Ukuqonda Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyimfundiso yokwakha esakaza igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Ngokuhlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo, isimiso sikha uhlelo lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenza khona ngokuzimele kodwa lihlale linesibopho kwabanye. Lomklamo usekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi amandla agxile aholela ekubushiqela, nokuthi inkululeko ilondolozwe kangcono kakhulu lapho kwenziwa umthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokuchazwa komthetho kugcinwa yizinhlangano ezihlukene. Isibonelo esivelele sihlukanisa uhulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu: isikhulu, isikhulu, nesahlulelo somthetho. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo siqu, amalungu, nemibuso, liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ndikimba eyodwa ekwazi ukulawula umbuso.

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kudume kakhulu eUnited States, izimiso zayo ziye zamukelwa futhi zavunyelwa ngedemokrasi emhlabeni wonke. Lomqondo awuyona nje indlela ecatshangelwayo; uyindlela ewusizo ephoqelela ukubambisana, ukuxoxisana, nokuyekethisa phakathi kwezikhungo ezihlukahlukene zegunya. Kubantu abahlala khona, beqonda ukuthi lamagatsha ahlangana kanjani [1] futhi ngezinye izikhathi axabana kanjani.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukushaya Imithetho Nokufanekisela

Igatsha lemithetho lisebenza ngokudala, ukuguqula, nokulungisa imithetho. E-United States, lo mbuso umi ku-Congress, indikimba ye-bamara eyakhiwe yindlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo se-kamber sasiwukuhlehla ngamabomu phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane futhi sisebenza njengesehlo sangaphakathi esivumelwaneni somthetho ngokwaso. Indlu, imelwa ukuba isondele kubantu futhi inamandla okusungula izimali. ISigebeqe, esinezelwe isifundazwe ngasinye, sinikeza ithonya elipholisayo, elipholisayo negunya phezu kwesivumelwano sokumiswa kwesivumelwano somthetho kanye nokumiswa komongameli.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, igatsha lomthetho lisebenzisa ukucupha igatsha eliphethe. Ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, namandla esikhwama, uMkhandlu ungahlola izenzo zokuphatha, ukufuna ukulandisa, nokulinganisela ukuxhaswa kwezinhlelo ezimelene nakho. Amandla okugunyaza (avinjelwe eNdlwini) futhi azanywe iSigele (esenza i-evilo somthetho-mthetho-esingagunya nesomthetho. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukuphikisana okukhulu futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunentando yomholi oyedwa. Ezimisweni zephalamende, njengase - United Kingdom, ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya lezempathiwe ne-Prosauni, kudinga isivikelo esihlukile, kodwa umqondo oyinhloko wokwabiwa kwabelwa kwegunya usalokhu ukhona.

Ukuzitika Ngobubhishobhi

I-Badaralism, ukuhlukaniswa kwendlu yomthetho-mthetho ibe amagumbi amabili, isici esiyinhloko sokuhlukanisa amagunya. Igunyaza imithetho ehlongoza ukucacisa izithiyo ezimbili ezihlukene, ngayinye enemithetho ehlukene. Indlu yabameleli, kanye nemithetho yayo eneminyaka emibili, isengozini enkulu yokushintsha umbono womphakathi, nakuba amagama eminyaka eyisithupha e-Bhitenate enikeza ukuqhubekeka nombono owengeziwe. Le lungiselelo linciphisa inqubo yomthetho womthetho, livimbela ukuxhamazeka noma umthetho ocatshangelwa ngokungemthetho. Ikhuthaza ukuhlehlisa isimilo, njengoba womabili amaqembu evumelana ngolimi olufanayo ngaphambi kokuba umbhalo wesimemezelo ungaqala kumongameli. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi egxekwa ngokuthi i-ential, ibiralism iyisivikelo sangamabomu ngokumelene nomphakathi oncindisiwe.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuphatha

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho ekhishwa yisishaya-mthetho. Umongameli ezimisweni zobumongameli, umphathi uhlanganisa umongameli, ikhabethe, nenqwaba yezinhlangano ze-operalthimenti. Umongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, umphathi omkhulu, umphathi wezikhulu, nomphathi-khulu wamabutho ahlomile, ophethe igunya eliphawulekayo phezu kwezimiso zamazwe angaphandle, ukulondeka kwesizwe, nokukhishwa kwezinhlelo zasekhaya. Igatsha eliphethe linikeza iziyalezo zezikhulu zezombuso, futhi limisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ithonya eliqinile endleleni imithetho echazwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo.

Ukuze isikhulu singabi namandla kakhulu, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kubeke imingcele. UKhomishane kumelwe ugunyaze ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezithathelwa abaqondisi, futhi iSigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa kwezikhulu eziningi zikamongameli. Ijaji lingabukeza izenzo zezikhulu zomthetho-sisekelo futhi lingakhipha iziyalezo ezidlula igunya lomthetho noma lomthetho-sisekelo. Usongo lokungagunyazwa kwemithetho. Kuyidebeselela futhi lusekelwe kubaphathi bezomthetho, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabi okungathi sína kungaxoxwa. Naphezu kwalezi zinqumo, igatsha lesimanje liye lesikhulu liye lakhula kakhulu ngobukhulu nangezingalo, libangela ukuba kube nesidingo sokuphatha izikhulu nokwengamele ukuphatha okuhle. Ezinhlanganweni eziningi, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele nezisebenzi zemisebenzi yomphakathi ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyaqhubeka umthetho ungadingi ukuphatha abantu ngokungakhethi futhi ungabi nako.

Indima YeKhabhinethi Nezimo Zokuhlola

Ikhabethe, elibunjwe ngonobhala abaphethe iminyango ephethe, liluleka umongameli futhi lenza isimiso ezindaweni ezithile ezinjengokuvikela, umcebo, nempilo. Leminyango ngokwayo iyimibuso elawulayo esebenzisa imithetho ngezimiso, ukuhlola, nezenzo zokuqinisekisa. Izwe lokuphatha, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi libizwa, lisebenzisa ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ekugcwaliseni imininingwane yomthetho. Le zithunywa zamandla zidingekile ekubuseni kwanamuhla kodwa futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulandisa ngemingcele efanele phakathi kwezimiso zesikhulu nezokubusa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kudinga ukuba iziphathi ezinjalo zihambisane nemingcele ecacile yemithetho kanye nezinqubo eziqinile zokuhlola ikomiti yokwahlulela.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokulahla

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi lisebenzisa ubulungisa. E-United States, inkantolo yezokwahlulela ephethe i-Profestiary iqondiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, enesisho sokugcina ngencazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo ezingaphansi zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zombango, izigebengu, nokuphikisa izenzo zikahulumeni. Igunya lejaji lenza igatsha eliphikisanayo libe yi-partumment. /Okuqala ukuqinisekisa [Marbury v. Madison [183]] [iiinkantolo zecala] [i-amandla okungawenzisihluzeki imithetho elula nezenzo zobuphathi eziphikisana nomthetho. Lokhu kwenza ukuba igatsha le-jajicatary libe yigatsha elilinganayo, elikwazi ukuhlola kokubili i-parseaseaccomp.

Abahluleli esimisweni sombuso bamiswe ukuba baphile, ngaphansi kokuziphatha okuhle, okubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kubavumela ukuba banqume izimo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemqokaleni kunokuba bathathe umbono ovamile. Lokhu ukuzibusa kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu nokusekela umthetho. Nokho, indima yejaji ayinakubekwa ngokungenamkhawulo; incike kwamanye amagatsha ukuphoqelela ukubusa kwayo futhi inganquma kuphela izimo ezingokoqobo noma izimpikiswano. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kulondoloza ukulinganisela okubucayi: ijajikijela umthetho, kodwa ayinakumemezela noma ikhiphe izahlulelo zayo ngaphandle kokubambisana namagatsha aphethe nezomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Izindlela Zokulawula Ubunye

Amasesha nezilinganiso akhethekile amathuluzi asiza igatsha ngalinye ukuba limelane nokugqekeza kwezinye. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awaphelele ngisho nangaphakathi kwendingilizi yalo. Umongameli angagunyaza umthetho weveto, kodwa uHulumeni angawudlulisa umthetho ngenani eliyimitha emithathu emibili emagumbini amabili. ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ze-raifrence, sinike imvume eqondile eqondisweni yesikhulu. I-judicariary ingamemezela imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ezingagunyazi, kodwa umongameli umisa abahluleli neSishaya-Nkathilo uqinisekisa, kuyilapho i-Hulumelo ingaguqula ukumiswa kwemithetho yezinkantolo zomthetho kanye nezivumelwano zomthetho, inikeza izigwebo zokuguqula izincazelo zomthetho.

Okunye ukuhlola kuhlanganisa amandla okuvimbela ukuqashwa, amandla omthetho esikhwama, nendima yomphathi wesikhwama, okulinganisela ukulawulwa kwenhlangano ngemisebenzi yezempi. Lesi simiso futhi siveza ukuhlola ngokwethukela, njengokubheka komphakathi, ukuhlola kwezezindaba, namaqembu ezombangazwe, okungavimbela ukuphambana ngisho nalapho izimiso ezingokomthetho zingasungulwa. Lokhu kuhlola kudala ukulingana okunamandla lapho igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lixhumane futhi lisebenze ndawonye. Isibonelo, uhlelo lwesikhulu somongameli lungabekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi uma luhlaselwe, iBhunga lomthetho okhuluma ngezinkathazo zenkantolo. Lenqubo yokuhlola iveza ukuncintinga nokuzinza okunamandla lapho igatsha ngalinye lifuna ukuxhumana nokubambisana.

Izibonelo Zokuhlolwa Okusebenzayo

  • IVEto Power: uMongameli uAndrew Johnson we-veto ye-Civil Rights Act ka-1866 yayingathonywanga yiSishaya-mthetho, ebonisa ukuphakama kwemithetho naphezu kokumelana nezikhulu.
  • Jodicial Review:[ Ku [FT:2] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya imithetho kahulumeni elawula ubuhlanga, isekela kokubili izimiso zomthetho nezobuphathi ezazisekele ukuhlukaniswa.
  • I-accounting:[ uMongameli u-Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke babhekana nezindaba zokungagunyazi, okubonisa amandla omphathi wombuso wokulandisa ngokuxhashazwa okuthiwa kuyasebenza.
  • Izimpi zokuqinisekisa: Ukwenqaba kweSigele izinkantolo eziningana eziPhakeme kuwo wonke umlando kuye kwaguqula ukulingana kwemibono yejaji.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Ukusuka Ekukhanyiselweni Kuya EMthethweni - sisekelo Wase - United States

Izimpande zokuhlakanipha zokuhlukaniswa kwamagunya zisekukhanyeni, ikakhulukazi emibhalweni kaBaron de Montesquieu. Umoya woMthetho (1748]), uMsunguli we-Montesquieu waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ingalondeka kuphela uma imvume, umphathi, namandla okwahlulela agcinwa ehlukene. Imibono yakhe yabunjwa yisifundo sakhe somthetho waseBrithani, awayesihlonipha ngohulumeni wayo oxubile, nakuba ayewathathela ngokweqikelele ezinye izici. Imisunguli yaseMelika, ikakhulukazi uJames Magnes noAlexanders Hamilk, yathonywa kakhulu yi-Montesquieu. Kunoma igatsha elisha [FLT:] u-FLD [FT], u-Macernethiwe igatsha elidumileyo.[5] [5]

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wangonyaka ka-1787 wasebenzisa lezizimiso ngokudala amagatsha amathathu alinganayo anendima ezihlukene kanye nemibuso elinganayo. Abakhi bagwema ngamabomu ukwahlukana okumsulwa, beqaphela ukuthi isakhiwo esiphelele sasingeke sisebenze. Kunalokho, bahlanganisa imibuso `i-veto' kamongameli, iseluleko nemvume yeSigele, ukuphila kwamajaji okulinganayo okunezindima ezihlukene. Ngokuqhubekayo, lesi simiso siye savela ngokuzijwayeza, ngenqubo, nangomthetho-siseko, kodwa ukuhluzeka kwaso okuyisisekelo somthetho weSigeomethi sihlala singenasimo. Ezinye iziluleko, njengaseFrance ngaphansi koMthetho wesihlanu neSisekelo seJalimane, zithathe ukushintshashintsha okubonisa ukuhlola kwawo ngokomlando nengokomo lwezombangazwe.

Izinzuzo Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu ngaphandle kokuvimbela ubushiqela. Okokuqala, kuthuthukisa ukuvikela nokucophelela ekubekeni umthetho. Ngoba imvume kumelwe ihambe emagumbini amaningi futhi iqhubeke iphila i-veto, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ihlonishwe ngokucophelela futhi ibonise ukuvumelana okukhulu. Okwesibili, ivikela amalungelo ngamanye [ ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oyedwa ongavimbela ngokuzenza amagebe awe; umthetho ocindezelayo odluliswa yiSishaya-Hulumente ungalahlwa ngumongameli noma uhlaselwe izinkantolo. [FLT:] [FL:] ipromothrobot [[FFF:] i-'effectalth'' ngokunakekela abanye imisebenzi yayo siqu futhi ubekelwe abanye. Uma kugxekwe amagatsha, amagatsha angaphendula, futhi asolwe abanye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kukhuthaza nokuhlehla . Izikhulu ezibotshelelwe okumelwe zibambisana emagatsheni azinamathuba amancane okuphishekela izimiso ezeqisayo ezintula ukusekela okukhulu. Isimiso futhi sinikeza [ ukuhleleka [ ngokuvimbela izinguquko ezinkulu ezingalimaza umnotho noma indwangu yomphakathi. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, ukuhlola okwakhiwa esimisweni kunganciphisa imicimbi yokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazeka, kuvumele ukuthatha impikiswano nokuzindla. Nakuba lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ekuhleleni i-grobo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezinkulu azenzeki kumuntu oyedwa noma amaqembu angaphiki inseleleki.

Izinselele Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukwehlukana kwemibuso kubhekene nezinselele eziningi zamanje. Parisan Parisan polition ingaveza i-productrock yomthetho, lapho uMkhandlu uhluleka ukwenza ngokuvumelana nezindaba ezicindezelayo, uphoqelela umphathi ukuba athembele eziyalweni zezikhulu nasemisebenzini yokuphatha ukuze amise umthetho. Lokhu kushintsha kungafiphaza umngcele phakathi kokwenza umthetho nokubekelwa komthetho umthetho, ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezenzo zesikhulu. Ngokufanayo, [ isenzo sobushiciocialism []] lapho izinkantolo zichaza umthetho ngezindlela abanye ababona ukuthi ziveza umthetho omusha kunokuchaza umthetho okhona, ukumangalela abahluleli ukuthi bathumba igunya lokulawula imithetho.

Enye inselele yi- inselele yesifundazwe sokuphatha. Amanxusa azimele anjengendawo ezungezile yokuvikela noma i-Securities kunye ne-Exchange Commission Ukusebenzisa izishayamthetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ngezindlela ezingangeni kahle ezifaneki nesibonelo sama-branch. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla angacaciswayo ebhuculini kululaza ukulandisa nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. INkanto ePhakathi Ephakeme iye yaphikisana nalendaba ehilela imfundiso engathembekile namandla okususa amakhanda ezinhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLT:] iziyalezo zokubulala [FLT] kanye neziqondiso zokuvikela iziqondiso zezindawo] ezihlukene. [FLT:] [FFFFFF]]

Okokugcina, ukuhlanganisa kanye nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke kungabangela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Uma izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zivumela i-United States ukuba ivumelane nezimiso ezithile, zingacindezela ukumiswa kwemithetho yasekhaya nokwenza isinqumo sokwahlulela. Ukusebenza phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni kunezela olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbinkimbi, njengoba imithetho yezwe ibonakalisa ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kodwa ingenza igunya lihlukane. Ngamunye walezi zinselele zidinga ukuqapha futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, izinguquko zokwakha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi injongo yokuqala yokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa akulahlekeki.

Izigaba Zembulunga Yonke: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Ezimisweni Ezihlukahlukene

Ukwehlukana kwemibuso akuyona enye yezindlela ezilinganayo. ezimisweni ezihambelanayo, njengalezo eziseUnited Kingdom, Canada, naseNdiya, umphathi uthathwa kumthetho womthetho wendlu yomthetho futhi angasuswa ngevoti engenathemba. Lokhu kuhlangana kwamagunya kwenza uhulumeni ophumelela kakhulu kodwa kudinga ezinye izivivinyo, njengesimiso esiqinile somthetho-mthetho oqinile nanjengomthetho-sisekelo ogciniwe oqinile owenziwe ngamalungelo aqinile. kungenziwa nge-vtime-preidmi-ssssssss [, njenge-Devievolv, umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile nomphathi we-Plamentelligence, ukwakha i-sciocencess "iastricioms" ekwazi ukulawula izintambo eziqinile. [Kuyi-Foctivescristristrucialsssssss, inkinobho eqinile, yolimi oluqinile, futhi ehlelayodwa namagatsha, amagatsha, womabili, amagatsha.

Kuhlelo lwabaphathi-zincwadi , ukwahlukana kwemibuso kumane nje kuyinto engokomthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo ungahlela amagatsha amathathu, kodwa emandleni asebenza ubekwe kumholi oyedwa noma iqembu, futhi izinkantolo nezishayamthetho zisebenza njengezitembu zenjoloba. Ukuqhathanisa lezi zimiso kuqokomisa indlela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona nje ilungiselelo lokwakha kodwa umkhuba ophilayo oxhomeke empucukweni yezombangazwe, ekubusweni komthetho, nasezinhlanganweni ezizimele. UDemocraccasus emhlabeni wonke uyaqhubeka uccingcense imishini yazo nezilinganiso ezintsha, kusukela ekuhlolweni kwemishini yezobuchwepheshe ukuhlola imishini ukuqeda ukuthemba okunciphisa izinhlangano.

Isiphetho: Gcina ukulinganisela

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlala kuyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela, kuvimbela noma iyiphi into ekutholeni amandla okugxilisa ingqondo nokuyisebenzisa kabi. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siqinisa lesisivikelo, siqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingaba nesibopho sokuziphendulela abanye. Nakuba kungekho simiso esiphelele, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuye kwabonakala kuqinile kakhulu ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, ukujwayelanisa nezimo kuyilapho kulondoloza injongo yalo eyisisekelo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lesi simiso zihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuqaphela izinsolo zokubusa kwentando yeningi nokufuna ukuba abaholi bazo bahloniphe imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo.

Njengoba izinselele zinyuka ekhulwini lama-20 kuya kububanzi bezwe ukuya kukucindezela kwembulunga yonke, izimiso zemibuso ehlukene kumelwe zivikelwe futhi, lapho kudingekile, zivuselelwe. Umgomo uhlala ufana: ukuvikela nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya likahulumeni. Ngokufunda izikhululo zesikhathi esidlule nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala, singaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyaqhubeka kufeza indima yayo ebalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi. Kunoma ikuphi ukuhlaziya okubalulekile, abafundi bangahlola .S. U. Umthetho-Constitution eNational Archives[[FLT:] [FLT:]], [FLT]] [FLT2]] [FUK]][FUT][FUT]