Isingeniso: Indima Eyinhloko Yamandla Alawulayo Ekuhlaseleni Imali Ngemali

Imithetho elwa nemali ekhonzwayo (AML) yakha umgogodla wokuvikela kwesizwe ekuphathweni kwezimali. Esisekelweni salesisekelo esingokomthetho amandla omthetho wokulungisa i-’ amandla okusebenza, ukumisa, nokulungisa imithetho echaza imisebenzi engekho emthethweni, ijekethiso, izinhlangano ezimisa izijeziso, nokuqondisa. Ngaphandle kwegunya eliqinile lokulawula imithetho, imizamo yokuvimbela, nokubeka imali ngaphansi kwemithetho ngeke ikwazi ukubopha amandla abophekayo nokungaguquguquki. Imithetho ayizona izilaleli ezigcupheli; iklama ngenkuthalo indawo engokomthetho lapho izinhlangano zezezimali, izindikimba ezilawulayo, nokusebenza komthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola amandla ahlukahlukene abekwe umthetho ukuze kugcinwe imithetho esemthethweni esemthethweni, okusetshenziswa kuyo, imisebenzi ehambisana nemithwalo ehambisana nokuqondisa imibandela.

Isimiso Somthetho Sokuhlawulisa Imali

Indlu yomthetho imisa izakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezimisa ukukhokhwa kwemali etholakele ngokungemthetho futhi ikhiphe izinyathelo zokulwa nayo. Lesi sici sihlanganisa umthetho omkhulu we-AML, iziqondiso, nezindlela zokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Eziningi, isishaya-mthetho sichaza imali njengenqubo yokufihla imvelaphi yemali etholakale ngokungemthetho, ngokuvamile ngochungechunge lwezentengiselwano ezenza imali ibonakale isemthethweni. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukufakwa (ukwenza izimali ezingekho emthethweni zingene esimisweni sezezimali), ukuhlanganisa (ibhizinisi eliyinkimbinkimbi lokufiphaza umzila), kanye nokuhlanganisa (ukuguqula imali ehlanzwa ngokusemthethweni ibonakale isemthethweni njengezinto ezisemthethweni).

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zesimiso

Izigebengu zinikeza imithetho ethi:

  • Ubugebengu obuyihaba buphanga imali futhi buyiphawu (njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukonakala, ukukhwabanisa nokubalekela intela).
  • Misa izimfuneko ezifanele zekhasimende eliyisibopho (CDD) ezikoleni zezimali nasemabhizinisini angekhona okudla kanye nemisebenzi emisiwe (DNFBPs).
  • Kudingeka kubikwe ibhizinisi lokusola umuntu othile, ngokuvamile okuyiqembu elihlakaniphile ngokwezimali (FIU).
  • Ukusebenzisa Izimiso Zakho Zomthetho (KYC), kuhlanganise nokuqiniseka ukuthi ungubani nokugada okuqhubekayo.
  • Beka izijeziso zokwephulwa, ezingase zihlanganise imali ehhoxisiwe, ukulahlekelwa, ukuboshwa, nokungalingani kwabaphathi abakhulu.
  • Yenza noma umise izinhlangano ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza nge - AML, njenge - FIUs, izindikimba eziphethe, nezinhlangano ezikhethekile ezisebenza ngomthetho.
  • Nikeza igunya elingokomthetho lokusizana ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke, ukugunyazwa, nokululama kwempahla.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Congress yamisa i-Bank Inshorect (BSA) Act ngo-1970, kamuva yaqiniswa yi-USA PARIOTT Act ne-Anti - Mali Laundering Act ka-2020. Ngokufanayo, i-European Union ne-Council iye yamukela uchungechunge lwe-AML Directives (iwukube i-Sixth AML Diredirect) ilungu eliyidluliselayo i-Propose emthethweni wesizwe. Lezizenzo zomthetho zibonisa indlela isisekelo se-accompation ebekwa ngayo isisekelo se-AMLLS esihlelweni sezimiso zezimali zonke.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva Asebenza: Ukugunyaza Nokunika Amandla

Amandla ondlu yomthetho okuphoqelela imithetho ye - AML awagcini ekuchazeni ubugebengu.

Ukubeka Isibopho Esifanele Nesokubika

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okulawula imithetho liyimfuneko yokuba izinhlangano zezimali nezinye izinhlangano ezimbozweyo zisebenzise ukuzikhandla okulinganiselwe okumelwe kubekwe engozini. Imithetho inganikeza izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokuhlukanisa abathengi, ukuqonda izimali zabo, nokuqondisa ukuhwebelana ngemisebenzi engavamile. Kubathengi abaphezulu, njengabantu abachayeke kakhulu ngokwezombangazwe (i-PEP) noma izinhlangano ezisezikhundleni eziphethe ngemishini ephansi elawula i-AML, zingagunyazwa ngokuqhubekayo. Indlu yomthetho ingacindezela futhi izikhulu zokubika intengo ezisolayo ku-FIU, ngokuvamile nge-frealm eqinile futhi ngesivikelo esingokomthetho sokukhuthaza ukuthobela i-AMLML.

Ukumisa Izinhlangano Nemithombo Yengcebo Ehlukahlukene

Igatsha eliphethe ligunyazwe ukuba lakhe futhi lifake izinkampani zezezimali. Amagunya ahlela izimali, avumele amazinga ezisebenzi, futhi amise ubukhosi namandla ezinhlangano ezinjengezezezimali ze-Financial Crimes Enforcement Networket (FinCEN) e-U.S., i-Nacional Intelligence Union (FIU) emazweni amaningi, kanye ne-Ofesi ye-Cherbery Office (SFO) e-UK. Indlu yomthetho inganikeza futhi lezi zikhundla ukuba zinikeze izinhlangano i-Speancena, imithombo yezentengiselwano, futhi zihlanganyele ukwaziswa nokwaziswa nolunye uhlobo ngaphandle kwemvume yokuvinyanisa umthetho, lawo mandla ayobe engena sisekelo esingokomthetho.

Ukuhlela Imali Nezindleko

Izijeziso zinquma ubukhulu besijeziso sokungatholi mali emacaleni , kokubili ezinhlanganweni ezizimele nezinkampani. Lezizijeziso zisebenza njengendlela yokuvimbela futhi njengendlela yokuphindisela. Zingahlanganisa amafa amakhulu obugebengu, izijeziso zemali, ukulahlekelwa kwempahla ethathwe noma esetshenziswe emalini ekhokhweni, nokuboshwa kusukela eminyakeni eminingi kuya kwemijekelezo yokuphila, kuye ngokwesilinganiso sobugebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izishayamthetho zingagunyaza abalawuli ukuba basuse amalayisensi, izijezo zemali kubantu ngabanye abasebenza ezikhwameni zezimali, futhi zikhiphe izijeziso zemali ezingokomthetho kahulumeni. Amandla okukhipha izijeziso avumela ukuba ijezo ezingokomthetho zithumele uphawu olucacile mayelana nokungathi necala kwemali.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini: Ukusuka Ekubekeni Imithetho Kuya Esimweni

La mandla ahlanganisa umthetho nezincwadi nokuthathelwa inzuzo engekho emthethweni.

Amaqoqo okuhlakanipha kwezezimali (FIUs)

I-FIUs iyizinhlonhlo eziyinhloko zanoma isiphi isimiso sokuqinisekisa amaphoyisa. Isishaya-mthetho sichaza isikhundla saso esingokomthetho, ilungelo laso lokwamukela imibiko yezohwebo esolekayo (i-STRS), negunya laso lokuhlaziya nokusakaza ukuhlakanipha komthetho. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, i-FIUs futhi inamandla okuhlanganyela ulwazi ne-FIUs yangaphandle ngaphansi kolwazi (i-Mouns) noma i-astructory yezivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezinjenge-Egmont Groult. I-Graclatures ingafaka izibo zokubika izinhlangano ukuze ziphendule izicelo ze-FIU ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokwehliswa Komthetho

Lapho iphuzu selitholakele, izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho ezigunyaziwe zemvume yomthetho zingahlola, zifeze imvume yokusesha, zibophe, futhi zithathe impahla. Indlu yomthetho inquma imithetho yobufakazi, umthwalo wobufakazi, kanye nezivikelo zokuvikela ezilawula ukuphenywa nokuqulwa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukumangalelwa kwemali kudinga ubufakazi bokuthi ummangalelwa wamangalelwa wazenza ngokusemthethweni intengo ehambisana nemali ewumphumela womsebenzi othile ongekho emthethweni.

Ukuhlinzwa Nokululama

Ukulahlekelwa kuyisithiyo esinamandla kanye nendlela yokususa imiphumela yobugebengu. Ama-graislature ngokuvamile agunyaza izinhlobo ezimbili: ukulahlwa kwezephulamthetho (njengengxenye yesigwebo sobugebengu) nokulahlwa kwemithetho yomphakathi (ngokumelene nempahla ngokwayo). Indlu yomthetho imisa futhi izindinganiso zokulahlekelwa − idinga ukukholeliswa kwecala noma ingaqhubeka ngokulandela ubufakazi obugciniwe bemali elahlekile, futhi ivame ukuziqondisa ekubekeni umthetho noma izinhlelo zembuyiselo. Izinguquko zamuva zemithetho yemithetho emazweni amaningana ziye zafuna ukuvinjelwa ngokuqinelwa kokuxhashazwa lapho kugcinwa ukusebenza kwethuluzi.

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphangwa kwemali ngokuvamile kunqamule imingcele, izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zinikeze futhi isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa imithetho evumela ukusizana ngokomthetho (MLA) ezindabeni zobugebengu, ukukhishwa kwababaleki, nokuqashelwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezokwephula umthetho kwamanye amazwe. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi ziye zafaka ukutuswa kwe-FiUs ye-Infacial Active Task Force (FATFF) emthethweni wesizwe, ziqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezindinganiso zembulunga yonke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-FATF SOUS 29 i-S ingcingo yokumiswa kweFATF, kanye nokumiswa kwemithetho e-RTFFFF kufaka imithetho engokomthetho ngokuvumelanayo.

Ukuqondisa Okungokomthetho: Ukulandisa Nokuphumelela

Ukuthatha imithetho ye-AML kumane kuyisiqalo. Imithetho futhi iqondisa izindikimba ezimisayo. Lokhu kuqondisa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlongozwa ngayo, ukuthi imithombo isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, futhi kubhekiswe ekusongelani okuvelayo.

Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Nokubukezwa Kwekomiti

Amakomiti ePhalamende noma amanxusa aphethe ubugebengu obungokwezimali ahlala equngatha izikhalo lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zifaka khona ubufakazi ngemisebenzi yokuphoqelelwa kwamaphoyisa, izinselele, nezidingo zezimpahla. La makhambi angaholela ekutuseni ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezikhushuliwe, noma izinguquko ezingokwenqubo yezinhlangano.

Imikhankaso Nokuhlola

Imithetho ingadinga futhi ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo noma ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo ze-AML. Amahhovisi okulandisa kahulumeni (njenge-Ofisi yokulandisa kaHulumeni wase-U.S.) aqhuba izifundo zokuphumelela kwamandla e-AML, ukukhokhwa kwemithombo yezimali, kanye nezinga lomphakathi ozibopha ngalo izibopho zokuhlangabezana. Lemibiko yazisa isenzo somthetho-mthetho esikhathini esizayo.

Imithetho Engantengantengi Yokuvala Amagebe

Ukugada ngokuvamile kwembula amagebe noma ubuthakathaka emithethweni ekhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuvuza kwamaPanama kanye namanye ama-data, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zalungisa imithetho yazo ye-AML ukuze zifune ukuba ngcono kokuzilawula. Kusho ukuthi abantu beqiniso abanezinkampani zamagobolondo kumelwe babonwe. Ngokufanayo, ukunyuka kwempahla engokoqobo eholwa ukuba ihlanganise imithetho yokuhlanganisa ukubhalisana okungaqondakali njengezinto ezikhona. Umthetho olawulayo wokulungisa nokuzilungisa ubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ama-AMLL ekhona.

Izinselele Nokucabangela Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

Nakuba amandla okushaya imithetho esabekayo, awanakho ukuvimbela nokuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphoqelelwa Nokuba Wedwa Namalungelo Abantu

Imithetho ye-AML idinga ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okungenaluzwela − njengokuqinisekiswa kwemininingwane yekhasimende, ukugcinwa kwezohwebo, nokugcinwa kwerekhodi − okungaphikisana namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Imithetho yemithetho kumelwe ilinganisele phakathi kokuphoqelelwa okuphumelelayo nenhlonipho ngenkululeko yomphakathi. Izimiso ezingokomthetho njenge-General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) e-European Union ibeka imikhawulo ekulungiseni ulwazi, ifuna ukuba imithetho ye-AML ibe ne-asclective proces. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zahlasela izinhlelo ze-AML, zigcizelela isidingo sokulungisa ngokucophelela i-R.

Ukuvumelana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Negebe Lokulahlwa Kwecala

Ababambi bemali basebenzisa umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho. Izigebengu azikwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezixhuzulwayo kamuva; kumelwe bavumelane ngezivumelwano, usizo olungokomthetho, nokuvumelana nezindinganiso zeFATF. Nokho, amanye ama-oversi ahlala engaqali, avumela izikhungo eziphephile zemali engekho emthethweni. Isenzo somthetho kwelinye izwe silinganiselwe ngaphandle kwemizamo efanayo kwenye indawo. Uhlu lweFATF lwezintambo eziphezulu ze-risk kanye nemithetho engekhona engqungqungqutheleni luqokomisa lapho izikhala eziyingozi kakhulu khona.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezindlela Ezintsha Zezezimali (I - fintech Ne - crypto)

Ukusungulwa ngokushesha kwezezimali kwezezimali − ngokwezimo ezihloniphekile, izimali (DeFi), imishini yokukhokha engaziwa, kanye nezimiso zokukhokha ezingaziwa − kuveza izinselele ezinkulu. Imithetho kumelwe iqonde le mithetho yobuchwepheshe ekuhleleni imithetho ephumelelayo engaphikisi ukusungulwa kwemithetho. Ezinye izifunda-zwe ziye zadlulisa imithetho enikezelwe yemali ewusizo, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zaguqula imithetho ekhona ye-AML. Ngokwesibonelo, i-European Union’s MiCA command kunye neziqondiso zomthetho womthetho wokuhamba kudinga abaxhasi benkonzo abaqoqi nokuhlanganisa ulwazi oluthengiselelwe. I-gastislastry kumelwe iqhubeke ithuthukisa ulwazi lwazo kanye nokusabela kwazo ngokobuchwepheshe.

Izindleko Zokubambisana Nethonya Lezomnotho

Ukulalela i-AML kubangela izindleko ezinkulu ezinhlanganweni zezimali, ezidluliselwa kubathengi futhi ezingathinta ukuncintisana. Imithetho kumelwe icabangele ukuthi umthwalo ohambisana nemithetho ulingana yini nengozi nokuthi uthinta izinhlangano ezincane noma izimboni ezintsha. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zasungula izimfuneko ezigciniwe noma ukukhulula amabhizinisi amancane. Ukukhipha izindleko zokuhweba okungakhiqizwa izindleko kuyinselele eqhubekayo yemithetho yenkolo.

Intando Yezombangazwe Nokonakala

Ukuphoqelela okuphumelelayo kudinga ukumiswa kwemithetho yezombangazwe. Emazweni lapho inkohlakalo igcwele khona, izishaya-mthetho zingantula ukuzibusa noma isisusa sokushaya imithetho eqinile ye-AML noma ukwengamela izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa. Ukucindezela kwezizwe zonke, njengokuhlolwa kontanga, kungasiza ekuqhubeni inguquko yemithetho yemithetho, kodwa isibopho sasekhaya sibalulekile. Ama-gastislature kumelwe futhi aqaphele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemibuso ye-AML yezombangazwe, eye yabhalwa kwezinye izifundazwe.

Isidingo Sokuvuselelwa Kwemithetho Eqhubekayo

Izindlela zokuthumba imali zishintsha njalo, ziqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Izimo zomthetho azikwazi ukugxila ekufezekeni kwesikhathi esidlule. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho njalo kuyadingeka ukuze kuvalwe izikhala, kuhlanganiswe izindinganiso ezintsha zezizwe, futhi kukhulunywe ngezinsongo ezivelayo njengokusebenzisa imali efakwa ebhizinisini, ukusetshenziswa okungekho emthethweni kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho okufana nokuthenjelwa kanye nesisekelo. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi manje zidinga ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwemithetho yabo ye-AML (ngokomzekelo), njalo eminyakeni emihlanu ukuveza nokuthuthukisa.

Ushintsho olungokomthetho lubuye luphendule futhi emahlazweni amakhulu. Ihlazo le-1MDB eMalaysia, i-Danske Bank imageon ehlahla e-Estonia, kanye ne-Odebrecht yokufumbathisa e-Latin America konke kwabangela ukuba kufuneke ukubuzwa nge-agnomential kanye nezinguquko ezingokomthetho ezalandela. Ikhono lokufunda ngokwehluleka nokulungisa imithetho ngokushesha liyisibonakaliso sesimiso esivuthiwe semithetho.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Emithetho

Amandla esishaya umthetho okuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho emelene nokuthuthwa kwemali alokhu ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ubuqotho obungokwezimali, ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu, nasekulondolozeni umnotho wezwe nowembulunga yonke. Ngegunya lawo lokuchaza ubugebengu, ukuthobela, ukugunyaza izinhlangano ezinika amandla, ukunikeza imithombo yezimali, nokuqondisa, isishaya-mthetho uhlala esiqongweni se-AML sisebenza. Nokho, leligunya liza nemithwalo yemfanelo: ukulinganisela ukugcinwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, ukubambisana ngokuphumelelayo, ukujwayela ekushintsheni ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngokulunga nangokuphumelela. Njengoba izimiso zezimali ziqhubeka ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izishaya umthetho kumelwe zihlale ziqashe, zisebenza, futhi zisabela. Isibopho semithetho kuphela singabhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokubekwa umthetho wezezimali, nokusetshenziswa ngomthetho osekelwayo kwezentengo

Imithombo yangaphandle yokufunda okwengeziwe: