Isimiso Samandla Alinganiselayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukwakhiwa komthetho-sisekelo okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni wase-United States ukuba liqoqe igunya elinganqandwa. Engshrine eMthethweni womthetho owabunjwa ngo-1787, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla anikezwa phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngalinye elinemisebenzi ehlukile nezindlela zokuvimbela abanye. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo, bedweba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka efilosofi yezombangazwe nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu, bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukubusa ngokunempumelelo ukuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Lo hlaka luhlala lunesisekelo sedemokhrasi yentando yeningi yaseMelika, lulungisa zonke izingxabano ezinkulu zezombangazwe futhi luhlehlaneke emlandweni wesizwe.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Ukwakhiwa Nokuhlukaniswa Kwamandla

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinikezwe amandla akhethekile abekwe ezihlokweni ezintathu zokuqala. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona nje ishadi lenhlangano; kuyisu lenhloso ukwenza ukubusa umthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengegatsha Lokuqala

Igatsha lemithetho, elimiswe eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho kahulumeni. Leligatsha linezikhokhi ezimbili zesifundazwe, isishaya-mthetho esimiswe yiNdlu yabameleli neSishayamthetho. Indlu, enamalungu avota angu- 435 ahlukaniswa abantu bamazwe, iklanyelwe ukubonakalisa intando ethandwayo nokusungula izikweletu zemali. ISishaya-mthetho, ivumela ukuba iSishaya-Nkampathi, esinaba abaphathi ababili esifunda isifundazwe ngasinye, sinikeze ukumelelwa kwamandla akhethekile anjengawokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli nezivumelwano ze-ramini. Ngalé komthetho, iSishaya umthetho siphethe imali esetshenziswa yigatsha elilawulayo. Le gunya elikhulu livumela ukuba kumiswe umthetho wesizwe, ukwengamele izikhulu, futhi lilethe izikhalo ezinkulu ngokumelene nokuvikelwa kwemithetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe, elichazwe eSiphakamiso II, liqondiswa uMongameli wase-United States futhi lihlanganisa uMangameli ophethe uMongameli, iKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaMongameli uwukukhipha imithetho edluliswa yiKhosi elithembekile. UMongameli usebenza futhi njengoMphathi weSikhulu samabutho ahlomile, uphethe imithetho yakwamanye amazwe, uqhube izinqumo zezivumelwano, futhi amise amajaji asemthethweni nezikhulu zikahulumeni (ongaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigelethi). Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso nangethonya kusukela enkathi yokusungulwa kwesimiso, kodwa amandla alo alo okumisa umthetho ahlala ehlolwa yizo zombili izivumelwano namagatsha okwahlulela. UMongameli angathonya izishaya umthetho ngekhelo zeSizwe, izikwethulo, izicelo, nokusebenzisa amandla okuvimbela umthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elakhiwa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III, lineNkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ezamiswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukuchaza incazelo yemithetho, ukuyisebenzisela emacaleni ahlukene, futhi linqume ukuthi umthetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ziyawuphula umthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokuhlola imibandela yokwahlulela. "igunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zokubusa ngaphandle kokubekwa esigabeni somthetho] [1803] icala iMarbury v.. Abahluleli bamaphedistl bakhonza iziphakamiso zokuphila phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, ezibangisa ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nokuvikela ukukhululeka kwezehlulelo. Leligatsha lisebenza njengelungu eliphethe icala lokuphikisana komthetho womthetho womthetho, liqinisekisa ukuthi futhi aliyidluli nemingcele yemingcele yemithetho yomthetho.

Indlela Ama - opera Nezilinganiso Ezilinganiselayo

Amasesha nezilinganiso zisebenza ngesethi yemithetho enqabelanayo. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi akhethekile okulinganisela izenzo zamanye, ukwakha isimiso esisebenzayo sokuqondisana esidinga ukubambisana nokuxoxisana.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhongolose unezindlela eziningana ezinamandla zokwengamela nokucindezela igatsha eliphethe:

  • ukufiphaza kwevetoes:[ Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungawumisa ngokufaka amavoti enani elikhulu eliphindwe kathathu kokubili endlu naseSigeqeni.
  • Ukuqinisekisa neseluleko: ISigele kumele siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli eKhabhinethi, e-communicary, nezinye izikhundla eziningi eziphezulu. ISigele sinikeza futhi iseluleko nemvume ezivumelwaneni, idinga amavoti amabili-ntathu ukuze athole ukuhlawuliswa.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu ingasibekela umongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu kanye namaphutha.” Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala futhi singasusa isikhulu ngevoti eliphindwe ka-3.
  • [ amandla esikhwama semali:[ uhlela yonke imali kahulumeni; ayikho imali engathathwa kuBeki yemali ngaphandle kokuhlelwa komthetho.
  • Ukuzwa nokuqulwa kwecala: amakomiti e-Congress angafaka ofakazi becala nezincwadi, aphenye imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ukuze avulwe indle, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

UMongameli angabuye aphikise ngoMkhandlu ngezindlela eziningana:

  • Amandla:[ UMongameli anganqaba ukusayina isikweleti, asibuyisele esixukwini ngempikiswano. Lokhu kudinga ukuba uMkhandlu uqoqe izintambo ezinkulu ezimbili-ntathu ukuze ulawule.
  • Ukumisa iziqephu ezikhethekile:[ UMongameli angahlanganisa iSishaya-mthetho esikhethekile ukuze sihlangane nesimiso esikhethekile lapho kuphakama izindaba eziphuthumayo, aphoqele abenzi bomthetho ukuba baxoxe ngezindaba ezithile.
  • [ Uhlelo lokuhlela lokuhlela: ngamakheli omphakathi, uMongameli uveza izinqubo futhi angasebenzisa “ipulpiti” ukuze asekele umphakathi, acindezele uMkhandlu ukuba wenze okuthile okuza kuqala.
  • Iziqondiso ezisebenzayo:[ Nakuba kungekona ukuhlola okuqondile eKhongolo, uMongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziphetheyo zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ekusebenziseni imithetho, ngokuphumelelayo ukulolonga isimiso phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho okhona.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Ijaji linikeza ihlola elibalulekile ekuphathweni kwemithetho nezikhulu:

  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwesiko: INkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi zingashaya noma yisiphi isenzo somthetho noma sokuphatha esiphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukubekwa kwemithetho: izinkantolo zinquma incazelo yemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, esingaguqula ngokuphumelelayo indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo.
  • Ukuphila:[ abahluleli abangaphansi kwemijikelezo yezombangazwe, ebavumela ukuba benze izinqumo zokungakhethi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela, nakuba bengasuswa ngokukhipha imvume.

Lokhu kuhlola akuyona into engavamile; kuphenduka ngokuzijwayeza, ngezandulela, nangempi yezombangazwe, okwenza isimiso sibe namandla kodwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuphikisane.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yalemfundiso

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela awuzange uvele endaweni engenalutho. Abahleli bathonywa kakhulu umcabangi wokukhanyiselwa uBaron de Montesquieu, ongqondongqondo aba 1748 abasebenza Umoya woMthetho [ baphikisana ngokuthi ukuvimbela ubushiqela, amandla kufanele ahlukaniswe futhi alinganiswe phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene. Umthetho waseMelika ulwenze ulwembuyiselo lweBritish (crollary ) //alapho inkosi yabamba khona cishe wonke amandla awegunya. Phakathi neNgqungqungquthela yemithetho yezizwe ye 1787, izihambeli zempikiswano ezinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvinjelwe isilinganiso esilinganiselwe. [umthetho we-Geneonthomo ye-ography] [Fose-omssion:] [5] kumele kuchazwe inzuzo yezimiso ze-Sofmy, i-ographic.[5]

Izibonelo Eziyinhloko Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okuboniswayo

Umlando waseMelika ugcwele izikhathi ezivusa amadlingozi lapho kwahlolwa khona futhi kwaqinisekiswa khona ukuthi izenzakalo zibonisa amandla alesisimiso nokuwohloka kwaso kwezikhathi ezithile.

I-Watergate Scandal: Congress v. Iholi

Ihlazo lama-Watergate ka-1970 lingesinye sezibonelo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuhlola ukumiswa kwemithetho kumphathi. Ngemva kokuba izigebengu zingene ngokuphoqelela endlunkulu ye-Democratic Committee, uMongameli uRichard Nixon wazama ukuvala ukuhileleka kweziphathimandla. UKhomishane yasungula uphenyo, itepi yendlu emhlophe, neKomiti ye Home ye House Judiary yavota izihloko zokungagunyaza ukukhipha imvume. Inkantolo ephakeme yaphoqa uNixon i-Propon ukuba ikhulule amakhasethi ( United States v.[FLT],, 1974]), ibonisa ukuzimela kokwahlulela. I-Puragencercelcoms , uNixon .

IReautrial Review imisiwe: Marbury v. Madison (103)

Umbono woMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall kuMadison waqinisa amandla okwahlulela okubukeza izenzo zomthetho futhi azise ukuthi awugunyazi umthetho. Nakuba icala lamanje lalihilela ukuphikisana okuncane, lesisinqumo sagomela ukuthi “kuyisifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Leligunya lokubukeza lemithetho liye lasetshenziswa kakhulu ekwahluleleni izikhathi ukuchitha imithetho ezisekelwe esisekelo somthetho, kusukela ebugqilini beze umkhankaso, ukwenza iNkantolo Ephakeme ibe yigatsha elingalinganiyo naphezu kokungagunyazi kwayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwemithetho: Inkemba Esemthethweni

Indlu yabameleli i-Family ithene abaphathi abathathu: u-Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), noDonald Trump (209 no-2021). Akukho noyedwa owalahlwa icala yiSigele, kodwa le nqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengesehlo esinamandla. Imithetho kaMongameli Johnson yaqala ukuvela ezimpini phezu kobuprojekthi; uMongameli Clinton waphuma enhlazweni lomuntu siqu; futhi uMongameli uTrump wabekwa phezu komthetho owenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya nokwehlulwa. Icala ngalinye laphoqa umphakathi namagatsha ukuba athathe imingcele ewumthetho, futhi amajaji aqokozisa isithilo esiphakeme ukuze asuswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahluleli bakahulumeni abahluleli benziwe futhi baboshwa, futhi bafaka isigwebo phezu komthetho.

Inqubo Yokunqunywa KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Abameli bahluleli abasemthethweni, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise, simise inqubo ephakeme yezombangazwe elinganisela ukuvelela kwesikhundla ngokuhlola i-offai. Izimpi zamuva zokuqinisekisa ngoMahluleli uNeil Gormoth, uBrett Kavanaugh, noAmy Coney Barrett zibonisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlola kungaba kanjani okungahlukanisa kakhulu, nokho lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho nelilodwa iqembu elingakha igebelele ngokulandelana. Ukwenqaba kweSigele ukuba ucabange ngoMongameli Obama nonomee Merrick Garland ngo-2016 ngokwako kwaba ukusebenzisa ukuqonda kokulawula, okubonisa ukuthi ngisho nokusebenza kwesenzo kungahlola.

Ukubaluleka Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela Kwentando Yeningi Enempilo

Amasheke nama-ace nama-aspect womthetho awusona isidina somthetho; kubalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko, ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela, nasekukhuthazeni ukulandisa. Ngokusakaza amandla, izimiso zokuxoxisana nokuhleba, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthi noma isiphi icebo elilodwa singaphoqelela ukuba singalawulwa. Umthetho uqiniswa lapho igatsha ngalinye lingabekela inselele incazelo yabanye yoMthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi futhi ziyazuza ekubekeni inzuzo: lapho uHulumeni uhlola izenzo zezikhulu noma umthetho, umphakathi uzuza ukuqonda ukuthi isiphi isimo sawo singasilawula kanjani izakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sinikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungena ekuthotyelweni kwesimiso sokuthonya inqubo yokhetho, ukunxusa kwabameleli babo, noma ukumangalela inselele izikhala zohulumeni.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwalesi Simo

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu kulenkathi yanamuhla.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Uma elinye iqembu lilawula umongameli futhi elinye lilawula igumbi elilodwa noma zombili leSishaya-mthetho, ukuhlolwa kungaphenduka imigoqo. Imithetho ye-pilibuster eSigeqeni, ukunqanda ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokwenqaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-minene ingakwazi ukubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ka-2013 uvala i-Afford Care Act yoMnyango kanye no-201818182019 ukuvinjelwa kodonga lwemali emngceleni kungabonisa ukuthi amandla esikhwama semali angaphazamisa kanjani uhulumeni uma ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kujulile. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi abahleli bezakhiwo bacabanga ukuthi indawo ezungezile engaphansi kwe-R49 futhi ukuviceka kwanamuhla kuye kwashintsha izikhali.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Ngokunamandla Nokuphakama Kwamandla E - Unitary

Abaholi babo bobabili laba bakhulu baye bandisa igunya lokuphatha ngemithetho, ngezenzo zobuqondisi, nangokungenela kwezempi ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yi-buthorian. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kukhubaza ukulinganisela okuhloselwe, kuguqula umongameli abe yi-quasi-legislative. ISigqizo seWar Powers sombuso sango-1973, sadluliswa kuMongameli Nixon, wazama ukulinganisela ikhono likamongameli lokubeka amabutho kwamanye amazwe, kodwa ukuvumelana kuye kwashintsha. Ukusetshenziswa kokusayinwa kwamagama ekuchazeni kabusha imithetho kuye kwaphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngobumongameli ngokuncishiswa kwenhloso yemithetho.

Izinsongo Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Isahlulelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela, nakuba livikelekile ekuphileni, aligonyiwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Ukumisa sekuye kwaba nokuvukela okukhulu, futhi abanye abagxeki bamangalela ngokuthi amajaji anquma amacala asekelwe kakhulu emfundisweni kunasemthethweni. Imizamo yokwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme, ukubeka imingcele, noma ukususa izinkantolo eziphansi zokubusa kusongela ukuzibusa okubangela ukuba amajaji angakwazi ukuthatha uhlangothi. Isimiso sixhomeke ekuthembeni komphakathi enkantolo, futhi ukuhlasela ukufaneleka kwayo kungakwehlisa lokho kuthembana.

Inselele Yokungavumelani Nezinkulumo

Ngisho noma igatsha likhipha isheke elicacile − njengesinqumo senkantolo noma i-pauniapane (8) elinye igatsha lingamelana. UMongameli uAndrew Jackson wenqaba ngokudume kakhulu ukuphoqelela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme evikela amazwe aseCherokee. Muva nje, izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ziye zawashaya indiva amapena noma zanikeza izimpendulo ezingaphelele ekuhlolweni kobubhishobhi, okuholela ekuqhumiseni izimpi ezingokomthetho. Ngaphandle kokuzimisela ukuvuma, amashekethi ayize.

Ukubuyisela kwanamuhla kanye Nesisebenziso Sangempela Somhlaba

Amasethi nezimiso zokulinganisela kuseyinto eyenzeka nsuku zonke eWashington. ISishaya-mthetho sisebenzisa amandla aso okuqondisa ukuba kuvivinywe ukuthatha isigwebo sanoma yini kusukela ekusabelweni kobhadane kuya ekuvimbeleni kokhetho. INkantolo Ephakeme ixazulula izimpikiswano ezinkulu ngokuphathelene namalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, imithetho yezibhamu, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. UMongameli uyaqhubeka esebenzisa amandla neziqondiso zezikhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva, isimiso siye savivinywa yizenzakalo ezingakaze zenzeke ngaphambili: ukungagunyazi kukamongameli kabili, ukwenqaba ukuphatha ukubambisana nokuphenywa kwemithetho engqungquthelelana, nokhetho oluphikisanayo olwaludinga izinkantolo ukuba zifune izimpikiswano ezifinyelelwe imibandela. Isenzakalo ngasinye siqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo woMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka usebenza, ngisho nanjengoba abadlali bezombangazwe begcizelela imingcele yayo.

Isimiso futhi sidlulela ngalé kwezinga likahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uhlanganisa izimiso ezifanayo zokuhlukanisa amagunya, futhi izakhamuzi zingahlola ukusebenza kohulumeni bezwe lazo. Ikhono lokumangalela uhulumeni, ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, kanye nesivikelo senqubo efanele zonke zixhomeke ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwemishini nezilinganiso.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esidinga Ukuqapha

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asizisebenzisi noma sizisebenzela. Kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezifundile, izikhonzi zomphakathi ezizinikezele, kanye nokuzibophezela okukodwa ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Lapho amandla enziwa, inkululeko isengozini; uma amasheke ehlonishwa, idemokrasi ichuma. Amapulani aklanye uhulumeni ozophoqelela amagatsha ahlukene ukuba abambisana. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezesayensi kuya ekuntengantengiseleni kwembulunga yonke, amandla ahlala njalo empilweni yokuhlola nokulinganisa akhona emabusweni aso: ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi zibekwe icala, ukuba imithetho ingabi namthetho obala, nokuthi akukho muntu ngamunye noma iqembu likwazi ukuzibeka ngokwalo. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale zibophe izinselele . Ngokukhuluma, futhi zifune ukuveza, ziqiniseke ukuthi lokhu kuyaqhubeka ukuvikela inkululeko futhi zichaza i - United States.