Ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni kwakha cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela emanzini owaphuzayo kuya emigwaqweni ohamba kuyo nasemihlanganweni yesikole izingane zakho eziya kuyo. Ukuqonda indlela amazinga ahlukene emisebenzi kahulumeni okungewona nje umsebenzi wemfundo kuphela − kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ulwazi lokuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo emiphakathini yazo, ukusekela ushintsho, futhi kubambe izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise. Isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni, kusukela enhloko-nkabeni yezwe kuya emkhandlwini wedolobha, sinemibuso ehlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo echazwe umthetho, isiko, futhi ngokuvamile isemthethweni olotshiwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima kahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo, indlela abaxhumana ngayo, kanye nombangonoshela.

Ukubukeza Izinga Likahulumeni

Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi nezombuso kahulumeni, uhulumeni usebenza ezinhlalweni ezintathu eziyinhloko: uhulumeni (noma isifundazwe), isifundazwe, nezwe lendawo. Isilinganiso sikahulumeni sisingatha izindaba ezithinta izwe lonke, njengesimiso sangaphandle, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, nemali. Ohulumeni balawula izindaba zesifunda, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ezokwethutho, nempilo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni bendawo . "amazwe, amalongishi, amalongishi, kanye namasifunda akhethekile"isidingo sezindawo zomphakathi ezifunekayo njengenhlanganisela yemfucucumfuko, ukuvikela, nemisebenzi yamaphoyisa. Ukusakaza okuqondile kwemibuso kuyahluka-hluka-hlukene ezweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sombuso kahulumeni lapho iphethe khona, kanti imibuso ewumbuso ophethe kakhulu. Lesi simo esisesilinganisweni esiyinhloko se-uhulumeni se-United Kingdom Kingdom.

Uhulumeni Ozimele

Uhulumeni kahulumeni uphakeme kakhulu kuhulumeni olawulwa yisimiso sombuso. Imibuso yawo ivame ukubalwa kumthetho-sisekelo noma kumbhalo wesisekelo ofana nawo. E-United States, i-Agatep I, Ingxenye 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo ihlela amagunya athile anikezwa iSishaya-mthetho, kuhlanganise negunya lokulawula intengo yesifundazwe, ukumemezela impi, nemali. Amagunya ahlangene ahunyushwa kakhulu ngezenzakalo ze-othermodural Court ePhakemente (umz., MCulloch v. Maryland amisa amagunya asikiselweyo. Uhulumeni ufinyelela kuzo zonke izindawo ezingu-50, amazwe, nohulumeni, futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo walokho okudinga izindinganiso zesizwe noma ukuhlanganisana.

Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

  • Ukulawula isifundazwe nezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke [ - Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukuhwebelana namazwe angaphandle, nomthetho wokuthumela, ukuxhumana ngeminyaka, kanye nezimakethe zezimali. ICommerce Classiale ibingumthombo oyinhloko wegunya likahulumeni.
  • ihlola ukuzivikela kwesizwe nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe [ - Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, uxoxa ngezivumelwano, umisa amanxusa, futhi umelela isizwe ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene.
  • Ihlanganisa imithetho yokufuduka neyokwemvelo – Kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni ongamisa imithetho yokuthi ubani ongase angene ezweni, abe isakhamuzi, noma axoshwe. Izwe lingabambisana kodwa lingakwazi ukusungula imibuso yalo siqu yokufuduka.
  • Ukuhlanganisa imali nokuqondisa imali – iMint yase-U.S. ikhiqiza izinhlamvu zemali, iBureau of Engraving ne-Implication ishicilela imali yephepha, neFederal Reserve ilawula isimiso semali.
  • Ifaka uhlawulo, imithetho yokugunyaza, kanye nemithetho esemthethweni -Imithetho kahulumeni ka-FULT kulezizindawo ivimbela umsebenzi ovaliweyo wezimiso zikahulumeni ezithiya ezentengiselwano zesizwe.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

  • Ukunikeza ukulondeka kwesizwe – Nge-Department of Defense, Homeland Security, nezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, uhulumeni kahulumeni uvikela ekusongelwani kwamanye amazwe nasekhaya.
  • Ukwamukela imithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni - izinhlangano zeFederal (umz., EPA, FDA, OSHA) zenza futhi ziphoqelele imithetho edluliswa yimithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.
  • Isho izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinjenge-Social Security - - Uhulumeni wezwe uphethe izinhlelo ezinkulu ezihlanganisa i-Social Security, iMedicare, kanye nezinzuzo zomuntu onokuhlangenwe nakho, ezidinga ukuphatha izwe.
  • Ukuhlanganisa izinxulumano zakwamanye amazwe – UMnyango woMbuso ulawula iziphakamiso, iziphathi, kanye nobudlelwane bobuzwe, kuyilapho umongameli esebenza njengommeli omkhulu.
  • Ukulondoloza isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni [ - izinkantolo zeFederal zichaza imithetho kahulumeni noMthetho-sisekelo, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa imigqa kahulumeni noma ezihilela imibuzo kahulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali cishe kuyikota eyodwa ye-GDP yase-U.S., okubonisa izinga lemithwalo yayo yemfanelo. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngendlela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. owabela ngayo imibuso kahulumeni, vakashela i- Constitution Annoted[ enikezwa i-Library of Congress.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso

Ohulumeni boMbuso e-United States kanye nezinye izimiso zikahulumeni zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lomthetho-sisekelo wabo siqu, ongase unikeze amandla engeziwe angaphaya kwalawo agcinelwe imibuso iSichibiyelo seshumi. Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezingaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokusobala, kuhlanganise nemibuso yamaphoyisa − ikhono lokulawula impilo, ukulondeka, kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi. Basebenza futhi njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, ukuzama izinqubo ezingase zenziwe kamuva ezingeni lesizwe.

Amandla Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

  • [ Iqondisa izimiso zemfundo[ – i- States ihlela izilinganiso zezifundo, izimfuneko zothisha, nezimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu. Izigodi zendawo zisebenzisa lezi zimiso, kodwa zilawula ukusekela nokuhlola.
  • isisekelo sesimiso sikahulumeni - i- States yakha futhi ilondoloze imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho, amatheku, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi, ngokuvamile ngemali kahulumeni kodwa ngaphansi kwegunya.
  • Ukubona impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha - iminyango yezempilo kaHulumeni izibhedlela zemvume, izitolo zokudlela, nokulawula ukuqapha izifo. Amaphoyisa kahulumeni aphoqelela imithetho yomgwaqo futhi ahlole ubugebengu.
  • Imisa imithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni - Amazwe amisa imithetho engokomthetho ekwahluleleni kobugebengu, impahla, izivumelwano, umthetho womkhaya, nomsebenzi. Akha futhi izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile nemisebenzi ecacile.
  • Ukhetho lwezinga likahulumeni – i- States ihlela izinqubo zokuvota, idweba izigodi zezishayamthetho, futhi i-statific yemiphumela yamahhovisi kazwelonke nombuso (ngokuzithoba ekuqondiseni kukahulumeni).

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wombuso

  • [ Ihlela imithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni [ - Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zikhipha imithetho edluliswa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, kusukela ekuqoqweni kwentela kuya ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile.
  • Ukuveza izinkonzo zomphakathi ezinjengokuthutha nokwelapha impilo – i-United States iphethe amayunivesithi, iphethe izinhlelo ze-Medicaid, i-pacrate kahulumeni, futhi iphatha umshuwalense wokungasebenzi.
  • Ukukhokha izintela zikahulumeni – Ukukhokha izintela, izintela zokuthengisa, izintela zenkampani, nokukhipha imisebenzi yentela yombuso. Amazwe futhi aqondisa ukuqoqwa kwentela yendawo.
  • Ukhetho olugunyazayo - amabhodi okukhetha kaHulumeni abhalisa abavoti, asakaze amabhola, futhi aqondise izindawo zokuvota. Ngo-2020, amazwe ahlanganisa amabhola ayizigidi ezingu-158.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nohulumeni bendawo [ - iUnited States inikeza amashadi emadolobheni nasezindaweni ezibalwayo, imingcele, futhi inikeza usizo lwezezimali nolwezobuchwepheshe emisebenzini yendawo.

Ohulumeni boMbuso baye basebenza ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni lapho isenzo sikahulumeni siye savala khona. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe amaningi aye adlulisa imithetho yawo siqu yemininingwane eyimfihlo, ukwanda kweholo elinciphileyo, kanye nemithetho yamandla ehlanzekile. I-National Conference of State Legislatures inikeza ukucubungula okucubungulayo kwemibuso kahulumeni nezimiso zezimiso.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo basondelene kakhulu nohulumeni kubantu. Bayindalo kahulumeni, hhayi izinhlangano ezizimele, futhi imibuso yabo isuka kumthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, imithetho, nakumthetho-mthetho. Ohulumeni bendawo bavela ngezindlela eziningi: izibalo, amadolobha, amadolobhana, izifunda, izifunda, nezifunda ezikhethekile (isib., izikhulu zamanzi, izigodi zomlilo). Imithwalo yabo igxile ezidingweni eziseduze zomphakathi, kusukela ezitaladinini kuya ezikhungweni zendleni zokukhucululwa kwendleko.

Amandla Kahulumeni Wendawo

  • [[[NT:0] Ukulawula imithetho yendawo kanye nendawo kusetshenziswa[ - Amabhodi okuhlela endawo anquma ukuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani impahla(izentengiselwano, ezentengiselwano, izimboni" futhi ivumele imvume yokwakha.
  • [ ukugunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo nezinkonzo zokucima umlilo - iminyango yamaphoyisa kaMasipala imisa imithetho yombuso yendawo; iminyango yomlilo inikeza ukusabela okuphuthumayo nokuvinjelwa komlilo.
  • [ Ukuveza imfundo yomphakathi yendawo – amabhodi esikole abusa iK-ne12, abaqashi, futhi ahlele uhlelo lwemali phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni.
  • Ukulondoloza amapaki omphakathi nokuzilibazisa - - Ohulumeni bendawo baphethe imidlalo, amasimu ezemidlalo, izikhungo zomphakathi, nemitapo yezincwadi.
  • Ukukhipha amalayisense nemvume yokusebenza kweposi [ – Amabhizinisi, abanikazi bezilwane, nabathuthukisi bavame ukudinga amalayisense endawo okusebenza noma ukwakha.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Wendawo

  • [ Ukugcina imithetho nezimiso zendawo [ - Imithetho ekhuluma ngomsindo, ipali, udoti, kanye nokulawula izilwane iphoqelelwa endaweni.
  • [ Isho izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezinjengokuphatha udoti - Iqoqo lemfucumfucu, ukuvuselelwa kwemfucumfucu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendle kuvame ukusingathwa iminyango yemisebenzi yomphakathi yendawo.
  • Ihlanganisa ukhetho lwendawo - izikhulu zokhetho zendawo zengamela izinhlanga zikamasipala, izilinganiso ze-bolot, nokhetho olukhethekile lwesifunda.
  • [ ufaka amalungu omphakathi afuna ukunikeza impendulo [ - Amahholo eTown, amabhodi okunikeza izinkulumo, nezikhathi zokukhulumela komphakathi kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithonye izinqumo zendawo.
  • Izintela zempahla kanye nezimali zendawo – intela yempahla iwumthombo oyinhloko wenzuzo yohulumeni bendawo; izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali zithinta izikole, amaphoyisa, nemigwaqo.

Izinhlobonhlobo zohulumeni bendawo ziyamangalisa. I-Census Bureau yase-U.S. iveza amaqembu kahulumeni asendaweni angaphezu kuka-90 000, ngalinye elinezinselele zalo siqu nezokuphatha. Ukuze lingene kakhulu ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni wendawo nasemikhubeni emihle kakhulu, iNhlangano yesizwe yaseCity[[FLT:] inikeza imithombo nokucwaninga.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwezikhundla Zikahulumeni

Alukho izinga likahulumeni elisebenza ngokuzihlukanisa. Bahlanganyela amagunya, imithombo yezimali, nemithwalo yemfanelo ngeminye imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yobudlelwane bohulumeni. Lokhu kubambisana kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “umbuso wezwe” ngenxa yendima enkulu yemiphako nezimali ezihlanganyelwayo. Ohulumeni bahlela izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa imingcele yemingcele, njengokuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukusabela ngenhlekelele, nokuthutha. Nokho, ubudlelwane abuvumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi; izingxabano ngombuso, ngokuxhasa imali, nangemibandela ehlukene.

IFederalism Nezimemezelo ZaseFinland

Uhulumeni unikeza amakhulu ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ukuze anqume futhi anikeze ohulumeni bendawo ngezipho ezingenisa izimali. Lezi zibonelelo zivela ngezinhlobo ezimbili: izimali eziphelele (nezimo eziqinile) kanye nezithiyo (ngokuvumelana nezimo). Ngokwesibonelo, uMedicaid uyimvume ephelele edinga izimali ezihambelanayo. Izikweletu zezezimali zezezimali zivame ukuhambisa imali ngeminyango yezokuhamba yezwe emikhankasweni yendawo. Ngokungakhomba, zidlulisela imali ethile ezindaweni nasemadolobhaneni. Lokhu kugeleza kwemali kudala i-[6] Ohulumeni bendawo bancike kuhulumeni bakhona nakusizo olubalulekile lwemali yabo yemali, kanti izikwelensiza ezisemthethweni zezentengo yezentengo yezempilo nemfundo.

Ukukhandleka Ekuqondiseni Izinkinga

Izinhlekelele ezinjengeziphepho, imililo eshayo, nemiqedazwe zidinga izandla zonke. Uhulumeni uhola nge-FEMA, uphawula ukuthi izinhlangano zawo zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo zisebenza ngamandla, futhi abaphendula kuqala bendawo bakhona basemhlabeni. Lesi sici sihlangene kuyi-National Reformation Framework kanye ne-Stafford Act. ISiphepho iHarvey ngo 2017, uhulumeni, iziphathimandla zendawo, zixhumanisa abathuthi, ukusesha, ukuphenya, nezindlu zesikhashana. Ngokufanayo, umqedazwe we-CHOVAID wabona izimali zezezokusakaza umjovolo, iziyalezo zempilo yomphakathi, kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi zendawo.

Izinyathelo Zokuqondisa Nokuqondisa Okuhlanganyelwayo

  • Imfundo - i-guvernel All Success Act imisa imigomo ebanzi, kodwa isho ukuklama ukulandisa nezifunda zendawo eziphethe izikole.
  • [[[NT.0] Umthetho we-Environry – i-EPA ikhipha izindinganiso zesizwe, kodwa izifunda zingasebenzisa amapulani azo omoya ahlanzekile (ngokuvunyelwa kwe-EPA) njengoba kwenza abaningi ngaphansi koMthetho wo-Deocle Air Act.
  • [ Ukuxhasa imali engaphezulu [ – Intela yegesi kahulumeni isekela iHighway Trust Fund; izifundazwe nezindawo zihambelana nezimali futhi zinqume ukuthi yimaphi amaprojekthi okubeka phambili.
  • Impilo ye-Public – Phakathi nenkinga ye-opioid, izinhlelo zombuso zokwelapha ezixhaswe ngezimali, isho izinhlelo zokuhlola imithi kadokotela, futhi iminyango yezempilo yendawo yenza imikhankaso yokuvimbela.

Izinselele Nokucindezeleka Embusweni Ophakeme

Nakuba ukubambisana kohulumeni kubalulekile, kubangela futhi ukungezwani. ." uma izinga eliphakeme likahulumeni lidlula imithetho ephansi kakhulu," kuyisici esivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu ziye zamisa imithetho enqabela ohulumeni bendawo ukubeka iholo eliphansi kunesilinganiso sikahulumeni, ziphikisa ngokuthi amabhizinisi anezinga elifanayo asizayo. Ngokuphambene, uhulumeni wezwe ungenza imithetho kahulumeni efana nemithetho yezezokufuduka noma yendawo ezungezile ibhucundezekile, ibhebhethe ukumangaza.

Ukusebenzisa Igebe Nokusebenzisa Imali

Ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile babhekene “nemithetho engagunyaziwe” [1] Izivumelwano ezigunyazwe umthetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezimali. Isibonelo esivamile yimisebenzi yemfundo ekhethekile ngaphansi komthetho wezemfundo owenziwe ngabantu ngabanye okhubazekile (i-IDEA), lowo uMkhandlu othembise ukuxhasa izindleko ezingamaphesenti angu-40 kodwa oye wahluleka njalo. Ngokufanayo, amazwe angafuna ukuba izifunda zesikole zihlangabezane nezikhawu zokuhlola ngaphandle kokunikeza imithombo eyengeziwe. Le mithetho ingacindezela izimali zezindawo nokuhweba phakathi kwezinkonzo.

Ukulahla Icala Nxazonke Nokuphoqeleka

Uma kunezilinganiso eziningi zikahulumeni ohilelekile endaweni efanayo, kungavela izinga lokungahambisani nenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili uhulumeni nombuso iNkingo yokuvikela i-APrestus ilawula izinga lamanzi; ukuhlola nokubhala kungaphindisa amabhizinisi. Ekwahluleleni kobugebengu, abashushisi bezwe nohulumeni bangase babe negunya lobugebengu obufanayo bokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, okuholela ekumangalelweni “kombuso owenziwe ngombuso” okuphakamisa imibuzo ngezingozi ezimbili.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Ukungafani kwamaqembu ezombangazwe alawula amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni kungaholela ezimpini. Umbuso unganqaba ukusebenzisa inkambiso kahulumeni, noma uhulumeni wendawo “ungamelana” nomthetho wezwe wokufuduka. Lezizimpi zigcina zisenkantolo, zidala ukungaqiniseki futhi zithathe isinyathelo esithatha isikhathi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yangenela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze ichaze imingcele kahulumeni, umbuso, namandla endawo, iveza iqoqo lomthetho ozinzayo nesizukulwane ngasinye.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bezwe, bezwe, nezindawo abasebenza ngayo. Kodwa indlela abasebenza ngayo ibalulekile ukuze babe nesabelo sobuzwe. Izinga ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile edinga ukuhlelwa nokumiswa ngokulandelana okungaguquguquki. Lokhu kulawula kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba ibhekane nezidingo zendawo kuyilapho isazuza ngokungcono embusweni wesizwe nasemalini. Kodwa isimiso asiyona inselele: ukuxhasa izikhala, izimpi zokulwa, nokuzikhulula, kanye nokuzinza okudinga ukuvumelana okungapheli. Ngokufunda lezi zinqubo, abafundi nothisha bangasebenzisa kangcono ukuqina kokulawula, ukusekela izithakazelo zabo, ukusekela ngokuphumelela kwentando yezwe, futhi sinikela inzuzo eyengeziwe yentando yentando yentando yezwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvota ebhodini yesikoleni lokuvota noma ubhala ilungu lesikole, isilinganiso sokuqaphela isigaba sombuso wamandla kahulumeni.