Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuthola Amandla Alinganiselayo

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, ungaphezu nje kwephepha elibusayo, iyisakhiwo sokuzithandela esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Abadwebi, abadweba emakhulwini amaningi efilosofi yezombangazwe kusuka kubaqondisi befilosofi abanjengoMontesquieu and Locke, bakha isimiso se [[FLT:]] sokuhlukanisa amandla [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [1] [0] imvume yamandla [[FLT]] evumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba libukele, futhi lapho kudingeka, liphikisa izenzo zamanye amagatsha. Lesimiso, isikhulu, nesahlulele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa, ukubusa, nokwahlulela kuphela kwakwakwakheka njengokuthandwayo, [[FLT] kungu-FFoct:] futhi kunguMnyunyunyunyu womhlaba wonke. [umpempempe, u-uni womhlaba wonke, u-Unildustlse, u-ult.[5]

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengokuqala Phakathi Kwabantu Abalinganayo

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka wonke amandla omthetho eSishayamthetho eSishaya - mthetho, esihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Njengoba igatsha eliseduze kakhulu nabantu, iSishaya-mthetho sinikezwa amandla okwenza imithetho, intela ye-levy, ukumemezela impi, nokulawula ezentengiselwano. Nokho futhi ingaphansi kokuvinjelwa kwamanye amagatsha amabili, nakuba inamathuluzi anamandla okuwahlola.

Ukuzihlolela Njengendlela Yokugcina Yomthetho

Ukuhlolwa okunzima kakhulu okwenziwa uMkhandlu phezu kwamagatsha aphetheyo nokwahlulela ngamandla okuphakeme . Indlu yabameleli inegunya lokunikeza isigwebo, okuwukuthi, ukuletha amacala angokomthetho kumongameli, umongameli, noma noma noma yimuphi umphathi wezwe odumile "Icala, isifumbathiso, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphezulu kanye nezingakhokhi." Indlu yeSigebengu iphethe ukuqulwa, futhi ivoti emibili yesithathu idingeka ukuba ikhiphe isigwebo futhi isuse isikhulu ehhovisi. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu ngokumelene nomongameli uAndrealth Johnson (1888), uBill (199819999), noDalbian (2020) futhi uDalbian (202020) uqobo wayo ngokumelene nobukhondlali obunamandla.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesigele: Umgcini - khaya Ngokumisa

Umongameli umisa amanxusa, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nonobhala bamakhabethe, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sifake futhi sivume kulokhu kufushaniswa. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza igatsha lemithetho izwi eliqondile ekulolongeni i-jaji likahulumeni kanye negatsha lesikhulu ngokwalo. ISigele singalahla abamele, ukulindela ukuzwa, noma ukucela ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, njengoba kubonakala ezimpini ezishisayo eNkanto ephakeme njengoRobert Bork (1987) noma isikhulu esithatha isikhathi eside ngemva kokufa kukaMahluleli ka-Scialia ngo-2016.

Gwema Ama - voto Negunya Lokusebenzisa Imali

Umongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolo, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza i-valve: uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo msindo ngengxenye enkulu yamahora amabili emagumbini womabili. Nakuba uphethe iveto kunzima − ngokulandelana, cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela amaveto awe-presidential ques aye awumqalisi umongameli ukuba axoxe neSishaya-Mnyango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu uphethe amandla esikhwameni [[[FLT:]]: zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa nguhulumeni kumelwe zigunyazwe ngumthetho. Akukho mali engadonswa enkampanini ngaphandle kwe-programmesss, inikeza i-Punicerpolated produroundssssss.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphenya Okungokomthetho

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iziKhomishane ziqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala nokuphenywa ukuze zigcine igatsha linecala. AmaKomiti anganikeza ofakazi abaphethe igatsha icala kanye nezincwadi, izikhulu zezinhlangano zombuzo, futhi adalule ukungcola, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukuxhaphaza. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa uphenyo lwenhlangano ekuhlaseleni kweCapitol, ukuhlasela kwe-Benghazi ngo-2012, nokusabela kwegatsha eliphethe umqedazwelo we-COVOVAD-19. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe ngendlela ehlosiwe futhi izinhlangano eziphethe ziyaqhubeka zisabela kubameleli babantu.

Iziphethu Zemithetho Engeziwe

  • [ Isivumelwano somthetho: Isikhongozelo singashintsha noma siguqule imithetho ephinde yabekwa etoliwe yijaji ngezindlela ezingavumelani.
  • I-Legislative Veto (ilinganiselwe ngokwezimo): Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala i-veto yemithetho INS v. Chada[ [i-Group] [19983]), iSivumelwano sisalokhu sihlanganisa ukubika izimfuneko namalungiselelo okushona kwelanga emithethweni.
  • I-Choice of Leadership: Phakathi kwese-metal College ye-Electoral (enzeka ngo-1800 no-1824), indlu ikhetha umongameli, futhi iSigele sikhetha isekela likamongameli.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Kamongameli Nemingcele Yawo

ISiphakamiso II sombuso ophethe kumongameli oyedwa, esibekwe icala lokukhipha imithetho ngokwethembeka nokukhonza njengomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile. Umongameli unamathuluzi amaningi okuhlola iSishaya-mthetho noMnyango wejaji, kodwa lamandla ngokwawo acindezelwa.

IVeto: Amandla Alwa Nomthetho Aweqisayo

Umongameli u-FLT] uhlolo oluqondile ku-FLT. Uma isikhwama sidlula womabili amagumbi, umongameli angasayina umthetho, awunike, noma ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuwusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (iSonto elidlulele). I-veto ingangachayeka ngama-350 enkampane, kodwa leyo nsimbi ephezulu yenza umongameli abe umbambiswa owesabekayo enqubweni ye-Gajini. I-veto isetshenziswa ngokwemithetho esemthethweni: abanye abaholisile ngemva kwezikhathi ezingamakhulu (i-Flin). Rooselt i-inded triumsss, kuyilapho abanye beyisebenzisa ngokuyibeka. Usongo lwe-'i-'ignocroto''''''''.

Iziqondiso Zesikhulu Esiphethe Nesenzo: Ukumisa Umthetho Ngaphandle Komthetho

Umongameli angakhipha [[FLT: 0] iziyalo zokunquma , iziqondiso ezilawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba zingashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, zisuka emsebenzini kamongameli wokuthi "iqaphele ukuba iMiyalo iqedwe ngokwethembeka." Iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zasetshenziselwa imisebenzi ye-octive enjenge-EMancption Proclamentiation (Lincoln), ukuhlanganisa ama-Japane (Flin D. Roosevelt), kanye nokuvinjelwa kohambo ngo-2017 (Trump). Nokho, iziqondiso zezikhulu zibekwe ngaphansi kokubukeza; inkantolo ingashaya umuntu uma idlula igunya lomongameli noma igunya elikhona.

Ukunqunywa Kokwahlulela: Ukuchitha Izinkantolo

Umongameli umisa wonke amajaji asemthethweni , kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, asebenza ekumiseni ukuphila konke. Lomandla avumela umphathi ukuba athonye ijaji amashumi eminyaka. Ifa lomongameli ngokuvamile lidlula igama lawo (ngokwesibonelo), ukumiswa kukaMongameli Ronald Reagan u-Anton Scalia u-Jurisprance osukwazi ukuthatha iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30. Isiqinisekiso seSigebe somthetho sisebenza njengesehlolo kulelogunya, kodwa umongameli usabeka ifa lokubusa ngokukhetha i-mine.

Amandla EPardon Namandla EPardon

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza umongameli amandla okunikeza iziphakamiso nokuthethelela amacala kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwasecaleni sokungagunyazi. Leligunya elibanzi livumela umongameli ukuba athethelele abantu ababoshelwe ubugebengu, izigwebo ezihlikihliwe, noma ukuxolelwa. Intethelelo ayilawulwa yiKhomishane noma izinkantolo, nakuba ingaholela empikiswaneni yezombangazwe, njengoba kuboniswa uMongameli Gerald Ford's axolela uRichard Nixon (1974) noma uMongameli uTrump ukuthethelela kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Isikhulu Esiyinhloko Nezindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe

Njengenhloko kahulumeni, umongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano (zingaphansi kwemvume yesigele esinesithathu), aqaphele ohulumeni bangaphandle, futhi enze izivumelwano zokuphatha namanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yesigebengu. Nakuba izivumelwano zidinga ukuhlawuliswa kweSigele, izivumelwano zezikhulu ziye zafana, zivumela omongameli ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungavimbela izivumelwano ezinjalo ngomthetho noma ngokubeka imali egciniwe.

Ukuhlola Okunengxenye Engeziwe

  • Ukuhlanganisa iziKhongolo kwiNkathi: Umongameli angahlanganisa igumbi elilodwa noma zombili ngezikhathi ezingavamile.
  • Izinkulumo zophawu:[ Ngezinye izikhathi bakhipha izitatimende ezichaza ukuchaza kwabo umthetho lapho bewusayina, okungathonya indlela igatsha eliphethe eliwuphoqelela ngayo.
  • Indima kaMongameli weVénial: Isekela likamongameli, njengomongameli weSigele, lingavota amavoti aphula uthayi, linike umphathi indima elinganiselwe ezimisweni zomthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izigaxa Zobumthetho

ISiphakamiso III simisa ijaji likahulumeni, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, elinamandla okuchaza imithetho futhi liqinisekise ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ijaji liyigatsha elibuthakathaka kakhulu uma kubhekiswa ekuqikelweni kwemithetho yalo (alilawuli inkemba noma isikhwama), kodwa lisebenzisa igunya elikhulu kakhulu ngokubukeza .

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Amandla Okuhlasela Imithetho

Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa amandla okubukeza kokwahlulela [FLT]] [[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [183] [[FLT]] . ISikhulu seSikhulu uJohn Marshall sanquma ukuthi "ngokuqinisekile isifunda somnyango wokwahlulela ukuba sithi umthetho uyini]. Lesi sibonelo senza ukuba izinkantolo zimemezele izenzo zeSishayamthetho noma umongameli, ziqede. Izibonelo zezwe zihlanganisa [[FLT:] v.[FLT] Bn. ibhodi yezemfundo [FLT] [FLD5] [5], eyahlasela izinhlanga ezikoleni, [FT] futhi yaguqula i-parggne] [2]

Ukumiswa Kwesikhathi Sokuphila: Ukuzimela Ekucindezeleni Kwezombangazwe

Amajaji ahlangene, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, asebenza phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, ngokuyinhloko kukho konke ukuphila. Lokhu kuqondiswa ukucindezela kweze-voti noma kwezombangazwe kuhloselwe ukuba kuvumele ukuba banqume amacala asekelwe emthethweni naseMthethweni, hhayi ekucindezeleni komphakathi noma kwezikhulu. Abahleli babheka lokhu njengokubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane nokusekela umthetho. Nokho, ukuphila konke kusho futhi ukuthi amajaji angakhonza amashumi eminyaka, futhi ukuthambekela kwawo kwezombangazwe kungabumba umthetho waseMelika esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba umongameli owamisa ukuba bashiye isikhundla.

Ukuhumusha Imithetho Nokulinganisela Imithetho

Ijaji alibukezi nje kuphela imithetho elawula umthetho kodwa futhi lichaza nolimi olungokomthetho. IziKhomishane zingasabela ezincazelweni zokwahlulela ngokulahla umthetho, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho. Izinkantolo futhi zinamandla okukhipha imiyalo, ukuvimbela iziyalezo, namanye amakhambi acindezela noma avimbele izenzo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ziye zavala iziyalezo eziphethe zokufuduka nezokusizungezile, zifuna igatsha eliphethe ukuba lilwele izenzo zalo enkantolo.

Imingcele Yamandla Okwahlulela

Ijaji likhona ngaphandle kokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha. Umongameli umisa amajaji agunyazwe iSigebengu, futhi ungayikhipha i-compants membrial ngenxa yokungaphathi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wokumisa izinkantolo ezibusayo; uma umongameli enqaba ukwenza ngokuvumelana, inkantolo ayinawo amaphoyisa ayo, athembele kwamanye amagatsha ukuba agcine iziqondiso zayo.

Izinhloli Zokwahlulela Ezengeziwe

  • Icala noma impikiswano: Izinkantolo aziyikhathazi imibono ephikisayo; zinquma kuphela izimpikiswano zangempela ezingokomthetho, zizivimbele ukuba zingaphazamisi ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
  • I-Decis: Isiko lokwahlulela elilandela isibonelo linikeza ukuzinza nokubikezelwa, kodwa izinkantolo zingagumbuqela izinqumo zesikhathi esidlule uma zilunga.
  • Ukufinyelela okuxhunyiwe: INkantolo Ephakeme ilalela cishe iphesenti elilodwa lamacala akhangelwe kuyo, ivumele ukuba igxile emibuzweni ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukungenela Phakathi Kwamagatsha: Isimiso Esihambayo

Ukuhlakanipha kokuhlola nokulinganisela akukhona ekuhlukaneni okuqinile kodwa ekudlaleni okunamandla phakathi kwamagatsha. Amandla egatsha ngalinye ayisihlolo kwelinye, nokho isimiso sidinga futhi ukubambisana ukuze uhulumeni asebenze.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, igatsha lomthetho lingasusa umongameli nezinye izikhulu. Lokhu kuhlola kungavamile, kusetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni zokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Lenqubo iphoqa impikiswano phakathi kukamongameli noKhongolozeli, ngokuvamile ibusa inkulumo yasobala futhi ihlola imingcele yegunya legatsha ngalinye. Ukulahlwa kukaMongameli uTrump kuzo zombili iziphakamiso kuqokomisa umnyango ophezulu wokuqiniseka eSigeqeni, lapho ukwethembeka kweqembu kuvame ukuthonya umphumela.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Kahulumeni

UKhongolo-mfuno lulawula uhlelo lwemali, kodwa umongameli usikisela enye futhi angakhipha izindleko. Uma amagatsha amabili engenakuvumelana, uhulumeni angavala (njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1996, 2013, no-2018-2018). Lokhu kuvala kubonisa indlela amagatsha abambisana ngayo ngokugcwele − ukuhluleka ukuphazamisana nezwe lonke. Usongo lokuvala igatsha ngalinye linikeza isikhwama sengxoxo ngokuncintisana mayelana nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwezimpi Nefilosofi Yokwahlulela

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa yeSigele iye yaba inkundla enkulu yezimpi eziphakathi kwezigebengu, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme. Abameli bakhetha omongameli abavumelana nefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela (isibonelo, ubusunguli noma ubuProgramme obuphilayo), futhi iSigele ngokuvamile siqhuba ukuzwa okukhulu. Ukwenqaba kwamaRepublican eSigele ubambe izindlebe zikaMerrick Garland, kulandelwa ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kuka-Ammy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, kugcizelela indlela lenqubo eye yaba ngayo inkundla yempi yezombangazwe.

Amandla Empi Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya-mthetho amandla okumemezela impi, kodwa umongameli, njengomphathi-nhloko, angathumela amabutho ngaphandle kwesimemezelo esingokomthetho. ISigqibo seMpi soMkhosi wamabutho sesinqumo sika 1973 ngokufuna ukuba umongameli azise uKhongolo-mfutho phakathi namahora angu-48 okuthatha amabutho futhi aphume ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, amongameli bawo womabili aphikisana ngomthetho womthetho, adala ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha esinyathelo sezempi.

Izinselele Zokwahlulela Zezenzo Zokuqondisa

Ijaji livame ukusebenza njengommeli wokugcina lapho umongameli noKhongolo bexabana. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku-] ISikhumulo Sescioled [Kunye no-.Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia [2020], iNkantolo Ephakeme yavala umzamo womlawuli we-Trump wokuqeda i-DACA, ibusa ukuthi izenzo zesikhulu ziwumthetho owe-mthethwe futhi ziwumthetho. Isinqumo esinjalo siphoqeqelela ukuba isikhulu sihambisane nemithetho ye-stautium nemithetho, sifaka kabusha indima ye-jantiary njenge-kuhlolwa kwegunya lobuqondisi.

Umlando: Umbono Wezingxenye Zomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwazo

Abakhi bezakhiwo baklama amapulani ahlola futhi balinganise ngemva kokufunda amarepublic asendulo nawanamuhla. Uhulumeni oxubene weRome Republic (i-senate, i-senate, nemihlangano) nombuso waseBrithani (inkosi, iPhalamende, nezinkantolo) wanikeza izithombe, kodwa abakhi befreyimane babefuna ukugwema ubushiqela ababenabo ngaphansi kweNkosi uGeorge III. KuFederalist No. 10, uMadison waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu izakulawula "inkosi yeqiniso," kuyilapho kuNo. 51, wabhala ukuthi "imvume yokubusa kumelwe yenziwe ukuba ilwe ukuthathela isifiso sokuvelela.""

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunezindlela zokuhlola ezicacile kakhulu: umongameli wayengawumisa umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu wawungawulawula; iSigebengu siqinisekise ukumiswa nezivumelwano; ijaji alizange libe namandla okuzihlola ngokucacile kuze kube Marbury v. uMadison[. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso savela ngesiqalo, umkhuba, nokulungisa. ISiphendulo se-12 se-1804) sathuthukisa i-Elctoral College; iSinyuselo se-17 (1913) senza ukuba abaqondisi-Stentelligement bakhethwe ngokuqondile, ukuphendulelwa kwentando yentando yeningi; izigwebo ze-Derporali; izigwebo ze-20 nezi-25 ezikhululwe kukhululwe ukulandelana nokwe kumongameli.

Isimiso siye sabhekana novivinyo olunzima: iMpi Yombango, lapho uMongameli Lincoln ephaka i-habeas corpus; inkathi entsha, lapho uMongameli Roosevelt esongela "ipack" iNkantolo Ephakeme ngemva kokuqeda izinhlelo zakhe; kanye nenhlekelele yeWatergate, lapho ukucindezela kwe-bipartisan kuphoqelelwa ukuba uMongameli Nixon ashiye. Ukuhlolwa ngakunye kwaqinisekisa ukuqina kokuhlolwa nokulinganisela, nakuba kungabanga ngaphandle kwempikiswano.

Izicelo Zanamuhla: Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Izihloko zamuva ziqokomisa amandla nezingxabano ezikhona.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Nemingcele Yokuthatha Isinyathelo Esingekho

Abameli babo bobabili abahlukene baye bandisa ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zokufeza izinhloso zesimiso lapho uMkhandlu uvinjelwa. UMongameli u-Obama wasebenzisa izenzo zokuphatha ekuthutheleni (DACA) nezimiso zendawo ezungezile (Decreace Power Plan); uMongameli uTrump wakhipha iziyalezo zokuvinjelwa kokuhamba, ukufuduka, namandla. Izinkantolo ziye zavala noma zalinganisela iziqondiso eziningi zalemithetho, zibonakalisa ukuhlola kokwahlulela. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuncika kwemithetho yezikhulu kululaza inqubo yomthetho futhi zigxilise amandla esikhululweni.

Ukuqondisa Kwezishaya - mthetho Enkathini Yokuhlukaniswa

I-Congregary seyawungamela kakhulu, futhi uphenyo lwekomiti luvame ukuhlukanisa imikhakha yeqembu. I-Gast 6 House Khetha Committee (2021-20222) yakhiwa kakhulu amaDemocrats ngemva kweRepublican enqaba ukuhlanganyela, iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kokuphenya kwabashokobezi. Kodwa isaveza ubufakazi obuphawulekayo futhi itusa ukuba izigebengu zisebenzise ngisho nasezindaweni ezibandayo.

ISigele Esine - Filibuster Ne - Grid - Egiletism

Inqubo yeSigele ivumela ukuphikisana okungenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba ama-senator angu-60 avota ukukuvala, aye aba yisithiyo esikhulu ekumiseni umthetho. Nakuba ingekho eMthethweni, umthetho weSigele odinga ukufaneleka okukhulu kakhulu komthetho omkhulu. Lokhu kunikeza iqembu elincane i-ikeyingi enamandla enkulu, kodwa futhi kuholela ekuvuseleleni ukuvuleka kwemizwa nokukhungatheka. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi i-Parenbuster iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi nezinye izinguquko, kuyilapho abanye beyivikela njengesivikelo esivinjeni sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazela.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukugada Kwesizwe Nokulondeka

Ukukhula kwamandla aphethe ekulondekeni kwesizwe nokuqapha kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano ngokuhlola nokulinganisela. I-USA PARITOTT Act (2001) nemithetho eyalandela yandisa imishini yokuhlola kahulumeni, yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka komthetho-sisekelo ngeSichibiyelo sesine. iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yangenela kwezinye izimo, njengaye [ Riley v. California [FLT]] [2010] [i-(20] [i-2014] [idinga izicelo zokuhlola i-cellphones, Carenterb v. United States [2018]], evikele ingqamuzana yemininingwane yemininingwane. USAUSAUS Act 2015) idlulise ukuqoqa iqoqo. Nokho, abaculi benobuthelela i-Ault.

Imfundiso Yokubusa Kwenhlangano

Abanye abaqondisi bamongameli baye bathuthukisa "imfundiso yesikhulu esiphethe," bephikisa ngokuthi umongameli uphethe ngokuphelele igatsha eliphethe futhi ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakwenza izinhlangano ezizimele noma ulinganise amandla okususa umongameli. Lenkolelo-lwazi ibekela izinselele ezingokwesiko nezilinganiso. INkantolo Ephakeme ayizange iwamukele ngokugcwele, kodwa izinqumo zamuva zokuzimela kwenhlangano (umz., UMthetho we-seila v. CFB, 2020]) iye yawabuyisela emuva amandla athile kumphathi wezikhulu. Izingalo ezithathelwa isikhathi eside zokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ahlala engaqiniseki.

Isiphetho: Ukuqhathaniswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela asisona isakhiwo esiphelele esixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuqinisa amandla alo nokuhlonipha imingcele yamandla alo. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwamandla okwahlulela, kusukela ekuqiniseni i-veto kuya ekuqiniseni iSigele, lezimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa elinye. Abalawuli baqonda ukuthi amandla kumelwe ahlolwe ngamandla, nokuthi ukusinda kwedemokratial kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo.

Enkathini yokushintsha kwezombangazwe nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo, lesi simiso sibhekene nokucindezeleka okusha. Nokho umlando ubonisa ukuthi lapho elinye igatsha liphamba, elinye liyahlehla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiNkantolo Ephakeme eshaya umthetho wesikhulu, uMkhandlu wenqaba umthetho, noma umongameli enqaba umthetho, amasheke nezilinganiso ezabhalwa eMthethweni womthetho amakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule ziyaqhubeka zihlela imisebenzi yansuku zonke kahulumeni waseMelika. Bahlala beyisivikelo esiqinile kakhulu ekumelaneni kobushiqela nesiqinisekiso esiqinisekile senkululeko yezizukulwane ezizayo.