukubusa okungalawuleki. Izikhulu zomthetho zidinga ukuvimbela ukubusa okulawulayo. Izikhulu zesizwe, ukubukeza komthetho wemithetho yezomthetho, iziqondiso zemithetho, nesivikelo samalungelo amancane ngokumelene nokukhohlakazeka okukhulu kuklanyelwe ukuba kugcinwe lemingcele.

Ukubusa komthetho kudinga ukuba bonke abantu nezinhlangano, kuhlanganise nombuso ngokwawo, bazithobe emthethweni. Lesi simiso sisho ukuthi imithetho kumelwe ibe yomphakathi, ilindele, icace, futhi isetshenziswe ngokulinganayo. Kusho futhi ukuthi amandla okuphatha kumelwe asetshenziswe phakathi kwegunya elingokomthetho, ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zizimele, futhi izakhamuzi kumelwe zithole amakhambi angokomthetho okuphamba uhulumeni. Amazwe anamandla okubusa ngokuvamile abonisa amazinga aphansi enkohlakalo, intuthuko enkulu yezomnotho, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokuzinza kwezombangazwe.

Amalungelo Abantu Njengomngcele Wegunya Likahulumeni

Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu esaqala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II simelela umzamo onamandla kakhulu wokuchaza imingcele yomhlaba wonke embusweni kahulumeni. iSimemezelo sombuso wamalungelo abantu futhi izivumelwano ezilandelayo zimisa izindinganiso zokuphatha abantu ngabanye ngemibuso, ukuhlanganisa amalungelo esizwe nawezombangazwe (njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ingqungquthela, nenkolo, kanye nesivikelo ekuhluphekeni kwezindawo ezizimele) kanye nezomnotho, ngokwezenhlalo, namalungelo engokwesiko (njengamalungelo emfundoni, inzuzo yempilo, nezindinganiso ezifaneleyo zokuphila). Umthetho wezizwe zonke uyawaqaphela futhi amalungelo athile, njengokwenqabela ukuhlushwa, aphelele futhi angenakubekwa ngisho nasekwakheni kwezindawo eziphuthumayo zezindawo zezembubhishoyo nezemibhishobhishoneyo yezizwe zonke iNkathi neNka yeNkakhulu yezomthetho yesizwe nezomthetho wesizwe ekhulayo yonke (njengamalungelo esaba izikhulu zezezezezenakele, kanye nezokulandisa amalungelo abantu.

Ubumbano Nokuhluka Kwamandla

Izimiso ze-Federal zihlukanisa igunya phakathi kohulumeni abasenkabeni nesifunda, zidala izikhungo eziningi zikamandla ezingahlolana. Lesi sakhiwo singavikela inkululeko yendawo, ihlalisa izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda, futhi sakhe amagumbi okuhlola inqubo. I-United States, i-Canada, i-Australia, ne-Indiya zonke zisebenzisa amalungiselelo kahulumeni, nakuba isigaba esithile semibuso sihluka kakhulu. Nokho, i-Federalism ayinayo izinselele zayo. Ingakha i-intelliciencies, yenza ukuba inqubo yesizwe ikwazi ukuvimbela inqubo, futhi kwezinye izimo ivumela ohulumeni bezifunda ukuba balahle amalungelo ohulumeni abayinhloko abazovikela ngawo ubunye besizwe ne-O6. Ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kwezizwe kuhlala kuyimpikiswano eqhubekayo ezimisweni yombuso.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ezimisweni Zamandla Kahulumeni

Ukonakala Nokuwohloka Kokwethenjwa Kwezinhlangano

Inkohlakalo //ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese, / kumelela ukwephulwa okuyisisekelo kwemingcele yamandla kahulumeni omthetho osemthethweni. Kululaza ukubusa komthetho, kuphazamisa isimiso somthetho, kuchitha imithombo yomphakathi, futhi kuqeda ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Ukulwa nokonakala kudinga ukubonakaliswa kwezinqubo zikahulumeni ezisobala, izindikimba ezizimele, ukugcinwa kwemithetho emelene nokuzimela, kanye nesivikelo sokuvikelwa kwemisebe yokufutha impepho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Transparency International [[[[FLTM:1]] isebenza ekudaleni ukonakala nokucindezela ohulumeni ukuba bamukele izinyathelo zokuguqula inguquko. Ukusebenza kwemizamo eqinile yokulwa nokonakala kuyahluka kakhulu emazweni atholakala ngokuvamile ngenkululeko elinganiselweyo yomthetho nomthetho.

Ukuvuselelwa Kobu - aspertaliarianism Nokuvinjelwa Kwentando Yeningi

Ekhulwini lama-20 lokuqala, amazwe amaningi aye abhekana nokuphambuka kwentando yeningi, lapho abaholi abanyulwa khona beqeda izinhlangano zentando yeningi kancane kancane. Le nqubo ivame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlasela kwemithetho yezomthetho, imingcele yenkululeko yezokuxhumana, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuzihlela, nokucindezelwa kwamazwi okuphikisayo. i-Hungary, iTurkey, neVenezuela ziyisibonelo esishiwo kaningi, kodwa ukukhathazeka okuphathelene nokuwohloka kwentando yeningi kuye kwaqala futhi ezindaweni ezimisiwe zentando yeningi. Abaholi bavame ukusebenzisa ulimi lobukhosi obuthandwayo ukuze bathethelele ukuqina kwabo kwemibuso, bathi bamelela "iqiniso lentando yeningi" kubantu abaphakeme nezinhlangano ezonakele. Lokhu kuye kwashukumisela ukunaka okusha kokubusa kwezinhlangano eziqinile zentando yeningi, umphakathi ozimele, nobumbazwe lonke izwe ekulweni kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Imishini Yezinombolo, Izindaba Eziyimfihlo Nezobuchwepheshe Obusha

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe luye lwadala izinselele ezingakaze zibonwe zemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Amandla okuhlola amanani avumela imibuso ukuba iqaphele ukuxhumana kwezakhamuzi, izinhlangano, kanye nama-athom ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Ukukhathazeka ngezindaba zomuntu siqu kuye kwakhula kakhulu lapho kucatshangelwa izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa yizinhlangano zobuhlakani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqonga ezokuxhumana ezenhlalo aye aba yizimoto zenkulumo emposiso kahulumeni, ukungenela kwezizwe zangaphandle kokhetho, nokusakaza kwezentengiselwano. Inselele ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwezimiso ezintsha zenkululeko, njengaleyo ye-European Union Jewinernernerneral Data Regation Redgation (GLDR)[FLD:1], esungula isivikelo esinamandla ngenxa yemininingwane yomuntu siqu. Inselele ukuthuthukisa ukuvikela ukuvikela okusemthethweni kwemicimbiso enikezwa yinkululeko yokuvikela ngaphandle kwenkululeko nentando yentando yeningi.

Ukusakaza Izikhali Nenselele Yokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano zezikhulu zemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kunikeza inselele ehlukile emingceleni yemibuso kahulumeni. Abaholi bePopulist bathi bamelela intando eqotho yabantu ngokumelene nohulumeni abonakele, ngokuvamile baziveza bewukuphela kwezwi elingokomthetho lesizwe. Babheka izikhundla zokubusa, imithombo yezindaba, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele, “‘ njengezithikalela intando ethandwayo. I-Populizimu ibekela inselele kokubili ukugcizelela okukhululekile amalungelo abantu ngabanye nemingcele yemithetho eminingi engokomthetho. Nakuba i-populicism ingasebenza njengendlela yokuqondisa izikhundla nezindawo zentando yeningi, ingalulaza futhi izinhlelo zombuso ezivikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukukhuluma ngezimo zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Izifundo Ezingokomlando Zokubusa Kwangesikhathi Esidlule

Umlando wegunya likahulumeni uyindaba yokuxoxisana okungapheli phakathi kwegunya nenkululeko, ukuhleleka nenkululeko. Kusukela emithethweni engokomthetho yase-Mesopotamia yasendulo kuya ezimisweni zokuhlola kwezezibalo zekhulu lama-20 kuya kumashumi amabili kuya ku-1, inkathi ngayinye iye yabuzwa ukuthi impumelelo ingalisebenzisa kanjani igunya likahulumeni ukuze ifeze izibopho zombuso ngokuhlangene kuyilapho ivimbela ukufakwa kwayo ebushiqela. Ukusungulwa okukhulu kwemithetho yezomthetho, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukubusa komthetho, namalungelo abantu kumelela ukusabela okuhlala njalo kulenselele. Kodwa lokhu kufezwa akusoze kwazigcina impumelelo ekwakheni. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivusenezele ukuzimisela kwaso sokulinganisela, ukulandisa, namalungelo ohulumeni, ukuvumelanisa izimiso zentando yentando yeningi, ukubusa izimo zesikhathi sasombuluko. Ukuqonda umlando nezimiso zikahulumeni akuyona nje inzuzo yezemfundo yezemfundo; izinhlangano zezentengo yombuso ezidingekayo ngenxa yenkululeko yezentengongozo zezentengoso yezobupolitiki, sisayo, sisamele ukuba sihlanganyele eku