Umklamo Oluhlaza Wokuthola Amandla Alinganiselayo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, wabuthelwa ngo-1787 futhi wagunyazwa ngo-1788, wavela ekukhathazekeni okujulile phakathi kwabakhi: indlela yokwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla ngokwanele ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa uboshiwe ngokwaneleyo ukuba ugweme ubushiqela. Ikhambi lawo kwakuyisimiso samagunya ahlukene namasheke alinganayo, achazwa ngokudumile nguJames Madison ku-[FLDY] u-No. 51 [izeluleko ezisebenzayo.” Lesi sihloko siveza indlela umthetho ozisekelo nokulinganisa ngayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu — i-Gconstivolution, isikhulu, ne-gazehlule — futhi kungani leyo sakhiwo silokhu sisenkabeni yaseMelika ebusayo namuhla.

Abadwebi badweba ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe njenge- Montesquieu, [uMbuso wayo woMthetho waveza ukuthi amandla okugxilisa kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa amema ukuxhashazwa. Bafunda futhi ekuhlulekeni kweZihloko zeNtlango, lapho iSishaya-Mnyango esibuthakathaka sasingakwazi ukuphoqelela imithetho noma ukuqoqa intela. Umthetho - sisekelo owawumphumela wanikeza uhulumeni onegunya elanele lokubusa, kodwa wahlukanisa igunya emagatsheni amathathu e-comily, ngalinye elihlome ngamathuluzi okumelana nokungenela abanye.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

ISiphakamiso I, iSiphakamiso III, neSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lemithetho, isikhulu, nelahluleli ngokulandelana. Igatsha ngalinye linendima eyinhloko, kodwa amandla alo asebenza ngamabomu ukuze abangele ukungezwani futhi adinga ukubambisana.

  • Igatsha elinomthetho — yenza imithetho, inzuzo, ukusakaza impi, futhi ilawula amandla esikhwama semali.
  • Igatsha eliphethe (ummeli nezinhlangano) — iphoqelela imithetho, iphethe inkambiso yangaphandle, iyala kwezempi, futhi inikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni umthetho.
  • [ Igatsha eliphethe (izinkantolo zezezimali) — ichaza imithetho, ibukeza ubukho bayo bomthetho-sisekelo, futhi ixazulula izimpikiswano ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni.

Njengoba uMahluleli uRobert Jackson kamuva abhala, uMthetho-sisekelo “awusona isivumelwano sokuzibulala,” kodwa ukuhlola kwawo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kudinga imvume nokuqagela ngaphesheya kwezinhlangano ezihlukene.

Ukuhlola Igatsha Elingokomthetho

ISishaya - mthetho siyigatsha elinamandla kunawo wonke elibhalwe ephepheni — singakhokha intela, sichithe imali futhi simise imingcele.

Umongameli uVeto noVeto Bangenandaba

UMongameli angase adlulise noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswe yiKhongolose (Artlicle I, ngxenye 7). Nokho, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo msindo ngemibhoshongo emibili mithathu emagumbini womabili, akha umgoqo ophakeme wokusunduza umthetho odlulele ekuphikiseni kwezikhulu. Kusukela ekusungulweni, amongameli baye bakhipha izikweletu ezingaphezu kuka-500; ingxenyana kuphela engathandeki. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa uMongameli u-Andrew Johnson we-veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, encikelwe yi-Congress Congress, kanye noMongameli u-Frank Franklin Rooselt’s’s device Toto of the Blone Bill ngo-1966.

Ukubukezwa Kwemithetho Yokwahlulela

INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela izenzo zeKhongolo ezingavumelani nemithetho, amandla asungulwe Marbury v. Madison (1803). Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo iye yashaya amakhulu emithetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezingxenye ze-Affordcable Care Act, imikhankaso yezezimali, kanye ne-Defense of Marriance Act. Le mithetho yokuhlola i-Conse Congress Comment yokucabangela umthetho-mthetho lapho ithatha umthetho.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nokulandisa Kwemikhandlu

Ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho, inqubo yezombangazwe ngokwayo ihlola iziKhongolo. Izinkampani ezikhetha amalungu endlu njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, futhi i-Senator njalo eminyakeni eyisithupha. Imingcele yeSichibiyelo seMinyaka Engamashumi amabini anesihlanu lapho kuphakama umholo wenhlangano ingaba ngcono, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli abanakuzicebisa phakathi nenkathi engu - 76.

Ama - check Egatsheni Eliphethe

UMongameli unegunya elikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nanjengomphathi - mbuso 31: Abaphathi bezakhiwo babesaba ukuphamba kwesikhulu, ngakho bafaka izinhloli eziningi esimisweni.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwezinqumo Nezivumelwano Ngenhlangano

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesi-2, iSiqeshana sifuna ukuba uMongameli athole “imvume nemvume” yesiGqeqekezelo samanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, izikhulu zeKhabhinethi, nezinye izikhulu eziphakeme. ISishaya-mthetho kumelwe futhi sivume izivumelwano zokuvota ezimbili . Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwavala iziphazamiso nezivumelwano eziningi. Ngo-2024, iSigele senqaba ukuqinisekisa i-Camplicat nominee ephikisayo; ngo-2023, i-Kigali Isibuyelo sokuHlulisa [ i-Sishayamthetho se-mthetho saseMontreal silindele ukuvunyelwa kweSishayamthetho iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba i-ratioctive.

Ukulwela Nokususa

UKhomishane ungaqamba i-Mongameli, uMongameli ophethe, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yokucabanga, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu eziphakeme kanye nokungalungi.” Indlu ikhishwa yiningi; iziboshwa zeSigele futhi isuswe ngamavoti amabili. Leligunya alivamile ukusetshenziswa — cishe amakhosi amathathu kuphela aye atshelwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump) kabili — kodwa lisebenza njengenhloli eyinhloko. Umongameli uRichard Nixon u-Priens u-Priest Nixon wasula phambi kokuhliswa kwehlazo lamanzi.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwezenzo Eziphethe

Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalo zokuqondisa, imithetho, nezenzo zezinhlangano ezidlula igunya elingokomthetho noma ukuphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Intsha eshaye i-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. Sawyer (1952), iNkantolo Ephakeme yalulaza uMongameli Truman ukuthatha kwakhe izinsimbi zocingo phakathi neMpi yaseKorea. Izehlakalo zamuva ziye zavala iziyalezo zezikhulu zokufuduka, ukuvinjelwa kwezokuhamba, nokukhokhwakhwa kwabafundi, kubonisa ukuthi ijaji eliphethe i-jajiya lisebenza njenge-macketry enqabeni lomongameli.

Ukuphatha Kwenhlangano Namandla Okuthenga

UKhongolo luphethe ukuqulwa kwezincwadi, amabhukwana angaphansi, futhi lulawula yonke imali kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kwe-appropring, igatsha eliphetheyo alikwazi ukusebenza. I-Conregional Umthetho woHlalo lwemali noMthetho wokuLawula we-Impoundment Act ka 1974 uvimbela uMongameli ukuba angasebenzisi imali i-Congress ebekelwe. Lokhu kuhlola kohlelo lwemali kuyithuluzi elinamandla: phakathi nonyaka ka-2018181818181819, ukuvinjwa kukahulumeni, uMongameli weSishayante walwa nenkoda yomnyango we-mali, ekugcineni uhulumeni ngemva kokucindezela komphakathi.

Amasheke Egatsheni Lokwahlulela

Ijaji lichaza imithetho futhi lijabulela ukumiswa ukuphila konke, liyinikeze inkululeko.

Ukumiswa Komongameli Nezigele

Amajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme namajaji enkantolo ephansi kumelwe atholwe nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe yiSigele. Lokhu kuhlola okubili kuqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji libonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu. Amajaji aphethe ama-mine, njengawehluleka ukugunyaza uRobert Bork ngo- 1987 kanye nokuqinisekisa okuphikisa kukaBrett Kavataugh ngo-201818. ISigele singabonisa futhi ukuthi leli phemende liyi-Priebuster liyi-asehlulele, nakuba ngo-2013 “icebo lezenyuksi" lasusa inkantolo ephansi (nemineeNkanto ephakeme yeNkanto ephakeme ngo-2017).

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

UKhongolose angahlela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze agumbuqele izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0]] iSichibiyelo se-Eventh (1795]) sifunwe [ . Georgia[, futhi inqubo i-Tybrinth [ [10] yehlisela inkathi yokuvota [ngelkth] yaba ngu 18, ngokuphumelelayo i-Ogon v. [[FLT]. Inqubo inzima ngamabomu — idinga ama-633 ama-3 endlu ne-construptions [3] esigaba ngasinye se-parts) kodwa isebenza njenge-eqed protood.

Ukudweba I - Juriscia

ISiphakamiso III sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okwakha nokuchaza igunya lezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kobukhondlali bokuqala beNkantolo ePhakamileyo. ISishaya-mthetho singathiwa sivimbela izinkantolo ukuba zihlulele izinhlobo ezithile zamacala, nakuba lamandla engavamile ukusetshenziswa ngenxa yokungabaza komthetho-sisekelo. I-Detainee Treatment Act ka-2005 [i-corpus] elinganiselwe ukubukeza i-Guantanamo bactapea, ukunyakazisa iNkathi ePhakakhulu kamuva yagadla i-kathi e Beaumeecee. v [FLT] ]

Ukuzimisela KwabaHluleli

Nakuba kungavamile, kuye kwenzeka — kwasuswa amajaji kahulumeni angaphezu kwayishumi, kuhlanganise noMahluleli uAlcee Hastings (owakhethwa kamuva eMkhandlwini) noMahluleli uWalter Nixon (owayengahlobene nomongameli).

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Nokulinganisela

Kungani abakhi be-flamethi befake umzamo omkhulu kangaka kulezi zindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi? Impendulo isekukholelweni kwabo mayelana nobuntu. Njengoba uMadison abhala ku- Federalist No. 51: “Ukuba abantu bebeyizingelosi, bekungekho uhulumeni odingekile. Uma izingelosi bezingabusa abantu, kungaba nokulawula kwangaphandle noma kwangaphakathi kohulumeni bekungadingeka.” Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwakha isimiso lapho ukulangazelela kuphikisana nesifiso. Igatsha ngalinye linikezwa izindlela zokumelana nokungenela, ukuphoqelela ukubambisana nokuhlehla.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kukhuthaza ukuba kube nokubonakala ngaphandle kwesizathu — igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lichaze izenzo zalo kwabanye nakubantu. Ngokwesibonelo, iseluleko seSigele u- ­ u- ­ neSigebengu samandla endima kaMongameli ukuze athethelele obala.

Umlando: Ukusuka Ekukhanyiselweni Kuya Ekucwebezelweni

Abakhi abakheli abahlolwayo kanye nezilinganiso kusukela ekuhhabhuleni. Basungula imiqondo kusuka:

  • [[NTL:0] Montesquieu — [[FT:2] uMoya woMthetho [ (1748]) waphikisa ngokuthi amandla omthetho, abaphathi, nowejaji kumelwe ahlukaniswe ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko.
  • uJohn Locke — owasikisela ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla omthetho neziphathimandla Izivumelwano ezimbili zikaHulumeni [ (1689)].
  • uhulumeni oxubene nobubhucu — ubhekene noMqhele, iPhalamende, nezinkantolo, nakuba abakhi bamakoloni babebheka isimiso saseBrithani njengosonakele ngokuphamba kwenkosi.
  • Umthetho-mthetho wezwe — ohulumeni abaningi bakuqala babenezishaya-mthetho eziqinile kanye neziphathi ezibuthakathaka; i-Convention yayihloselwe ukuqinisa isikhulu sezwe kuyilapho sisasilinganisa.

I-Constitution of 1787 yaphikisana kakhulu ngendlela yokulinganisela amandla. I-Virginia Plan yahlongoza isishaya-mthetho esinamandla sombuso; i-New Jersey Plan yakhetha isimiso esiqinile kakhulu sombuso . Ukuhlehla okukhulu [ kwakha i-bidamaral Congress emelela i-octal ne-octive elinganayo ku-Grand. Lokhu ngokwako kwaba yi-ehlolo ngaphakathi egatsheni le-igestment — akukho mthetho ongaba ngaphandle kokudlula emagumbini omabili, ngokuvamile okungalingani.

Ngemva kwe-Convention, impi yokuhlobanisa yaveza amaphepha abhalwe nguHamilton, uMadison, noJay] ukuchaza nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo. Umbango wobufazi uNo. [FLT]] ukhuluma namaqembu; [[FLT:] u-Follerast No. 51] ukulinganisa nokuvikela ngokuqondile. Inkululeko yokuqala ehlolwayo, i-Antiparedalist. I-Fredalist, ihlanganisa i-evisionstion, uhulumeni omusha, eyayinamandla kakhulu, iholela ekuhlanganiseni amalungelo enkululeko [FLT] [FLD7] [F:17].[1] (17]) (i-10] I-10) ehlolwe yi-enye i-10 yenkululeko yokuqala, engeziwe, i-yokuqala, i-yokusetshenziswa kanye kanye kanye kanye neyamandla kahulumeni, uhulumeni, kanye kanye

Izinselele Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Namuhla, omagazini abaningana besikhathi sethu bahlola imingcele yomklamo woMthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abameli baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zokuqondisa izintambo ezithathelwe indawo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungagunyazi iziyalezo eziphetheyo ngokuqondile, babhekwa njengamandla ashiwoyo egatsha eliphetheyo. Omongameli abavela kuGeorge Washington kuye kwathiwa, kodwa isilinganiso sabo sikhulisiwe. Izinkantolo ziye zavala iziyalezo ezithile, kodwa itshekisi lezombangazwe — iSishaya-Mnyango singanciphisa ukugcinwa kwezimali noma siwise umthetho ngokulahla lomthetho — ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Obama's's's uthola umsebenzi owenziwe nge-Dauves Attals (DA)[FLD] [FLD:1] izinselele eziningi zenkantolo phambi kwemizamo ephakeme yeNkanto evalelwe ukugcinwa ngo-2020.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme yokwahlulela aye aholela ekugxekeni ukuthi amajaji angakhethwanga aweqa indima yawo. Izinqumo ze-Landmark njenge- Roe v. Wade [1773] kanye ne[FLT]-Obergefell v. Hodges [20] [20] ishukumisela ukuba kucelwe inguquko, kuhlanganise nenkantolo yamachashaza noma imingcele. Kuze kube manje, i-Callssion ayibekanga imikhawulo engokomthetho kubahluleli bezweli, kodwa impikiswano iye yaba yimpikiswano enkulu yezombangazwe. Ku-2024, uMongameli Biden wasungula ukuthunywa kokuhlolwa kweNkakhulu, nakuba kungekho mthetho owenziwa.

Inkiya Yemithetho Engenawo Amacala

Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho kuye kwabangela ukuvalwa kwe-gridlock kaningi eKhongolo. I-filbuster eSigele, nakuba ingekho ngokomthetho-sisekelo ngokwe-se, iye yaba imfuneko yokulahla umthetho omkhulu kakhulu wemithetho eminingi. Lokhu kuvame ukuvimbela igatsha lemithetho ukuba lihlole isikhulu noma ukusingatha izidingo eziphuthumayo zesizwe. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa iziphetho zoMthetho-sisekelo ziklanyelwe ukuthatha ijubane elithatha kancane, kodwa izinhlekelele zanamuhla zifuna ukusabela okusheshayo. Ukusabela komqedazwelo weCOVIDPRON kubonise ukuthi i-Congress Congress around ingathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha lapho kudingekile, kudluliswa i-Act [[FLT:]] CALT] Act ngoMarch 2020] ngokusekela okukhulu.

Amandla Empi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi, kodwa amongameli baye bahlanganyela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sezempi ngaphandle kokusho izimemezelo ezingokomthetho (umzk., IMpi yase Korea, iVietnam, ukungenela kweLibya). ISigqibo seWarrication Desotion ka 1973 bazama ukubuyisela igunya lobuKhomishana ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okuthatha amabutho ahlomile futhi arhole ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba iNgqungquthela imvume. Amakhosi aye aphikisa njalo ukuba umthetho ulwe, futhi umthetho awukalandeli njalo. Lokhu kuhlala kulokhu kungumthetho ohlukanisa kakhulu wokwahlukana kwezindawo ezisemthethweni.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwamandla Ahlukene Phakathi

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo sisalokhu siyikhomba lenkululeko yaseMelika. Abakhi be-framers baqonda ukuthi amandla agxila ngokwemvelo, ngakho badala isakhiwo esiwasakazayo futhi esidinga ukubambisana. Nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngobukhulu obufanele begatsha ngalinye, inqubo eyisisekelo — igatsha ngalinye linika kokubili amandla nesikhuthazo sokuhlola ezinye — lilondoloza irepublic.

Izakhamuzi namuhla zingaqaphela isimiso esisebenzayo phakathi nokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, izimpi zokugunyazwa, nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqonda indlela lomsebenzi owenziwa ngayo kubalulekile ekubeni umhlanganyeli onolwazi embuthweni wentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eqinile; uphila ngezingxabano nokuhlehla kwesizukulwane ngasinye. Ngokugcina ukulinganisela okuncane phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, amaMelika asekela umbono kahulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuba alawule, kodwa ulinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuba avikele inkululeko.