Isingeniso: Umklamo Wamandla Alawulayo AseMelika

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni esisakaza igunya phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni abangamashumi amahlanu. Esiqongweni somphathi oyedwa: uMongameli wase-United States ngokwezinga likahulumeni, noMbusi osesilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Nakuba zombili izikhundla zisebenzisa igunya lobuphathi, amandla azo achazwa ngemithetho-sisekelo ehlukene, ngaphansi kokuhlola okuhlukene, futhi asebenzise ezingeni ezihlukene zombuso. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukanisa kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda uhulumeni waseMelika, izifundazwe, noma isayensi yezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sinweba ukungafani okukhulu phakathi kwemibuso enguMongameli neyo enguMbusi, sinikeza umongo ojulile, izibonelo eziqondeneze, nezindlela ezihlukeneyo ezibusayo.

Amandla Kamongameli: Isikhulu Esiyinhloko Sesizwe

Imibuso kaMongameli ibala iSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., inezelwa yizimiso, izinqumo zokwahlulela, nesibonelo esingokomlando. Ngokungafani nohulumeni, uMongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, indima ehlangene efeza imithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ekuvikeleni izwe, nasekuqondiseni uhulumeni.

Izimiso Zokubusa Negunya Lombuso Lombuso

UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziphethe ukuba ziqondise ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe i-operal. Nakuba lemiyalo ingadingi ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, kumelwe ibekwe egunyeni lomthetho-mthetho elikhona noma lomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt’s Educiotived Order 906 egunyaziwe yaseJapane egunyazwe ngeMpi Yezwe II, ukusetshenziswa kwegunya okuphikiswayo kamuva okugxekwa izazi zezindaba. Omongameli banamuhla basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze basebenzise isimiso sokufuduka, umthetho wendawo ezungezile, nesimiso sezempilo. Nokho, iziqondiso zezikhulu zingagumbuqelwa ngemithetho noma ngoMongameli olandelayo.

Ukubusa Nemithetho Eqinile

UMongameli uphethe amandla okukhipha noma isiphi isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. I-veto ingangagcwalwa yivoti eyi-2-3 kuphela endlu naseSihlalweni, isenze sibe ithuluzi elimangalisayo. Abameli bavame ukusebenzisa usongo lwe-veto ukuze bahlele umthetho phakathi nenqubo yokuphikisana. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uGeorge H.W. Bush. u-Bush wenze umthetho wokwandisa izinzuzo zokungabikho komsebenzi ngo-1991, uphoqelela i-Constantion ukuba isilinganiso. Amandla ayisisekelo sokuhlola i-Geneccover, kodwa ulinganiswa nokwenzeka kokulawula kwe-gundayo kanye ne-Mongameli ukuba ungakwazi ukuchitha izikwele (umkhakha-mfato-mfatho womgenyu ekhonzwe yi-undlu eNkakhulu eNkasini e-CUProust:[0]][2][2]]

Isikhulu Esiphethe Negunya Lempi

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uMongameli njengoMphathi-Sikhundla weButho, iButho, neNdlu yeMpi, kanye namabutho kahulumeni lapho ebizwa ukuba asebenze uhulumeni. Lokhu kunikeza uMongameli igunya elibanzi lokuqondisa imisebenzi yezempi, ukumisa amabutho, nokushaya umthetho. Nokho, iSigqi Sombuso seMpi sango ka 1973 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile futhi abeke imingcele yokubopha izivumelwano zempi izinsuku ezingu - 60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama uthembele kulesi sisekelo sokungenela kwempi eLibya ngo 2011. Umongameli uphinde abe negunya lokuthunyelwa kwemithetho yenuzi, amandla anomthwalo omkhulu.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nesivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izinkinga

UMongameli ungumklami oyinhloko wesimiso sangaphandle sase-U.S. ngoMnyango wezwe nezivumelwano zezokuxhumana, uMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, ezidinga ukuvota kweSigele samashumi amabili anesithathu ukuze kuhlatshwe izintambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angangena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu namanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishaya-mthetho, njengase Paris Climate Agreement (uMongameli uTrump wahoxa kuPresidenti uBiden futhi uphinde wahlangana). UMongameli futhi wamukela amanxusa, uqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, futhi uyala imishini yezohwebo.

Amandla Okumisa Nethonya Lokwahlulela

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nonobhala beKhabhinethi, amanxusa, nezinkulungwane zezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukumiswa okuningi kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele, inqubo eye yaqanjwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uTrump wamisa amajaji amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme phakathi nenkathi yakhe, eshintsha ukulinganisela kwemibono yeNkantolo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Lombuso uvumela uMongameli ukuba amise i-jaji ne-palitime ne-seaclane ngemva kokuba ephumile.

Amandla Ombuso: Igunya lombuso eliphethe isigaba sikahulumeni

Nakuba uMongameli ehola isizwe, oMbusi basebenza njengezikhulu eziyinhloko zezifunda zabo. Imibuso yabo ichazwa ngomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni futhi iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Nokho, izihloko ezivamile zihlanganisa ukulawula izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izimali zikahulumeni, kanye nezwe elinombuso (okungagunyaziwe).

Iziqondiso Zesimiso Sombuso Nokuphathwa KoMbuso

NjengoMongameli, oMbusi banganikeza iziyalo zezikhulu zokuqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi babhekane nezimo eziphuthumayo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, ohulumeni abaningi basebenzisa iziyalezo zokulawula ukuze bafake izivalo, izifihla - buso, futhi banike imithombo yengcebo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi waseNew York uAndrew Cuomo umyalo wezikhulu ofuna ukuba amakhaya athole ukululama kwe-COVID-19. Umthetho kahulumeni wezikhulu ulinganiselwe futhi ungabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo zikahulumeni noma i-parnment yesifundazwe kwezinye izindawo.

I-Veto Amandla: Igcwele, Ingxenye, ne-Line-Item

Izikhulu eziningi zinamandla okulawula umthetho wezwe, kodwa amandla alelo gunya ayahlukahluka. Ngezifunda zika-34, uMbusi unengxenye ephezulu e-veto, evumela umphathi ukuba ashaye iziphakamiso ezithile ezithathwe esibhakabhakeni ngaphandle kokukhipha isilinganiso sonke, uMongameli ungenawo amandla aphezulu esilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amazwe adinga isilinganiso somthetho wemithetho elawulayo esingu-3, kuyilapho amanye edinga inani elivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi waseNyakatho Carolina angakhipha imali emalini futhi aphoqe ukuba i-aftiftice ivoti ikhothe, anikeze i-pareji enkulu yezingxoxo ze-fical.

Umbuso Ogadayo Nokuphathwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo

Abalawuli basebenza njengenhloko yesikhulu se-National Guard kazwelonke, ngaphandle kokuba uMongameli amise iQunda lobuzwe ngezikhathi eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kunikeza oMbusi ikhono lokuthumela amabutho agada ngezinhlekelele zemvelo, izinxushunxushu zezakhamuzi, nezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi uRon DeSantis waseFlorida wakhuthaza i-National Guards ukuba isabelele ngesiphepho. Nokho, umongameli angathatha ukulawula amabutho amasosha athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni ezisezindleni zamazwe noma emikhankantini yasekhaya, njengoba kubonakala eWashington, D.C. phakathi nobhikishobhiyo 202020.

Igunya Lokusebenzisa Imali Nobuphathi Bemali

Imithetho-mithetho eminingi kahulumeni inikeza uMbusi amandla okuhlongoza uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ngokuvamile kanye nomqondisi wemali. Khona - ke isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni siphikisana futhi sivumela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kohlelo. Abaphathi ngokuvamile banegunya elisemgqeni we-fone-veto phezu kwezinhlelo, bebanika ithonya elinamandla. Ezizweni eziningi, uMbusi kumelwe asayine uhlelo olulinganiselwe lokuhlela imali ("imfuneko) engabekwanga kuhulumeni wezwe. Lo hulumeni uhulumeni ukuba enze izinqumo ezinzima phakathi kokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala nemali, ngokuvamile eziholela ezimpini zezombangazwe ezimayelana nezimiso zentela kanye nezinkonzo zikahulumeni.

Ukumiswa Nokukhethwa Kokwahlulela KoMbuso

Abalawuli bamisa izinhloko zeminyango kahulumeni (isinye, uMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wemfundo), amalungu amabhodi namanxusa, futhi, ezifundazweni eziningi, abahluleli bombuso. Izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu: ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho (ngoba izifunda ezinezishayamthetho ze-bidaral), kuyilapho ezinye zidinga ukuqinisekiswa umkhandlu noma ukuqinisekiswa. Ukumiswa kwezehlulelo zemithetho emise izikhulu zenkantolo yokuchaza umthetho nemithetho-mthetho, okungaba nethonya elikhulu ezindabeni ezinjengokukhipha isisu, amalungelo okuvota, nokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Ukuqhathanisa: Umehluko Oyinhloko Kwezinga Eliphakathi Nezinga

Izigaba ezilandelayo ziqokomisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwegunya likaMongameli nelikaMbusi, ukugxila ekulawuleni umbuso, ekubuseni ngemithetho, kwezempi, ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ekumisweni kokwahlulela, ekuhlolweni, ekugunyazweni nasekuhlelweni kwemibuso ephuthumayo.

Indawo Yegunya: National vs. State

Igunya likaMongameli lihlanganisa zonke izifundazwe ezingu-50, amasimu, kanye nohulumeni. UMongameli angaphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, alawule ezohwebo zezwe, amise nesimiso samazwe angaphandle. Igunya likaMbusi lilinganiselwe ngokuphelele emikhawulweni yombuso wawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uMbusi akanakuthonya isimiso sentela kahulumeni, ukungena ezivumelwaneni, noma ukuyala amaButho ase-U.S. iSiphakamiso se-Tenth silondoloza wonke amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni wezwe noma abantu, ngaleyondlela sichaza indawo elinganiselwe kaMbusi.

Ukwengamelana Okungokomthetho Nezinqubo Ezinamandla

UMongameli usebenzelana ne-bidamaral Congress [1] Amagumbi amabili anamandla alinganayo emithetho (ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekile yeSigele kanye nemibuso yesivumelwano). I-panel iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ibekwa ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Ngokungafani, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingaba zigcwele noma inxenye, futhi amazwe angu-49 (ngaphandle kwe-Banessal) asenezimiso ze-biobaral. Umbusi angabhekana ne-partimen elawulwa yiqembu elimelene ne-particracle, eholela ekungahlelekini umthetho, noma kuhulumeni onobunye oweqaqa i-mdlangamela ngezimiso ezifuna ukuvelela. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi u-Minnesoptapetal u-Am u-malz uphethe ngezimiso ezihlukene, okuphumela ekuxoxiweni njalo kwemiciso.

Umyalo wezempi: I-spectrum egcwele v. Umbuso wengalo

UMongameli uyala wonke amabutho empi ase-U.S. .Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Space Force, ne-Coast (ngesikhathi sokuthula). UMongameli angakhipha izikhali zempi futhi athumele amabutho emhlabeni wonke. UMbusi uyala kuphela isifundazwe sombuso sobugada, futhi lelogunya lingathathelwa indawo uma uMongameli emisa i-gadal Provier. Phakathi neMpi yase-Korea, uMongameli uTruman wamisa wonke amahlelo esizwe empi. Lomehluko ubalulekile: Ohulumeni abanakungenela empini noma baqhube imisebenzi yempi.

Ubuhlobo Bakwamanye Amazwe Nethonya Lomhlaba Wonke

UMongameli unendima eqondile, yomthetho-mthetho wezobuzwe, ehlanganisa ukwenza isivumelwano, ukuxoxa ngezohwebo, nokusebenzelana. Abalawuli banethonya elilinganiselwe kakhulu bezizwe, nakuba bengase bahlanganyele ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho kwamanye amazwe noma bahlangane nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe ukuze baxoxe ngezohwebo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi waseCalifornia uGavin Newsom waya eChina ngo-2023 ukuze axoxe ngoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, kodwa uhambo olunjalo luyintelezi futhi alunakubophezela. Isimiso sikaMongameli wangaphandle silulaza izenzo zikahulumeni eziphikisana nomthetho wombuso.

Ukunqunywa Kokwahlulela: Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Zesikhathi Sokuphila

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni ukuphila konke, ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amajaji enkantolo yesifunda, nabahluleli besifunda. Ukuphila kwabo kuyabavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Ohulumeni bamisa abahluleli bezwe, kodwa amaphuzu abo ayahlukahluka: abanye basebenzisa izinqumo ezimisiwe, abanye babhekene nokhetho olumisiwe, kanti abanye bakhethwa. Inqubo yokumiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni ihlanganisa izimemezelo zokwahlulela, abaculi abahluzi. Lokhu kusho ifa lomphathi lokwahlulela lingahlala izizukulwane, kuyilapho imiphumela kaMbusi ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ingaba yesikhashana.

Ukulwela Nokususa

UMongameli angadukiswa yiNdlu yabameleli futhi asuswe esikhundleni ngevoti yezigebengu ezimbili-ntathu “yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinkulu kanye nokudukisa.” Kuphela omongameli abathathu base-U.S. abaye baphoqelelwa (UAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, Donald Trump/tice), futhi akekho owake walahlwa. Abaphathi babhekene nenqubo efanayo ezifundazweni zabo, isikhulu sikahulumeni esinegunya lokungabengi nabaphathi beSishaya isigwebo sezwe ukuba baso. Nokho, izikhulu eziningi ziye zaphoqedwe ukuba zilahle ngenxa yecala phambi kwevoti yecala, njengoMbusi uRodlday Blagojech wase-Illinoisnow ngo-2009. Izindawo ezithile zokususwa kwemithetho yezwe ehlukene kakhulu.

Amandla Aphuthumayo: Ukubukeka Okuqhathaniswa

Phakathi nezinhlekelele, kokubili uMongameli noMbusi bangamemezela izimo eziphuthumayo kanye namandla aqondile. UMongameli angamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe ngaphansi komthetho we-National Emertimory Act (19976), ethola igunya lesikhashana lokuqondisa izimali, ukumisa iziqondiso, nokuqoqa imithombo kahulumeni. Ohulumeni bangamemezela izifunda eziphuthumayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, bezenza zikwazi ukushukumisa iNational Guard, ukubeka imithetho engokomthetho, nokulawula ukuhamba kwezinto. Umqedazwelo we-COVID waveza ukushukuma kwezwe nemibuso yesimo esiphuthumayo: Umongameli u-Trump wamemezela isilinganiso sesimo esiphuthuma sezwe, kodwa izikhulu eziningi zakhipha iziyalezo zazo siqu zokuhlala ekhaya, ziholele izinselele ezingokomthetho eziphethe igunya lokubeka imingcele.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokuwa Nokufana Ngokweqile Nokuxabana

Ubumbano lwakha izindawo lapho amandla omongameli nawombuso ehlangana khona futhi ngezinye izikhathi kungqubuzana khona.

Imfundo

UMongameli uthonya imfundo ngezimali zikahulumeni (umz., no No Child Lend Behind, Everly Students Recect) nezenzo zobuphathi (umz., i-Title IX chaza). Kodwa ukulawula kohulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe nebhodi lemfundo yendawo. Omahluleli beminyango yemfundo kahulumeni, bavumela izindinganiso zemfundo, futhi bangamisa amalungu esikole. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi uRon Desantis wemfundo eklanywe ngentshiseko ngeziqondiso zezikhulu zemfundo yohlanga, kuyilapho uMongameli uBiden we-Dinterder wezemfundo wakhipha isiqondiso sokudlulisa amalungelo abafundi emfundo. . .

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

UMongameli uqondisa izinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho njenge FBI, DEA, ne-U.S. Abagadi balawula izinhlangano zamaphoyisa kahulumeni futhi banamandla okukhipha ukuxolelwa nokuhlobana kobugebengu bukahulumeni. Ngo-2021, uMbusi uGavin Newsom wabeka ibhodi elichaza isigwebo sokufa eCalifornia, kuyilapho uMnyango wezobulungisa waseBiden uyaqhubeka ufuna isijeziso sentambo emacala ombuso. UMongameli angabuye athonye umthetho ngokunikeza izinhlelo nezindinganiso zikahulumeni, kodwa amandla amaphoyisa aqondise ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni nasezindaweni.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Ne - Medicaid

UMongameli wezokwelapha uqondisa izinhlelo zezokwandiswa kwempilo kahulumeni njengeMedicare, i-VA scereas Act (ACA). Ohulumeni banikeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni ze-Medicaid ezisesilinganisweni esiphansi kanye nohulumeni. Ohulumeni abaningi banegunya lokwandisa uMdicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA, futhi lezo zinqumo zinemiphumela emikhulu emiphumeleni yempilo nokwehlelwa kwezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi u-Brian Kemp waseGeorgia umelane nokwanda okungokwesiko kwe-Medicaid, esikhundleni sokufaka imfuneko yomsebenzi we-wadivers. .

Isiphetho: Abaqondisi Ababili, Isimiso Esikodwa Somphakathi

UMongameli noMbusi bobabili bayiziphathi eziyinhloko, kodwa amandla abo abonisa isimo esihloniphekile sokubusa kwaseMelika. UMongameli unegunya eliphelele ekulondekeni kwesizwe, isimiso sakwelinye izwe, ijaji likahulumeni, kanye nezempi. Ohulumeni basebenza phakathi kwendilinga eqiniswa kakhulu − izimali zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, i-National Guard (engalawulwa), kanye nokugcinwa komthetho wezwe. Noma kunjalo zombili izikhundla zingaphansi kokuhlola: uMongameli uhlolwa yimithetho ye-Hulumeni kanye nezinkantolo; oMbusi bahlolwa yizigedendelo zikahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, isifundazwe, izinkantolo zesifundazwe, nohulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Suymacle Claus.

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuqapheleni kokubili amandla nezingxabano zombuso. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezisukela ezibhebhethekeni zezifo kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekungalinganini kwezomnotho, ukudlala phakathi kwamandla kamongameli ne-gaberna kuzoqhubeka kuyimiphumela ehleliwe. Izakhamuzi nabafundi abaqonda lokhu kuhlukana bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya ukuhola nokugcina amazinga ohulumeni enecala.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola ikhasi elingokomthetho leWhite House mayelana namandla omongameli ( umthombo), ukucaciswa kwegunya le-gubernariator Association ([] umthombo), kanye ne-Congregational Research Service’s messagement processs ([[FLT:]] imithombo yegunya ).