Table of Contents

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumelela enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu iplanethi yethu namuhla, futhi i State Atttorney General iye yavela njengabameleli abanamandla bezomthetho ekulweni ukusingatha imiphumela yayo. Labaphathi abaphethe umthetho bezifundazwe zabo basebenzisa igunya eliqinile lokuqalisa ukumangalela, ukuphoqelela iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, futhi ifaka kokubili izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ezizimele ezilandisa ngezenzo ezibangela ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile. Ngemizamo yezomthetho kanye nokubambisana, i State Attorney General ilungisa isimo sezesimo sezulu nezimiso zemvelo eUnited States.

Ukuqonda Igunya Lezikhungo Zombuso Eziyinhloko Ezimweni Ezizungezile

I-State Attorney General iye yaguqukela ekubeni abadlali bezimiso ababalulekile eminyakeni engu-20 edlule ezimpikiswaneni ezihlanganisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isebenza njengommeli omkhulu wezwe lawo onegunya lokumisa umthetho futhi isungule amasuntswana ngenxa kahulumeni. Lesisimo esiyingqayizivele sibanikeza ukuma okungokomthetho ukuze baphishekele amacala endawo ezungezile angathinta kakhulu isimiso sezulu kuwo womabili amazinga ezwe namazwe.

Indima kaHulumeni u-Attorney udlulela ngalé kokugcinwa komthetho. Bangaphishekela izenzo ezisekela umsebenzi kahulumeni, futhi bagcwalisa izikhala ezishiywe yizimiso zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuvikela indawo ezungezile ngenxa yezakhamuzi zabo uma uhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke engeke. Lo msebenzi wokugcwalisa igebe ube baluleke kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi lapho isivikelo sezemvelo sikahulumeni sincitshiswa noma sigoqwa.

Isifundazwe i-Attorney General sisebenza ekubekeni izinkampani zikawoyela negesi zinecala lokulimala kwezinkampani ezihlangene nezinto ezivundlile zelahleko, omunye umsebenzi ohlanganisa ukugcwalisa igebe. Igunya labo lihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemikhakha eminingi engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa kwemithetho yokuzivikela kahulumeni, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, izishozo zomphakathi ezicasulayo, nemibono eyingozi. Lendlela ehlukahlukene ivumela ukubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezinhlangothini ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho, ikhulisa amathuba emiphumela ephumelelayo.

Izingxabano Ezinkulu Zesimo Sezulu Nezimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho

Isifundazwe u-Attorney General sisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho emizamweni yazo yokushintsha isimo sezulu. Lezi zindlela ziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba izinkantolo ziye zanquma izici ezihlukahlukene zezesimo sezulu nanjengoba ubufakazi obusha buye bavela ngokuphathelene nolwazi lwezinhlangano ngolwazi lwemiphumela yesimo sezulu.

Isivikelo Sezimpahla Nemikhuba Yezohwebo Ekhohlisayo

Enye yemibono evelele kakhulu engokomthetho esetshenziswa yi State Attorney General ihlanganisa imithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Izinkantolo zithole ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zifuna ukukhohliswa kwabathengi ngokwemithetho esemthethweni ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Minnesota Exephects Trade Trade Act ne-Minnesota Exod Express in Adting Act. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani zamafutha amathambo asebenza emashumini eminyaka ezibhikishini zokukhohlisa ngemiphumela yesimo sezulu yemikhiqizo yazo.

Indlela yokuvikela abathengi igxila ezithebeni zokuthi izinkampani zidukisa umphakathi ngezikhangiso nangezinkulumo zomphakathi. Izikhalo zigomela ngokuthi nakuba izinkampani ziye zazi kusukela kuma-1960 ukuthi ukushiswa kwamandla avubukula kungafudumeza iplanethi futhi kushintshe isimo sezulu, ziphike noma zilulaze ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu somphakathi. Lenkolelo engokomthetho iye yaphumelela kakhulu ngoba isekelwe emithethweni evikelwe kahle yabathengi ekhona cishe kuwo wonke amazwe.

Inkululeko Yomphakathi Nemikhiqizo Kusho Ukuthi Kuyinkohliso

Ngaphandle kokuvikela abathengi, iState Attorney General iye yaphishekela izisho ezicasulayo zomphakathi nemibono yemikhiqizo eyingozi. Ikhononda ngokuthi, ngenxa yokwehluleka kwabamangalelwa ukuxwayisa ngezingozi zesimo sezulu ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yabo, izifunda ziye zalimala futhi zalimaza kakhulu, kuhlanganise nempahla kahulumeni, izisekelo zesisekelo, nemithombo yemvelo. Lokhu kuzama ukusungula ukuthi izinkampani zamandla ezinto zakudala zazinomsebenzi wokuxwayisa abathengi nabantu ngezingozi ezaziwayo zemikhiqizo yabo.

Inkolelo - mbono yomphakathi ecasulayo ithi ukukhuphulwa kwegesi ekhipha ugesi eshisayo kuwukuphazamisa okungenangqondo amalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuzinza kwesimo sezulu nendawo ezungezile enempilo.

Izinkinga Eziyinselele Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Somphakathi

I-State Attorney General ibuye ishiseke futhi ezenzweni ezibekela inselele zikahulumeni ezinciphisa isivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Izwe liye lahlanganyela ekumangalelweni okungavumelani nemizamo kahulumeni yokunciphisa izindinganiso zokuphumelela kwemishini ethile ngaphansi kwe-Energy Policy and Conservation Act. Le misebenzi yokuvikela ijonge ukulondoloza isivikelo sendawo ezungezile esikhona futhi ivimbele ukuphambuka kwentuthuko yesimo sezulu.

Imifelandawonye yamazwe amaningi iye yakhiwa ngokukhethekile ukuze ibeke inselele kumthetho kahulumeni olawulayo. Izinselele zemithetho kahulumeni ehlukene ziye zaphumela ezinqumweni ezidinga izinhlangano ukwenza noma iziphiwo ezidinga ukuba izenzo zingathinteki kakhulu endaweni ezungezile noma ziphikise izinkulumo zendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kunqoba kwemvelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kwendawo ezungezile kuhlala kuyingxenye yezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Izimpawu zezwe: Umholi wesimo sezulu saseCalifornia

ICalifornia iye yavela njengomholi esimweni sezulu esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni, ithatha isikhundla sayo njengendawo enkulu kakhulu yomnotho kahulumeni ukuba iphishekele ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho esinzima ezinkampanini ezinkulu zamandla angaphansi. Indlela kahulumeni iye yaba isibonelo kwezinye izifunda ezicabangela ukuhlaziywa okufanayo.

I - Big Oil Lawsuit

Ngo-September 2023, u-Attorney u-Rob Bonta u-California wamemezela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokumelene nowoyela negesi nezinkampani ezinhlanu ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni(Exxon Moonlil, Shell, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ne BP) ne-American Petroleum Institute ngokusho ukuthi ihileleke emkhankasweni wenkohliso nasekwakheni isimo sezulu esihlobene nokulimala okukhulu.

Njengoba kwakuqulwa icala, iCalifornia yaba indawo enkulu kakhulu yezwe futhi izomnotho ezinkulu kakhulu ukuba iyise izinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela enkantolo. Izinga lesenzo seCalifornia lathumela uphawu olunamandla kwezinye izifunda kanye nasembonini kaphethiloli yemivubukulo ukuthi ukulandisa isimo sezulu sekufinyelele izinga elisha lokungathi sína nokuyinkimbinkimbi.

Njengoba kuningiliziwe ekukhononeni, iCalifornia iye yachitha amashumi ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ukuze ivumelane nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi ilungise ukulimala kwesimo sezulu okuye kwabangela kuze kube manje, futhi umbuso kuyodingeka usebenzise inqwaba yalokho eminyakeni ezayo. Ukumangalelwa kuzama ukubuyisa lezindleko futhi kusungule izindlela zokubuyisela imbuyiselo eqhubekayo njengoba imiphumela yesimo sezulu iqhubeka inyuka.

Ukuzikhohlisa Nokukhohlisa Okuqhubekayo

Ikhambi leCalifornia liye lashintsha hhayi nje ukubhekana nokukhohlisa okungokomlando kodwa nezenzo eziqhubeka zokudukisa. Isikhalo esilungisiwe esibekwe eSan Francisco County Superior Court zihlanganisa ezinye izibonelo zokukhangisa kwamuva okungamanga kanye nokuziphatha kokugeza okuluhlaza kwezinkampani zikawoyela, sisho ukuthi izinkampani zahileleka emkhankasweni wezentengo othatha amashumi eminyaka ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kugxila emikhubeni yamanje kuqinisa icala ngokubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi akuyona nje umlando kodwa kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ngokuhlanganyela ekuhlobiseni "ngokuhlanzwa kweqhwa" − noma ngokukhohlisayo okuveza imikhiqizo yazo yamandla avubukulayo futhi ngokwazo ziveza imvelo noma isimo sezulu njengendawo ezungezile − lezizinkampani ziziveza ziyingxenye yekhambi lesimo sezulu kunokuba zibe imbangela eyinhloko yenkinga yesimo sezulu, ngokuphindaphinda ukuthi eminye imikhiqizo ihlanzekile ngokunokwenzeka ukudukisa abantu baseCalifornia. Lokhu kupheka okuluhlaza kunezela ububanzi besikhathi samanje ekukhankanyeni okuthintana nothengiswa kwezindawo ezizungezile.

Ukufuna Ukunganeliseki Ngenzuzo

Isikhalo esilungisiwe saseCalifornia sihlanganisa isicelo ngaphansi kwe AB 1366, esivumela u-Attorney General ukuba afune ukuncitshiswa kwenzuzo etholakala ngokuphula umthetho woMnciphiswano noMthetho wokukhangisa Kwamanga, ifuna abamangalelwa ukuba banikeze inzuzo ezuzwe ngokuziphatha okungekho emthethweni. Lelikhambi lidlulela ngalé kwemali ekhubazekile futhi lihlose ukukhipha izinkampani zezinzuzo ezingokwezimali ezithi zizithole ngemikhuba yokukhohlisa.

Ukungavumelani nenqubo yomthetho kuyisu elisha elingandisa kakhulu izimali zezinkampani ezimangalelwayo. Uma kuphumelela, kungamisa inqubo yokuthi izinkampani azinakuzuza ngokuziphatha okuphula ukuvikela kwabathengi nemithetho yendawo ezungezile, ngisho noma leyonzuzo itholakale amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Izindawo Ezinezimo Ezihlukahlukene Nemizamo Yokubala

Njengoba beqaphela ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudlula imingcele yamazwe, uHulumeni u - Attorney General uye wakha imifelandawonye ukuze andise ithonya lawo futhi ahlanganyele imithombo yengcebo. Le mizamo yokubambisana iye yaba inqubo ephawulekayo yesimo sezulu.

Amandla Okwakha Inzalo

Izivumelwano ezakhiwa uMnyango Wobulungisa waseU.S., abameli - jikelele abangu - 26, amalungu angaphezu kwekhulu oMkhandlu, nochwepheshe bezemfundo babonisa ukuthi ukukhathazeka ngencazelo yesimo sezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke.Lemibuthano emikhulu ihlanganisa imibono nemithombo ehlukahlukene, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabamangalelwa ukulahla ukumangalelwa ngokuthi kushukunyiswa noma kuntula amalungelo angokomthetho.

Kunanoma isiphi isikhathi emlandweni wase-U.S., abameli jikelele nhlangothi zombili basebenza ekhonsathini ukuthuthukisa noma ukubhuntshisa izinhloso zokuphatha, ezinezimiso zendawo ezungezile − ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ($_ukuhlanganisa kanye kanye njengesibonelo esiyinhloko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okungaphezulu kwezinhlanganisela ezihlangeneyo ezihlanganisa izindlela ezingokomthetho ezifanayo, imizamo yokuthola, kanye nokuthumela ngokuhlangene ezinkantolo zomphakathi.

Imifelandawonye yamazwe amaningi inikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezisemqoka. Ihlanganisa izimali kanye nomthetho, ivumela amazwe anemali encane ukuba ahlanganyele empikiswaneni eyinkimbinkimbi. Ibuye yenze isembozo sezombangazwe se-Attorney General engase imelane nokuphikiswa kwesimo sezulu sendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzo zezifunda eziningi zithumela isibonakaliso esiqinile ezinkantolo ngokubaluleka nokwanda kwendaba engokomthetho ebekwe esigxotsheni.

Ukusekela Okufushane Nokuqina Okungokomthetho

U-Attorney General Bonta usekele izifundazwe nomasipala eziye zafaka izikhalo zazo siqu ukuze zigcine izinkampani ezikhiqiza uphethiloli zilandisa, zifake iziphazamiso ezifushanisiwe ezisekela imizamo yeDolobha laseHonolulu, isifunda saseMaui, iDolobha laseBaltimore, isifundazwe saseRhode Island, nesifundazwe sase-Minnesota. Lemishwana ye-ayus inikeza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho futhi isekela izibalo eziqinisa ezinye izindaba zezindaba lapho kwakhiwa i-robitan sy.

Icebo elifushane elisebenza izinjongo eziningi. Libonisa izinkantolo ukuthi izinkolelo-lwazi ezingokomthetho ezithuthukisiwe zisekelwa kabanzi phakathi kochwepheshe bezomthetho nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Lisiza futhi ekuthuthukiseni nasekulungiseni izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho emacalani amaningi, njengoba izinkantolo ezisezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zicabangela izindaba ezifanayo.

Ukuqalisa Kwesifunda Sokusebenza Kwe - Greenhouse Nokubambisana KoMbuso

Ngaphezu kokwehla, uState Attorney General usekelele izinyathelo zesimo sezulu sendawo ngokuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Ukubuyela eVirginia ku-Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiatiatiative bekuyindawo yokuqala kuMbusi u-Abigail Spanberger no-Attorney General Jay Jones, bobabili abathatha ihhovisi ngoJanuary 2026, futhi kusanda kumiswa umthetho wezemali odinga ukubuyiselwa esimisweni. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela i-Attarney General engasebenzisa ngayo igunya labo elingokomthetho ekusekeleni imigomo yesimo sezulu ebanzi ngokusekela i-patigatigated kanye nokuqondisa ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-activerary.

Ukwanda Kwezinga: Imibono Emisha Yezomthetho Nezinkulumo Ze - Novel

Njengoba isimo sezulu siye sashintsha, uHulumeni Attorney General nabanye abahlaseli baye baqala ukuhlola imibono emisha engokomthetho efinyelela nangaphezu kwemingcele engokwesiko yesivikelo sendawo ezungezile neyabathengi.

Ukufa Okungalungile Nokuzilimaza Komuntu Siqu

Ukwanda kwesisimo sezulu kwakhula ngo-2025, owesifazane othile emangalela imboni kawoyela negesi efaka isandla ekufeni kukanina phakathi negagasi lokushisa, futhi abanikazi bezwe laseWashington bafaka icala eliwuphawu olumelene nowoyela elikhulu bephikisa ngokuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwabangela izinhlekelele zemvelo eziphindaphindiwe futhi ezingathi sína, okuholela ekunyuseni kwenani lomshuwalense. Lokhu kulimala komuntu siqu nokufa okungalungile kubonisa ukwanda okukhulu kwesimo sezulu ngaphezu kwamapulatimende.

Imithetho isho izinkampani zikawoyela kuhlanganise ne-ExxonMobil, BP ne-Chevron, ezisho ukuthi sekungamashumi eminyaka zazi ukuthi izinto ezishiswayo ziguqula umoya woMhlaba, okuphumela esimweni sezulu esimahle kakhulu nasekulahlekelweni kokuphila kwabantu okungabonwa kusengaphambili, kodwa kunokuba zixwayise umphakathi, izinkampani zakhohlisa abathengi ngezingozi. Lezi zimo zizama ukusungula ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokuziphatha kwenkampani nokulimala kwabantu, zivule amathuba amasha okungabangela ukulandisa kwesimo sezulu.

Imithetho Ephakeme Yesimo Sezulu

"Imali eshisiwe ebhange kakhulu" iklanyelwe ukufushanisa abakhiqizi bamandla ukuba bafake izindleko zemali ukuze basekele imisebenzi yesimo sezulu, eyenzeka eVermont nase New York kuphela. Lezi zinyathelo zomthetho, ngokuvamile ezisekelwa i State Attorney General, zidala izindlela ezintsha zokubeka izinkampani zikaphethiloli ezivubukulayo ezinecala lezimali ngenxa yomonakalo wesimo sezulu.

NgoFebruary 2025, abameli abaphethe amaRiphabliki angu - 22 bamangalela iNew York umthetho wezwe osanda kumiswa odinga izinkampani zemivubukulo zikaphethiloli ukuze zikhokhele umonakalo obangelwa yisimo sezulu, i - hitwaves, kanye nezikhukhula zogu, bephikisa ngokuthi umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho kahulumeni ngenxa yokuthi uqeda noma yimuphi umthetho kahulumeni olungisa umonakalo obangelwa ukukhishwa kogesi oshisayo ezindaweni zamazwe. Lenselele engokomthetho iqokomisa isimo sezulu esishubile esithinta izulu kakhulu kanye nezigaba zezingazwe ngezinye izikhathi ezibonisa isimo sezulu esishisayo.

Uma izinkantolo zivumelana nemithetho kahulumeni evinjelwe umthetho kahulumeni, amacala ka-DOJ angaholela ku-"isivikelo sikahulumeni wezwe lonke kuma-tort asemoyeni wesimo sezulu kanye 'ne-cliate Supergrade' yamaqhinga okuthuthukisa isimo sezulu," kuyilapho uma kunqoba i New York neVermont, "abakhiqizi bamandla bamandla bangabhekana nokuchayeka okungaphazanyiswanga ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni," kanye nomphumela othinta ingozi yokuzifaka engozini kanye nezindlela zokunqamula inani lamandla. Isinqumo salezi ziyoba nemiphumela emikhulu yesikhathi esizayo sesimiso sezulu sikahulumeni.

Ukuphikisana Nokwethembana Nozungu

Izikhalo zamuva nje ziye zasho izikhalo ngaphansi kwe-Sherman Act ne-Clayton Act futhi ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni emelene nokuthembeka, zifuna ukunxenxwa nokunxenxwa, ukukhohliswa, ukukhishwa kwesijeziso somphakathi, ukuncishiswa kwenzuzo, izindleko zabameli nezindleko. Lemibono emelene nesivumelwano iveza uzungu lokuthi izinkampani ezivubukulayo zakha uzungu ukuze zikhohlise umphakathi ngoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, okungaphula imithetho yokuncintisana kulenqubo.

Ukungathembi kumelela ukwanda kwenkolelo yesimo sezulu. Ngokufaka inkohliso yesimo sezulu njengozungu phakathi kwabancintisanayo, abakhohlisi bangathola umonakalo okhudlwana namakhambi atholakala ngemithetho emelene nokuthembeka. Lenkolelo-lwazi igcizelela futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwenkohliso eqanjiwe, isikisela ukuthi izinkampani ngazinye zazenza ngokuvumelana ngezinhlangano zezentengiselwano namanye amaqembu ezimboni.

Izimpi Eziyimpi: Inkantolo Yombuso

Enye yezimpi ezibaluleke kakhulu eziqhubekayo esimweni sezulu ihilela umbuzo wokuthi amacala kufanele aqhutshwe yini enkantolo kahulumeni noma enkantolo kahulumeni. Lendaba elawulayo inemiphumela ejulile yempumelelo yamacala esimo sezulu.

Ukulwela Ukugcina Amacala Enkantolo

Ibhentshi lesizwe eliphakeme kakhulu ngokushesha lizoveza ukuthi lizothatha yini umzamo wamuva wemboni yegesi nowoyela ukuze lifake amacala ezinkampani ezifuna ukulandisa ngezimali ngezindleko zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nge-Exxon Mophil neSuncor Energy icela amajaji ukuba athole ukuthi uhulumeni wendawo uvimbele uhulumeni ukuba afune usizo ekushintsheni isimo sezulu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Le ngxoxo ePhakathi yeNkantolo imelela ukuvalwa kwesimo sezulu.

Abameli bemboni kawoyela baye baphikisa ukuthi kukhona ukuphikisana "kusobala futhi okuqashelwayo" ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uvimbela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bafake abakhiqizi bemivubukulo kumphumela ocatshangelwayo wokukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo yembulunga yonke, kuyilapho iBoulder, eyamangalela izinkampani zikawoyela, iye yaphikisa ngokuthi imibuso ibilokhu inegunya lamaphoyisa ekulimaleni kwesifundazwe, ikhomba emacaleni afanayo abakhiqizi bama-opioid netsheboya. Lengxoxo igxile emibusweni eyisisekelo yezwe nobukhosi.

Lesi sicelo sibekela i-Colorado Supreme Court inselele isinqumo se-Colorado Court of Boulder neBoulder County inkantolo yesimo sezulu siye sahlanganisa umfelandawo enkulu kuhlanganise noMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S., abameli-hulumeni abangu-26, amalungu angaphezu kwekhulu eSishaya-mthetho, nochwepheshe bezemfundo, siveza ukuthi inkathalo ibalulekile ezweni lonke. Ububanzi balomfelandawo igcizelela igxathu eliphakeme elihilelekile kulempikiswano yokulawula.

Izinzuzo Eziwusizo ZeNkantolo KaHulumeni

Isifundazwe i-Attorney General nezinye izigebengu zesimo sezulu ngokuvamile zikhetha inkantolo yezwe ngenxa yezizathu eziningana ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivumela abakhohlisi ukuba baphishekele imithetho efunwa abathengi, inkathazo, nemikhiqizo engekho enkantolo kahulumeni. Inkantolo yenkantolo yezwe futhi ingase izwelane kakhulu ekutheni isimo sezulu siye sabhekana nemiphumela enzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajaji enkantolo angazijwayela kakhulu iziphakamiso zikahulumeni futhi athambekele ekulahleni amacala ezindaweni zokuzimela imingcele yezwe.

Ngokuphambene, imboni yezinsalela zikaphethiloli ikhetha inkantolo kahulumeni, lapho bekholelwa ukuthi banamathuba angcono okuxoshwa ngenxa yezizathu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukuthi umbuzo wezombangazwe odinga amakhambi kahulumeni kunamakhambi enkantolo yombuso. Izinkantolo zesifundazwe ziye zasabela kakhulu ngokomlando ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokukhishwa kukahulumeni nesidingo sesimiso sombuso esifanayo ezindabeni ezihlobene nezici ezihlukene.

Intuthuko Yamuva Engokwesimangaliso

Ngolunye usuku ngemva kokuba i-Michigan Attorney General imangalele i-Michigan Attney isho ukuthi abamangalelwa abaholelwa ngemboni yamandla babesusela uzungu lokushintsha ukuhamba kwenqola ephansi namandla, inkantolo yesifunda sesifunda se-Western District yaseMichigan yalahla icala le-United States elalifuna ukuvimbela iZwe laseMichigan ekufakeni izikhala ezikhwameni ezifuna ukukhokhwa kwemishwa. Lokhu kulahla kumelela ukunqoba okukhulu kwesimo sezulu esiphansi futhi kusikisela ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabe zisafuna ukuphazamisana nezenzo zokugcinwa kukahulumeni.

NgoJanuary 2025, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba umzamo wezinkampani zikawoyela negesi wokuvimbela ukuquliswa kwesimo sezulu ngoHonolulu, futhi ngoMarch abahluleli benqaba isicelo sikajenene waseRepublic sokuzama ukunqanda ukumangalelwa kwesimo sezulu okudluliswa izifundazwe kuhlanganise neCalifornia, Connecticut, Minnesota neRhode Island. Lezi zinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba zibekwe emvelweni, ziye zavumela inkantolo yezwe ukuba iqhubeke futhi ziye zabhekwa njengezinhlelo ezithiwayo zezikhulu zesimo sezulu.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezihlalo Ezivamile ZoMbuso Emasimini

Naphezu kwempumelelo yawo nomfutho okhulayo, uHulumeni Attorney General ubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ekuphishekeleni isimo sezulu.

Ukuphikiswa Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlukana Kwezigaba

Ukuhlanekezela kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaba nokuthatheka okukhulayo, noGeneral weRepublica neDemocratic Attroys ngokuvamile bethatha izikhundla eziphikisanayo. Abameli jikelele baseRepublic basunduza izinhloso zabo, abameli abangu 22 baseRepublica bamangalela iNew York umthetho wayo osanda kumiswa ofuna izinkampani zamandla avubukulayo ukuze zikhokhele umonakalo ohlobene nendawo. Lokhu kwahlukanisa kubangela imizamo yokwakha imiphakathi emikhulu futhi kungaholela ekunqandeni imithombo edinga intuthuko nentuthuko.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe kwesimiso sikaBloomberg esikhethekile sokusiza i-Attorney General, iSigele sikaWisconsin State siqale ukuhlola uMnyango woMahluleli we-SAGs, ne House Ofestry and Government Comer imemezela uphenyo olungokomthetho kuMnyango Wezezimali we-State Energy & i-Evironment Impact Center e-NU School of Law. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlolela ukuncitshiswa kwesimo sezulu ngokubuza imithombo yezimali nezisusa zabameli abasebenza kulamacala.

Izingqinamba Ezingokomthetho Nezingokwenqubo

Izimpi zezentengiselwano zezulu zibhekene nezinselele eziningi ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kwezimpi eziphethe. Izinkantolo ziye zathola ukuthi ukulimala okucatshangelwayo kwabahlaziyi abaguquki besimo sezulu akwanelisi izimfuneko eziqinile zokulungisa isimo nokulungisa isimo. Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwemisebenzi ethile yezebhizinisi nokulimala kwesimo sezulu kuseyinselele enkulu.

Izinkantolo ziye zaphetha ngokuthi imithetho emelene ne-SLAPP (Imithetho enqabela ukuthatha iqhaza Lomphakathi) ayisebenzi ezinyathelweni zokuphoqelelwa okwenziwa ngu-Attorney General. Nakuba lokhu kusho ukunqoba kwezenzo zokugcinwa komthetho, abamangalelwa bayaqhubeka bephakamisa izivikelo ze-procedro ezingabambezela amacala futhi zandise izindleko.

Kumthetho wesimo sezulu, u-2025 waphawula omunye unyaka ogcwele ukulahlekelwa okungokomthetho nokugxekwa okusakazekile, nomlando wasenkantolo obonisa ukuthi umkhankaso wokuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu uphelelwa isisekelo. Nakuba lokhu kubekwa ngezindlela ezihlukene kuvela emithonjeni yemboni, kubonisa iqiniso lokuthi isimo sezulu sibhekene nomoya ophakeme ojiyile emikhakheni eminingi futhi ukuthi impumelelo ayiqiniseki neze.

Izindleko Zemithombo Yezinto Nezokuqamba Amanga

Ukukhanya kwesimo sezulu kubiza kakhulu futhi kungenisa imithombo yemali. Amahhovisi e-Attorney ezwe jikelele kumelwe alinganisele izimo zesimo sezulu ngokumelene nezinye izinto eziza kuqala, kuhlanganise nesivikelo sabathengi, ukunqanda ukuthembeka, ukunxusa kobugebengu, nokuvikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuphakanyiswa. Imboni kaphethiloli wemivubukulo, kanye nemithombo yayo emikhulu yezimali, ingathola imali yokuqasha amaqembu amakhulu abameli nochwepheshe ukuze avikele ukuphakama kwesimo sezulu, okungase kube amahhovisi amancane kakhulu ombuso i-AG.

Ukuze kulungiswe izithiyo zezimpahla, iState Attorney General yamazwe athile yasebenzisana nefemu yomthetho ezisekelweni zemali engekho emthethweni noma yamukela usizo lwezinhlangano nezikhungo zezemfundo ezingazuzisi. Nokho, lamalungiselelo ngokwawo aye aba izisulu zokugxekwa nokuphenyiswa, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, adala izinselele ezengeziwe zezithako zezulu.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwemisebenzi Nezingozi

Enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuncipheni kwesimo sezulu ihilela ukubala umonakalo nokuveza umonakalo othile kubantu abathile abamangalelwa. Ukulinganisa kusikisela ukuthi ukulimala kuphakathi kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zezigidi kuya emakhulwini ezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi emonakalo oqhubekayo, kudinga ochwepheshe nososayensi ukuba babheke ekubekeleni umonakalo ohlukile kwabamangalelwa abahlukene nokuncintisana ukuze bathole incazelo eqondile, okuyothatha isikhathi futhi kudinge ubufakazi nokwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenkambo yokumangalelwa. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwakha amathuba okubekela abamangalelwa isisekelo sesayensi sokuphikisa izibalo zomonakalo futhi baphikise ukuthi umonakalo uqashelwa noma awuqiniseki ukusekela icala elingokomthetho.

Indima Yobufakazi Obungokwesayensi Nobufakazi Obuqand ’ ikhanda

Ubufakazi obungokwesayensi buveza isisekelo sokuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu, futhi iState Attorney General kumelwe iqoqe ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi besayensi ukuze isekele lokho ekushoyo.

Ukulandisa Kwesayensi Nesimo Sezulu

Isayensi − insimu ehlanganisa izenzakalo ezithile zesimo sezulu noma ithonya lesimo sezulu elibangela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu somuntu,(--* iye yathuthuka kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwakhululwa ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-2021 ze-Pacific Northwest vut, i-Superst kwathola ukuthi lesi senzakalo sasingeke sibe khona ngaphandle kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esibangelwa abantu." Lokhu kuhlola okuveze phambili kunikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile obuhlanganisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokulimala okuthile okuye kwabangelwa amazwe.

Ukuveza isimo sezulu kufeza indima enkulu ekuhlaseleni i-litoning. Ososayensi base-Exxon babeveza ukwanda kokukhishwa kwesikhutha okukhathazayo ngaphandle kokwehla kakhulu kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Izincwadi zenkampani yangaphakathi zibonisa ukuthi izimpawu zesimo sezulu ezikhona manje zinikeza ubufakazi obunamandla bolwazi lwenkampani nokubonakala kusengaphambili.

Ulwazi Olungokomlando

Uwoyela negesi sekungamashumi eminyaka bazi ngezingozi zemithombo yemvelo ekhiqizwayo, ngemibiko egcwele izimboni ehlanganisa ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avubukulo nokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa embulunga yonke nomonakalo emoyeni, ezweni nasemanzini, kodwa izinkampani zikawoyela zakuvimbela ngamabomu lokho kwaziswa komphakathi nabenzi bemithetho ukuze bavikele inzuzo yazo, ukuchitha izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ukuze kusakazwe ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu. Lolulwazi olungokomlando lwakha isisekelo sokukhohlisa nokuhlukanisa izimo zezulu emikhiqizweni evamile.

Izinhlangano zazazi eminyakeni engu - 50, 60, 70 edlule ukuthi izinto zazo eziwumthombo zemivubukulo ezazizidayisa zadala ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, zibikezela ngokuqiniseka ukuthi siyoba kuphi namuhla, nezenzakalo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Okunethonya Ezomnotho

Ucwaningo lwe - Center for Climate Perherity lwalinganisela ukuthi iLos Angeles County iyodwa ibhekana nezindleko eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 2,5 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1,2) ngo - 2041 ukuze ivikele izakhamuzi nesisekelo sezindawo ezishintsha isimo sezulu, kuhlanganise cishe nezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R2 [amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 180] emililweni yequbula.

Ochwepheshe bezomnotho kumelwe baphendule imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngenani elifanele lentengo yenani lenani lemali elizokwehla esikhathini esizayo, ukubekwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kwabamangalelwa abaningi, nokuhlukaniswa kwezingozi ezihlobene nesimo sezulu nezinye izici ezibangela umonakalo wendawo ezungezile nezomnotho. Lemibuzo yezezomnotho ingayithinta kakhulu umonakalo omkhulu onikezwayo ezimweni eziphumelelayo.

Ukusabela Kwezemboni Nezindlela Zokuphikisa

Imboni kaphethiloli yenziwe yasungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuvikela isimo sezulu nokushintshashintsha ukulandisa ngezinhlangano ezisekela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuphikisa

Ngo-January 2025, i-Exxon Monil Camplil sued California Attorney General Rob Bonta enkantolo kahulumeni, ukugunyaza uBonta namaqembu endawo ehlangene nomkhankaso "wokugqekeza udwendwe" enkampanini, kanye nesudi yokuhlambalaza enkantolo kaBonta's ngokumangalela u-Exxon Mossil ngenxa yokuzisholoza okungamangalelayo ngokuphinda kushintshwa kwepulasitiki. Le-claimgamgamgamga ngokusongela i-ka State Attorney General futhi ikha eminye imithwalo yokuhlikihla okungase kuvimbele imicimbi yesimo sezulu sesikhathi esizayo.

Isu lokuhlambalaza limelela ukusabela okunzima esimweni sezulu esizama ukuqeda ukulandisa kwezentengiselwano zenkampani kuya ekukhululeni nasekuvikeleni idumela. Ngokufaka iziteshi eziphikisanayo, izinkampani ezithola uphethiloli ziphoqelela uState Attorney General ukuba avikele ukuziphatha kwazo kanye nezinkulumo, okungasusa imithombo ezikhona ezimweni zezulu.

Ubuhlobo Bomphakathi Nokuthunywa

Abameleli bezemboni baye baphawula isimo sezulu njengomkhankaso oqhubekayo, ohlangene wokukhokha amacala angafanele, amelene nemboni yesisekelo yaseMelika nezisebenzi zayo, "nodoti omkhulu wezimali zabakhokhi bentela base California." le miyalezo ihlose ukuguqula umbono womphakathi ngokugcizelela izinkathazo zezomnotho nokuveza izimo njengezibhebhethekisa zezentengiselwano ezibangelwa kwezombangazwe ezimbonini zaseMelika.

Abameleli bamaShell baye bathi inkampani ivumela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukuxoxwa, kodwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokubambisana hhayi ngesenzo esingokomthetho, bethi "Asikholelwa ukuthi inkantolo iyindawo efanele yokulungisa isimo sezulu, kodwa leyondlela ehlakaniphile evela kuhulumeni nasesenzeni esivela kuzo zonke izigaba iyindlela elungile yokufinyelela amakhambi nokuqhubekisela phambili." Le mizamo yokumisa imboni njengengcono nengagunyaza ukuxazulula inkathi kuyilapho iveza ukuvumelana kwayo njengenzuzo.

Amasu Okuvikela Isayensi

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiphansi, imboni yemivubukulo isebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokulungisa igesi ukuze ibambezele futhi ibangele isimo sezulu sibe nzima. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo esisekelwe ekuhlolweni kwezwe, izinselele ezisekelwe ekulawuleni komuntu siqu, izimpikiswano ngemfundiso yezombangazwe, nemizamo yokususa amacala enkantolo kahulumeni. Impi ngayinye engokwemiklamo ingathatha iminyaka ukuxazulula nokusebenzisa imithombo emikhulu.

Abalweli baye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlala njalo kudingekile ngenxa yokuthatha izinyathelo ezibheke phambili namacala ahlobene nazo, bephikisa ngokuthi isinqumo sezenzo ezithile singalahla amacala nokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilinde kuze kuxazululwe amacala ahlobene nawo. La maqhinga abambezeleka ahloselwe ukuhlehlisa ukuqulwa nokutholwa isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, benethemba lokuthi izinguquko zezombangazwe noma ezingokomthetho zingagcina zisekele abamangalelwa.

Ukungezwani Kokuma Kwesimo Sezulu Nobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Isimo sezulu siya siba sibi nakakhulu, sibangela ukuba kube nobulungisa endaweni ezungezile, siqaphela ukuthi isimo sezulu sithinta izakhamuzi nezinhlanga ezithola imithombo ephansi.

Ithonya Eliphazamisayo Emiphakathini Engalawuleki

ICalifornia AG yangenela futhi yasiza ekuxazululeni umsebenzi wezezimboni owawulindeleke ukuba wandise ukuthutha amaloli ka - diesel endaweni egcwele iLatino. Lokhu kubonisa indlela iSizwe i - Attorney General esingalisebenzisa ngayo igunya laso ekuxazululeni izinkathazo zendawo ezungezile ezihlobene nezindaba zesimo sezulu.

Washington wakwenqaba ngokuzithandela ukuqedwa kwecala lakhe eliyinselele lokuxhasa imali okwakuthiwa uHulumeni “ukubhebhethekela ekusizeni imiphakathi ukuba ibhekane nemiphumela emibi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. ” Lokhu kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kokusekela isimo sezulu esiqinile emiphakathini esengozini kanye nendima kaState Atttorney General ekulweni ukuze kuvinjelwe izinhlelo ezinjalo.

Izizwe Zesizwe Namalungelo Esizwe

Izizwe ezimbili zesizwe eWashington zamangalelana ngasekupheleni kuka-2023, zicaphuna izindleko zokuthuthela endaweni ephakeme njengoba amazinga olwandle enyukayo esongela imiphakathi yazo, kanye nabasekeli bendawo ezungezile bethi ukungena kwezizwe − eziningi zazo zibhekene nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuyintuthuko ejabulisayo ekulweni okungokomthetho. Ukuhlanganyela kwesizwe esimweni sezulu kuletha imibono ekhethekile engokomthetho esekelwe emalungelweni esivumelwano nasekwethembeni imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nokulandisa okuphoqelelayo okuphathelene nemiphakathi ebhekene nezinsongo ezikhona ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu.

IZwe LaseWashington langenela futhi izifundazwe eziningi zafaka u - Amicus Briefs enkantolo eyaqulwa isizwe samaMelika Omdabu ngokumelene nenkampani yokuncibilikisa insimbi yaseCanada engcolisa uMfula iColumbia neLake Roosevelt.

Isimo Sezulu Sentsha

INkantolo yeSithili saseMontana yanikeza intsha izikhulu zentsha ezazilawula ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokumelene nombuso waseMontana isho ukuthi inguR2,80 000 000 000 (R1,50 000) ezimalini zommeli futhi izindleko ezicishe zibe ngu - R550 000 ezingaphezulu. Izenzakalo zesimo sezulu sentsha, nakuba zazivame ukulethwa ama-colletiff kunokuba i State Attorney General, ziye zathonya isimo sezulu esikhuphukayo ngokumisa amalungelo omthetho esimweni esizinzile kwezinye izindawo.

Lezi zimo zentsha ngokuvamile zihlela ushintsho lwesimo sezulu njengendaba yobulungisa obuphakathi, ziphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zamuva nemikhuba yezinhlangano ziphoqelela imithwalo engalawuleki ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Nakuba iState Athorney General ingazange ibe abaholi abasebangeni eliphansi ezimweni zesimo sezulu sentsha, ngezinye izikhathi baye basekela noma bangenela ukuze bavikele izimiso zesimo sezulu ezibekelwe inselele kulokhu kubekwa phambili.

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lesimo Sezulu EsinoMbuso

Njengoba isimo sezulu siqhubeka siguquka, cishe izimo nentuthuko eziningana kuyothonya indlela yaso yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukungenela Kwenkantolo Ephakeme Okungase Kungene

Uma ibheka phambili ku-2026, okuzophawula unyaka weshumi nanye kumkhankaso ozothathwa, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. inethuba elibalulekile lokuqeda umkhankaso wokuphendulwa kwecala. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngempikiswano yezwe noma ezinye izindaba eziyisisekelo singayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo indawo yezulu, kungaba ngokuvumela amacala enkantolo kahulumeni ukuba aqhubeke noma ngokumisa ukukhulula kukahulumeni okungaqeda ukuphikisa okukhulu kwamanje.

Inkantolo yalahla imizamo efanayo kabili ngo-2025 kodwa yawina ngokulinganayo ngokulinganayo ekuncipheni kwe-ligion ngo-2021, ngokusekela isicelo se-Trump sokuqondisa izinkampani zikawoyela, ithuthukisa ithuba layo lokuzwakala ngabahluleli. Isinqumo esiyinhloko seNkantolo Ephakeme sokuthi izolalela lamacala nokuthi imithetho yayo izoba nemiphumela ejulile kubukhosi bukahulumeni, uhulumeni wendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulandisa ngesimo sezulu.

Ukwanda Kwabavikeli Abasha NamaThetho

Njengoba isimo sezulu esingokwesiko siqhubeka siwohloka, abashisekeli baye bazama ukwandisa ukuhlasela kwabo izinkampani zamandla ngokuhlola izinkolelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho, ngepulasitiki eqhutshwa uJenene Rob Bonta noNGOs baphinde bafake izimpikiswano zesimo sezulu ukuze bafune isisulu esisha. Lokhu kwanda kusikisela ukuthi isimo sezulu siyoqhubeka siguquka futhi sishintshe, futhi sihlasele izimboni ezintsha futhi sisebenzise izinkolelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho njengemithetho yezinkantolo ezikhona.

Ngemva kweminyaka yokudluliswa nokulibaziswa okungokomthetho, ezinye izinkampani zikawoyela zimiswa ukuba zimelane nokuqulwa kwamacala ecala elbhibhini ohulumeni bendawo kanye nohulumeni abakhona ngenxa yomonakalo obangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njengoba ohulumeni abaningi beletha ukufunwa okusha kwemboni yamandla avubukuliwe, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamacala ezindaweni eziningi ezisebenzisa izinkolelo ezingokomthetho ukuze kubekwe icala ezinkampanini. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isimo sezulu siyohlala siyingxenye ephawulekayo yendawo engokomthetho eminyakeni ezayo.

Indima Yomthetho Wesimo Sezulu Esivamile

Trump uqalile ukuqeda izimiso zamandla ezivuselelwayo kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlola uwoyela negesi ngokushesha, abameli-kahulumeni bezwe belindele ukuba bafeze indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni izakhamuzi engozini yokungcola nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesimiso sesimo sezulu sikahulumeni nombuso buzoqhubeka ukuguqula okusekelwe ekutheni isigaba silawula uhulumeni kahulumeni nokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezilandelwayo ezisezingeni likahulumeni.

Njengoba umphathi weTrump ephinde axhumanisa izinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni, ukugcinwa kwabathengi kanye "nombuso webhulue" ukugcinwa kwemithetho kungakhula ukuze kuthuthukise ubuqotho phakathi kwezimo zezulu ezifunwa uhulumeni lapho kubhekene nokungathandeki kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isimo sezulu esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni singaba yindawo ephikisana nesimiso sikahulumeni, ne State Attorney General egcwalisa izikhawu ezishiyelwe uhulumeni owenziwe umsebenzi noma i-oplybacks.

Ukukhula Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ku - Attorney General yase - United States, isimo sezulu siyinto yembulunga yonke. Izinkantolo kwamanye amazwe ziye zakhipha izinqumo ezingekho emthethweni ezidinga ohulumeni nezinhlangano ukuba zithathe isinyathelo esiqinile esingokwesimo sezulu. Lentuthuko yomhlaba wonke ingase ithonye i - U.S. ngokunikeza izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, ubufakazi obungokwesayensi, kanye nokuqonda okungokwezimiso okungavumelani nomongo womthetho waseMelika.

I-State Attorney General ingabheka isimo sezulu samazwe ngamazwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze iphefumulelwe futhi isekelwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubekwa kwezwe elisezingeni eliphansi e-U.S. kungabangela imizamo efanayo kwamanye amazwe ngezimiso zikahulumeni lapho ohulumeni bezwe lonke benegunya eliphawulekayo lokuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zamabhizinisi Nabenzi Bezimiso Zomthetho

Ukuphakama kwesimo sezulu esiholwa uJenene Kahulumeni uveza imiphumela ephawulekayo emabhizinisini, abakhi bemithetho nabanye ababheki bezakhiwo.

Ukuphazamiseka Kwesimo Sezulu Nokulawulwa Kwezingozi

Izinkampani kuzo zonke izingxenye manje kumelwe zicabangele izingozi zesimo sezulu njengengxenye yokuphathwa kwazo kwengozi emabhizinisini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ukuchayeka ezithebeni ezisekelwe ekushicilelweni okungokomlando ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, inqubo yokukhangisa yamanje, kanye nemiphumela yesimo sezulu yemikhiqizo yazo kanye nemisebenzi yazo. Amakhampani kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi ukuvezwa kwazo okuhlobene nesimo sezulu kunembile, kuqinisekisiwe, futhi akuguquguquki kuzo zonke izingxoxo.

Izenzakalo zimelela ukushintshelwa ekugxileni ekwakheni ikhabhoni okuthi izinkampani zithembele kuyo kanye nezinga lezinkampani zolwazi kulindeleke ukuba zibe nalo ngokuphathelene naleyomisebenzi, izinkampani zifisa ukunciphisa ukuchayeka okudingwa ngokucophelela emikhankasweni yenkuthalo edinga ukuqashelwa ikharbon ewumthombo wezikweletu noma intengo eziyithengayo ukuze isekele ukudayiswa kwesimo sezulu. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu kwezibalo zesimo sezulu kusho ukuthi izinkampani kumelwe zizimisele ukusekela noma yikuphi ukuthengiswa kwendawo ezungezile ngobufakazi obunamandla.

Izinkinga Zemboni Yomshuwalense

Ikhankasi lomshuwalense wekilasi lisola izindleko ezikhuphukayo zomshuwalense kumasipala amandla ase-U.S. njengoba inkampani yomthetho ihola umzamo wokulahlekelwa kakade empilweni yesimo sezulu yangaphambili futhi ibhekene nokuhlolwa kwayo okungokomthetho. Imboni yomshuwalense ibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ngenxa yokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu, kokubili njengabamangalelwa ezimweni ezingathi kungenzeka ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwabangela izindleko zomshuwalense futhi njengabakhokhi bamabhulandi amafutha abhekene nengozi yesimo sezulu.

Izinkampani zomshuwalense kumelwe zihlole ngokucophelela ukuchayeka kwazo ekufuneni kwazo okuhlobene nemozulu futhi zicabangele ukuthi izimiso zazo zihlanganisa yini izindleko zesimo sezulu sokuzivikela kanye nezahlulelo ezingase zifinyelelwe. Isinqumo sokufihla izingxabano ezimweni zesimo sezulu siyoba nemiphumela emikhulu ekufinyeleleni kwezesimo sezulu.

Ukuhlelwa KukaHulumeni Nendawo

Kuhulumeni bendawo, ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu kumelela kokubili ithuba nenselele. Ukuphumelela kwemibono kunganikeza izimali eziphawulekayo ekuzivumelani nesimo sezulu nemizamo yokuzimela. Nokho, ukunikeza imvume kuyabiza, ukuthatha isikhathi, nokungaqiniseki. Ohulumeni kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela izinzuzo ezingase zivele ezinkingeni nasezingozini zokuphishekela izimo zezulu.

Ohulumeni kufanele bacabangele futhi indlela ukuvumelana kwesimo sezulu okuvumelana ngayo nenqubo yabo yesimo sezulu. Ukushaya ucingo kufanele kuphelelise, kungathathi indawo, izimiso zesimo sezulu ezinyakazayo, ukuhlela, nemizamo yokulungisa. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu cishe ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela ezimisiwe, ukugcinwa kwemithetho, nokubekwa kwemithetho.

Izindawo Ezibalulekile Neziwukucabangela Okufanele

I-State Attorney General iveze njengabadlali abaphethe emizamweni yokulandisa isimo sezulu, isebenzisa igunya labo elikhethekile elingokomthetho ukulandela izindaba ezingase ziholele ibhizinisi futhi zinikeze imali ukuze kushintshwe isimo sezulu. Amacebo abo ahlanganisa izivikelo zokuvikela abathengi, izinkolelo zomphakathi ezididayo, izenzo zemikhiqizo, nezinselele kumthetho wemithetho ehlangene yamazwe amaningi ziye zandisa ithonya lawo nemithombo yezimali.

Izenzakalo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ukumangalelwa kweCalifornia ngezinkampani ezinkulu zikawoyela, ziye zamisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile futhi zabonisa ukuphumelela kwesimo sezulu esisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Lezi zimo ziveza amashumi eminyaka okukhohlisa kwezezinkampani ngesayensi yesimo sezulu futhi zifuna ukubuyisa izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi emonakalweni ohlobene nesimo sezulu. I-ligigate ihlanganisa izinkolelo-mibono eziqanjiwe njengokufa okungaqondile kanye nomthetho wesimo sezulu owenziwe ngempumelelo enkulu.

Kusenezinselele eziphawulekayo, kuhlanganise nezimpi zokulawula ukuthi amacala asenkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, imingcele yemithombo yempahla, kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bokubonisa ukukhokhwa nokulinywa kwenani. Imboni yamandla ezinto zakudala iye yandisa izinselele eziqinile, kuhlanganise nezinselele zokuhlanganisa, imikhankaso yomphakathi, kanye nokuhlanjalazwa kwezindawo.

Ikusasa lokukhankaswa kwesimo sezulu liyololongwa ukungenela kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ukwanda kwemibono engokomthetho nabamangalelwa, izinguquko zesimiso sesimo sezulu sikahulumeni, nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nethonya lezomnotho. i State Attorney General cishe ihlala imatasa kulendawo, ikakhulukazi uma isimiso sesimo sezulu sikahulumeni sibuthakathaka noma sibuyela emuva.

Kumabhizinisi, ukunyuka kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukuqashelwa ngokucophelela kwezindawo ezihlobene nesimo sezulu, izindlela zokuthengisa, kanye nokuphatha izingozi. Kubenzi bezimiso, ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu kumelela elinye ithuluzi phakathi kwabaningi lokulungisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, eliphumelela kakhulu uma lihlangene nenqubo yesimo sezulu ebanzi kanye nokuhlela. Kuwo wonke umphakathi, lezi zimo zesifo zimelela indlela ebalulekile yokuziphendulela nokusekela kwezimali ekuthuthukiseni isimo sezulu emiphakathini eseyitholile imiphumela yesimo sezulu.

Imithombo Yezinto Nokufunda Okwengeziwe

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu kanye nendima kaHulumeni Attorney General, imithombo eminingana inikeza ukuhlanganiswa nokuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo. Isikhungo se-Sabin se-Climate Change Law eColumbia University ilondoloza izinhlelo ezibanzi zesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke futhi isakaza ushintsho oluqhubekayo ezimweni ezintsha nasezenzekeni. Isikhungo sezentele yesimo sobuqotho [ inikeza imithombo nokusekela imiphakathi ephishekela ukulandisa isimo sezulu.

Amahhovisi e-State Attorney avamile ukushicilela izinhlelo zezindaba ezidalula kanye nezingokomthetho ezihlobene namacala azo esimo sezulu kumawebhusayithi awo asemthethweni. Ngokulandela le mithombo engokomthetho inikeza ukutholakala okuqondile kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nobufakazi obunikezwayo ezicini ezinkulu. Omagazini be-Academic abagxile emthethweni wendawo ezungezile nesimiso sezulu banyathelisa njalo izihloko ezihlaziya izimo zezulu nemiphumelo.

Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho nezezenkambiso zezombangazwe zinikeza imibono ehlukene mayelana nokuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu. Amaqembu okusebenzela indawo ezungezile ngokuvamile asekela ukuhlanekezelwa kwesimo sezulu esinonya njengethuluzi elidingekile lokulandisa, kuyilapho abathengisi abakhululekile namabhizinisi ngokuvamile begxeka ukuhlaziywa okunjalo njengokungazuzisi futhi okulimazayo ngokwezomnotho. Ukubukeza imithombo yemibono ehlukahlukene kunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele ngokwengeziwe kwezimpikiswano ezizungezile zesimo sezulu.

Njengoba ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezulu kuqhubeka kushintsha, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngamacala amasha, izinqumo zenkantolo, nentuthuko engokomthetho kuyoba okubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo esimisweni sezulu, emthethweni wendawo noma ukulandisa kwezezinkampani. Izenzo zikaState Atttorney General kulomkhathi cishe ziyothonya isimiso sesimo sezulu nokuziphatha kwenkampani iminyaka eminingi ezayo, kwenze lendawo ibe indawo ebalulekile yokuqapha abenzi bemithetho, abaholi bamabhizinisi, abasekeli, nezakhamuzi ezikhathalelayo ngokufanayo.