Uhulumeni wase-United States unomlando omude futhi oyinkimbinkimbi wezimiso zobubonisi eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa, ukubonakala, nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zinqubo ziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zisabela ekushintsheni izimo zezombangazwe, izimfuno zomphakathi, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando. Kusukela ekuhloleni komthetho-sisekelo osekelwe ekuhloleni kobucukubhede banamuhla, ukuqondisa kuseyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izenzakalo eziyinhloko ekuziphendukeleni kobukhonzile kwezeli le-U.S. uhulumeni, uhlola indlela inkathi ngayinye eklanywe ngayo amathuluzi nezinhlangano esithembele kuzo namuhla.

Imishini Esheshayo Yokuqondisa: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ama - e - erch Nescreens Njengesimiso Sokuqala Sokuqondisa Izwe

Eminyakeni yokuqala ye-United States, izimiso zobubonisi zazingaphucukile kodwa zazinombono. Abaqondisi boMthetho-sisekelo bamisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: umthetho, umphathi, namagatsha okwahlulela. Lesimiso sasiklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lithole amandla amaningi kakhulu. UJames Madison waphikisana ngokudumile [ku-] Faceralist. No. 51 [FLT] ukuthi "isikhundla kumelwe senziwe ukuba silwe," ukubeka isisekelo sefilosofi sokuqondisa kohulumeni.

Ukucwaninga Nokuhluleka Kwezindikimba

Ukwengamela kwe-Congress ngokuqulwa kwecala nokuphenyiswa kwavela ekuqaleni. Uphenyo lokuqala lwenzeka ngo-1792 lapho iNdlu yabameleli ihlola ukunqotshwa kukaJenene Arthur St. Clair yimikhosi yamaMelika Omdabu. UMthetho-sisekelo futhi wanikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu amandla okungasheshi, ithuluzi elinamandla elisetshenziswa ngokuqabukelayo kodwa elinethonya elikhulu. I House of Messagessistrates iphethe okuwukuphela kwecala, kuyilapho iSigele siqhubeka nokulingwa. Lenqubo iye yancengwa kumongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, phakathi kwabanye.

  • Ukubukeza okungokwe-Judicial kusungulwe Marbury v. Madison (103]) wanikeza izinkantolo amandla okushaya imithetho ephula umthetho-sisekelo, wakha i-exakelo olugxekayo ngezenzo zomthetho-mthetho nezikhulu.
  • [ ISimemo seTree ye-[[FLT] [[1] (1789]) sanikeza ukulandisa kwasekuqaleni kwezezimali ngemfuneko yokuba zonke izindleko zibikwe kuKhongolo.

Intuthuko yempi yangemva kwe-Civil: Ukuvuselelwa kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo ezintsha

Isikhululo Sabaphathi be-Bureau namalungelo Omphakathi

Ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, kwacaca ukuthi kunesidingo sokuqondisa okwengeziwe. Inkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene eyayihloselwe ukuphoqelela amalungelo omphakathi nokukhuthaza ukulandisa kuhulumeni. I-Freedmen’s Bureau (1865-1872) yasungulwa ukuba yengamele ukuguqulwa kwabantu ababekade begqilaziwe emphakathini, ukuqondisa izivumelwano zemisebenzi, imfundo, nokuvikelwa okungokomthetho. Nakuba ikhona isikhathi esifushane, yabeka isibonelo sokungenela kwezwe ekuqondiseni amalungelo omphakathi.

Ukwanda Komthetho Ozimele

Ukumiswa koMnyango Wezobulungisa ngo-1870 kwakuhloselwe ukulwa nokonakala nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuphatha kwehlazo uGrant. Lomnyango wasungula abashushisi bokuqala bakahulumeni nehhovisi eliphethe iSolicitor General. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Pendeton Civil Service Reformation Act ka-1883 yathatha indawo yesimiso sokusekela i-agegegemfe ngokuqa okufanele, ukunciphisa ukonakala kwezombangazwe ezinhlanganweni ze-ocestery futhi wakha i-univini Servity Commission Service njengendikimba ye-U.

  • Intestem Commerce Act (187) yasungula i Interstate Commission (ICC), inhlangano yokuqala ezimele yokuqondisa, ukuze yengamele amazinga nemikhuba yesitimela.
  • [ I-Sherman Antistyre Act (190) yanikeza uhulumeni wezwe amandla okuqeda i-monobiode, ephoqelelwa uMnyango wobulungisa.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nokulandisa Okwandayo

Izimo Eziphuthumayo Nempi Yokulwa Nokuthembana

I-Resuency Era (1890s kuya kuma-1920) yaphawula ushintsho oluphawulekayo kubaphathi bakahulumeni abakhushuliwe. Abaxhasi abanjengo-Upton Sinclair noIda Tarbell badalula ukuxhashazwa kwezinhlangano nenkohlakalo kahulumeni, okwaholela ekucindezeleni komphakathi ukuze kushintshwe inguquko. Umongameli uTheodore Roosevelt wasekela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlangano eziburhulumente njengo Fateral Trader Commission (FTC)[FLT: 1] [FLT] [196] i-oct:1] enikwe amandla okuhlola nokuvimbela imicimbi engekho mthethweni. [[FLT] I-DROC] [196] [FLT] Act:3] kanye nokumiswa kokuphepha komphakathi (Fod Adcinsttion)

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Likahulumeni (GAO)

Ukumiswa kwe Office ye-accounment accounting (GAO) ngo-1921 ngaphansi komthetho woHlanziso noMkhandlu kwakuyisikhathi esichithwayo. Ekuqaleni kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-General Accounting Office, yayiklanyelwe ukuhlola imali kahulumeni echithwayo, ukuhlola ukukhohlisa, nokukhipha imibono engokomthetho. I-GAO yaba umlindi ongeyena umdwebi wesigaba obika ngokuqondile kuKhongolo, unikeza ukuqondisa okunenjongo kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Namuhla, i-GAO isebenzisa izinkulungwane eziningana zabahlazi bemi

  • Federal Reserve Act (1913) yakha ibhange eliphethe elinemithwalo yemfanelo yokuqondisa isimiso semali nokuzinza kwebhange.
  • Icala lika-oyile elinqabela ukuthembeka (1911) libonise amandla okuphathwa kwesikhulu ukuqeda imicimbi.

Ukulwisana Okusha Nempi Yezwe II

Ukwanda Kwezimo Zokuhlola

I-New Decle yasungula i-platelet yezinhlelo ezintsha zikahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano, ifaka inselele kwezinye izindlela zobubonisi. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wamisa izinhlangano ze-National Labortion (] izisekelo ne-Exchange Commission (SEC) ngo-1934] ukuqondisa imakethe yamasheya ngemva kwenhlekelele yo-1929, kanye nebhodi yezengameleyo ye-National Labortions Board (NLB) ngo-1935 ukuze kwangamele izimpikiswano zezisebenzi. [[FLTL: 4.][FLT] I-APURLEA)[FFF:]

Ukugada Okuphuthumayo Kwempi

Izinselele ezabangelwa yiMpi Yezwe II zaholela ezakhiweni ezengeziwe. Act yeWar Awars yase-1941 yavumela i-Congress ukuba yengamele izindleko zempi nokutholana. Office of Price Administration (OPA)[FLT] yalawula amanani nokuhlukanisa lapho ingaphansi kokucushwa kwengqungquthela. [[FLT:]] Truman Committeement [[[ngokuguqula iKomiti Ekhethekile yeSishayamthetho sokuHlawulela i-National Defenset) yadatence [[FUM] yaveza ukukhiqiniswa kwempi] nokukhwazwa kwezelelwa kwempi, igcina izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali nezindawo zobungalelo lobungame.

  • IKhomishane ye Hoover yokuqala (1947) yatusa ukuhlelwa kabusha kwegatsha eliphethe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle nokwengamela.
  • Administrative Procedure Act (1946) ejwayelekile futhi idinga isaziso somphakathi kanye nokuphawula, okuthuthukisa ukubonakala.

Impi Yomshoshaphansi Nobubusi Obungokomthetho

Ukuqondisa Umphakathi Ohlakaniphile

Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, izimiso zokwengamela zamiswa ngo-1976 ukuze zengamele umphakathi wobuhlakani ngemva kokwambulwa okubonakala kusongela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Amakomiti e-Congregational asungulwa ukuba engamele izinhlangano zobuhlakani nezenzo zempi. Senete Committee on Intelligence[[ Ukukhetha iKomiti yokuhlola i-CIA nokwengamele [79]] yahlola ukuxhaphaza kuhlanganise nokuhlola kwasekhaya, izigwebo, nokuhlola okungemthetho, okuholela e [[FLT:] Ulveill Active [F] [F] [FFULD] UC] Umthetho ka-19789] [FFFFF:5]

Abahloli Abavamile Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Kumthetho Kahulumeni

Inkathi yangemva kweWatergate yaba nenhlandla yezinguquko zezimiso. [[FLT:] Imithetho ye-Government Act ka 1978 yadinga ukuthululwa kwezikhulu eziphetheyo ngokwezimali futhi yamisa iHhovisi Lemithetho Yemithetho Kahulumeni (OGE). Umthetho ophethe ka-1979] wasungula abahloli abazimele ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ukuba bahlole futhi bahlole imfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza. Le IGs manje isebenza ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kuka-70, iveza imibiko ephinda-ka-ka-ka-ka-ka-79.

  • Inkululeko yomthetho wolwazi (FOIA) (1966, iqinisiwe 1974) yanikeza umphakathi futhi yacindezela ukufinyelela kumarekhodi kahulumeni, ithuluzi lokubona isihluthulelo.
  • [ Umthetho we-Privitacy Act (1974)] uvikela amarekhodi abantu ababanjwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • [[I- I-Cregional Baccount Act [19974] yasungula iKhomishane yoHlahlelo lokuHlela (CBO) ukuze inikeze ukuqondisa kohlelo lokuhlela okuzimele.

Imishini Yanamuhla Yokuqondisa (1980-2020)

Isivikelo Samagwebu Nezenzo Zamanga

Ukwengamela kwanamuhla kuye kwagxila kakhulu ekunikeni amandla amaphimbo. IWhistlever Protection Act ka 1989 isivikelo esandisiwe sezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezibika ukuziphatha okubi. Ama-Aya-empecy Act (FCA), adlula ekuqaleni phakathi neMpi Yombango, aqiniswa ngo-1986 ukuze avumele abavuli bempi ukuba badlulisele izimali zikahulumeni futhi bathole isilinganiso semali ebuyiselweyo. Lokhu kuye kwaphumela ekutholeni izinkulungwane zezigidi zamadola [R120] ekukhokheleni ukukhohliselwa uhulumeni.

Ubuchwepheshe Nobuchwepheshe Bama - computer

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe nolwe-Internet kwasungula izinselele ezintsha namathuba okwengamela. Féderal Information Security Management Act (FASIS) ngo-2002, i-Exchanged ye-U 2014 njenge- Fideral Information Security Act, yakha uhlelo lokwabelwa kwezimiso zokwaziswa zikahulumeni. [[FLT] Ihhovisi eliphethe i-Inspective ye- Department [[FLT:] futhi ezinye izinhlangano manje ziqhuba i-intelligence Active Active Office [FL:6] Uhlu oluphezulu lwe-HMnyango wokwaziswa.[FOK][FT]

  • [ Indalo yeHhovisi loMhloli we-oIG] ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene ukuthuthukisa ukuphumelela nokulandisa.
  • Isimiso somthetho we-Federal Information Security Management Act (FASMU) sokwengamela izimiso zokwaziswa zikahulumeni.
  • Spending.gov ikhishiwe ngo- 2007 ukuze kunikezelwe ukufinyelela komphakathi emniningo yemali kahulumeni.

Ukuqondisa Kwezindikimba Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ikhulu lama-21 liye laphinde laqulwa izikhulu zezindaba zobucukubhede, ikakhulukazi ezicini ezinjengezinkinga zemali, ukuqapha kukahulumeni, nokusabela kobhadane. I-Conforional Tooderment Authority Committee [2008-2011]) yahlola iNqonga Yezentengiselwano (i-ARP). I-Pempect Recountation Autement Committeement (PRAC)[FLT:] yadalwa ngo-202020 yengamela izigidigidi zamadolaridi eCUId-ixss. Ikhono lanamuhla lokunikeza usizo empahleni ye-poena, ukufaka iziphaza, nokukhomba ezikhulwini zegatsha.

Izinselele Zokwengamela

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Naphezu kwezindlela zobubonisi ezimisiwe, izinselele zisekhona. Izinkinga ezinjengokwehla kwezimo zezombangazwe, ukunqandwa kwemali, kanye nokushesha kokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kwenza ukuqondisa kube ngcono kakhulu. Ukukhushulelwa kweqembu kungavimbela imizamo yokuqondisa, njengoba kubonakala ezimpini ezisezinhlonhlwini nakubufakazi obufaka ubufakazi kuma-2020. Uma ukwethembeka kuthatha isikhundla sokubusa, ukuqondisa kunganciphikela empini yeqembu kunokuba kube yikho okusekelwe ekwakheni.

Izimo Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nemithombo Yemali

Ukugawulwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kungalinganisela imithombo ekhona yemisebenzi yobubonisi. Imisebenzi efana ne-GAO ne-IGs iye yabhekana nethafa noma ukuncipha kwemali njengoba imithwalo yabo ikhula. Ngokwesibonelo, izisebenzi zeGAO ziye zehla cishe ngesithathu esisodwa kusukela ngo-2010, kuyilapho inani lezinhlelo ezihlolwayo liqhubeka linyuka. Le gebe lemali inganciphisa ukujula nokubaluleka kwemibiko yabaphathi.

  • [ ukwenyuka kokwehlukana kungavimbela imizamo yokwengamela i-bipartis.
  • i-didget [ ingalinganisela imithombo ekhona yemisebenzi yobubonisi.
  • [ Ilungelo elisebenzayo lithi[ kubaphathi bamuva nje kuvimbele ukufinyelela kwengqungquthela emabhukwini nase kofakazi.
  • Ukulandelana kobuchwepheshe banamuhla kudinga izindikimba eziqondisayo ukuba zithuthukise ubuchwepheshe obusha (umz., i-alcustoli, i-ibersecurity forenics).

Ukuwohloka Kwemizwa YamaNarm Nokubona Ngaphakathi

Enye inselele ukuguguleka kwezimiso zokubona kude ezimile isikhathi eside, njengokukhululwa kwamaphepha kamongameli, ukwenqaba ukubambisana nophenyo lwe-countaliant, noma ukusetshenziswa kokuvikela ukwaziswa emphakathini. Predifidelity Records Act[[FLT:] [19971]]) kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuye kwavivinywa yizimpikiswano zokuthola izincwadi. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nokuziphendulela komphakathi kulokhu kulokhu kuyizimo ezingapheli.

Ikusasa Lokugadiswa Kuhulumeni Wase - United States

Izinguquko Zobuchwepheshe

Njengoba i-United States iqhubeka iguqula, kanjalo futhi inqubo yayo yokuqondisa. Isidingo sokubona ngokukhululekile, ukulandisa, nokulawula okuphumelelayo siyokwenza izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo kanye nokusungulwa kwezindlela zobungameli. Izinguquko ezingase zihlanganise ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe okwandayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kobucukubhede. Ngokwesibonelo, amathuluzi okusebenza (AI) akhandwa yi-GAO ukucubungela ama-data athengisiwe ama-data amakhulu okuhlola nokuhlola ngokukhwaba. I-techtechchain ingathuthukisa ukuveza ukukhanya kwemigqa ye-keleleko ye-ogalelo-kusetshenziswa. Amaplatifomu anjenge-withi afana ne- futhi [FLT] FFF:3]FFFF:FFF]

Ukuqinisa Imizimba Ezimelayo

Ukuqinisa izindikimba zobubonisi ezizimele ukuze zithuthukise ukulandisa kuyoba okubaluleke kakhulu. Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa ukunikeza ama-IG ukukhululeka okukhulu emakhanda ezinhlangano, ukunikeza izimali zeminyaka eminingi zokuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, nokwakha umkhandlu we-IG. Abanye owenziwe ngenkambini. Abanye ochwepheshe basekela i-Federal Oversingle Commission [[] I-Government Accounty Office [ kodwa ngamandla amakhulu okulawula izindaba ezihambelanayo njengoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, ukuguquguquka kwe-covalterselselse, ukuhlasela, nokuhlasela okulungiselwe.

  • [[UMTL:0] Izinguquko ezingokweziqu zingahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kobuchwepheshe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqondisa.
  • ukuqinisa izindikimba zobubonisi ezizimele ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa.
  • [ Izivikelo zokushaya ikhwela ezinwetshwayo [ ukuhlanganisa abakhi nokuhlela ukuziphindiselela njengobugebengu obukahulumeni.
  • Ukunikeza iHhovisi lobuxhaka be-technology Assession (OTA) ukunikeza iziKhomishane ulwazi lobuchwepheshe ngezindaba ezivelayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuvuleka Kukahulumeni

Ikusasa lobubonisi lixhomeke futhi ekuthembiseneni komphakathi. Izinyathelo ezifana ne-[FLT: 0] Open Government international shart no Challenge. iChollengv[ ikhuthaza ukufakwa nokufakwa kwemibono yomphakathi. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Isivikelo Sobuthelela-Mnyango [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FF:5]] nezindlela ezandisiwe zokuvikela impepho, kodwa ezinye izinguquko zidingeka ukuvikela izimpindiso ekuphindiseleni. [FFFFF][10] ububanzi][FFFFF][10][10]

Ekuphetheni, umlando wezindlela zobuqondisi kuhulumeni wase-United States ubonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela amandla nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenzela izakhamuzi zakhe ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokusekelwe kumthetho wezindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisela ngezinselele zanamuhla zokulawula imishini, ukuqondisa kuye kwaklanywa ukubhekana nezinsongo ezintsha namathuba. Njengoba izinselele ziphakama (‘engaba zisuka ekuncipheni kwezombangazwe, ukulinganiselwa kwemali, noma ukuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe) ukuzimisela ukulondoloza ukwethenjwa komphakathi nezimiso zentando yeningi. Isahluko esilandelayo kulomlando sizobhalwa abaqondisi bezimiso zemithetho, abaqaphi, nezakhamuzi abaphikelela ngokuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka unecala kubantu.