I - oath Engumongameli Nesisekelo Sayo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isifungo somongameli wesikhundla singaphezu kakhulu kokuphindaphinda imikhosi. Sisemthethweni ongokomthetho ohlanganisa umongameli ozayo nomthetho ophakeme wezwe($$(uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States). Isifungo sigunyazwe ngokucacile ku Article II, Ingxenye 1, Clause 8 yoMthetho-sisekelo, othi:

I ifunga kakhulu (noma iqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ekhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States."[FLT]]]

Lomusho owodwa uhlanganisa isimiso esiyinhloko sokubusa komthetho: ukuthi akekho umuntu, ngisho nomongameli, ophakeme kakhulu kumthetho ongokomthetho. Isifungo sithembisa umphakathi, sibophekile ukusebenzisa amandla okulawula kuphela phakathi kwemingcele emiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokusithatha, umongameli uthatha isibopho sokwenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho futhi amelane nanoma isiphi isilingo sokubusa ngentando noma ngokuthanda komuntu siqu. Ngaleyo ndlela umthetho unikezwa isisekelo esiqinile, i-ankile yomuntu siqu phakathi nesikhathi sokuthatha isikhundla.

Ubukhulu Besicathulo

Isifungo sinezingxenye ezimbili ezibucayi. Okokuqala, umongameli ufunga " ngokukholisa iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States. Leligama lidinga ukukhuthala, ukwethembeka, nokwenza ngokuvumelana ngokomthetho yonke imisebenzi ehlangene nomphathi. Lilahla ngokuphelele noma yimuphi umqondo wesikhulu esikhululekile ukungazinaki i-statorio noma iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho. Okwesibili, umongameli uthembisa , uvikela futhi uvikela uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuyisibopho sokuvuma ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uwenye indawo noma umninindlu., lemithetho ihlanganisa, yenza izinga elingokomthetho lokubhaka okungamelwa nazo zonke izenzo zobuphathiselo.

UMthetho-sisekelo awudingi umbhalo oqondile wesifungo esingaphezu kwamazwi amisiwe, kodwa isiko liye lanezela inkulumo " ngakho ngisize nguNkulunkulu" kusukela uGeorge Washington anezela ngokuzenzekelayo. Nakuba lesi sigqebhezana esingokwenkolo singadingwanga ngokomthetho, sigcizelela isimo esiqotho, sokuziphatha esihloniphekile sozibopho. Okubalulekile, isifungo singaqinisekiswa kunokuba sifungwe, sihlanganise labo abamelene nenkolo noma nonembeza.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kwegama Le - oth Cerem

George Washington wathatha isifungo sokuqala sikamongameli ngoApril 30, 1789, eFederal Hall eNew York City. Wabeka isandla sakhe phezu kweBhayibheli futhi washo isifungo njengoba silotshiwe, wabe esenezela " ngakho ungisize nguNkulunkulu. [ Lelisiko liye lalandelwa cishe yiwo wonke umongameli kusukela, nakuba ukubekwa kwesandla eBhayibhelini kuyinto ejwayelekile, engekho ngokomthetho, imfuneko. Isifungo siye safakwa ngaphandle ezitebhisini zeCapitol, phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo zesizwe, futhi ngisho nasendizeni, njengoLyndondon B. Johnson eM.

Emakhulwini eminyaka, isifungo siye savumelana nokushintsha izimo zezombangazwe nezezenhlalo. Ukuqinisekisa u-Claus kuyavuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe, isithembiso esingesona esingokwenkolo, uMongameli Franklin Pierce asisebenzisa ngo-1853 (wavuma kunokuba afunge, ukubeka isandla sakhe eBhayibhelini kodwa angaqabuli). Umbhalo wesifungo awuzange ushintshe, kodwa incazelo yawo ivele. Isibonelo, " ngokuthembeka ukuphumeza" umthetho owenziwe ngokungagunyazi kukaMongameli Andrew Johnson, owamangalelwa ngokwephula imingcele ye-Ten Actal Acts.

Isifungo futhi siye sanikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu phakathi nezinkinga zomthetho-sisekelo. UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln, ekhelini lakhe lokuqala lokuvula, wakhumbuza isizwe ukuthi wayesenze isifungo " isolishi, ivikela, futhi ivikele" uMthetho-sisekelo, futhi wachaza ukuthi kuyisiqinisekiso sokuthatha izinyathelo ezingavamile − ukuhlanganisa nokumisa i-habeas corpus j·to ukulondoloza i-Union phakathi neMpi Yombango. Ngaleyondlela isifungo sinikeza umthetho-mthetho-mscriptum ngezenzo zikamongameli ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kuyilapho sisebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokuhlola amandla angenakuzisiza.

Indlela Isiqholo Esiqinisa Ngayo Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

Isifungo sikamongameli siyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlukanisa amagunya. Ngokufunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo, umongameli uyavuma igunya elizimele loMkhandlu nejaji. Isifungo siqinisa isimiso sokuthi umongameli akanakukwazi ukudlula imithetho emiswe yi-Congress noma angazinaki izincazelo zomthetho. Lokhu akusho nje ukuthi uqanjiwe; isifungo siye sasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zomthetho-mthetho.

Ukulandisa Ngokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indlela eqondile yokuqinisekisa isifungo: ukuphoqelela. ISiphakamiso II, iSiqendu sesine sithi umongameli nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi bangasuswa ukugunyazwa, nokuvunyelwa, ukuvukela, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu kanye nokungalungisi. Isifungo siyindinganiso okulinganiselwa umongameli kuMthetho-sisekelo. Ukwephula isifungo ngamabomu, ukwenqabela ukwahlulela umthetho noma ukusebenzisa amandla empango yenzuzo yomuntu siqu. Ikomiti e-Judiary imementiary imibiko ka-kadelela isisekelo sokusebenzisa amandla.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokumangalelwa kukaMongameli Richard Nixon, izihloko zokungagunyazi zazihlanganisa ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo wakhe ukuba anakekele ukuba imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka. Isimiso esifanayo sasisemqoka ekunikezweni kokuqala kukaMongameli uDonald Trump, lapho ukusetshenziswa kabi kwecala lokubusa kwabekwa khona njengesephulo sesifungo sobumongameli.

Isifungo Nomsebenzi Wokunakekela Ukuba Imithetho Iphathwe Ngokukholeka

ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 3 yoMthetho-sisekelo iphoqelela umsebenzi kumongameli: " [H] uzakuqaphela ukuba imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka. [Lesi sigaba sihlotshaniswa nesifungo. Bonke, benza isibopho esibanzi sokuphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni nokuqondisa igatsha eliphetheyo ngokuhambelana. Isifungo siyisithembiso somuntu siqu; [ Canga Claus [ iyisiqondiso sokusebenza.

Lomsebenzi unemiphumela emikhulu. Kusho ukuthi umongameli akanakuzishaya indiva izimiso, futhi akanakwenqaba ukumisa imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress ngenxa nje yokungavumelani okungokwezimiso. Igatsha eliphethe kumelwe liqikelele imithetho ebhalwe njengebhalwe ngaphandle kokuba inkantolo ithe ayivumelani nemithetho. Ngaleyondlela isifungo siqapha ukuguqulwa kobumongameli sibe yisikhundla sobuphosana noma sobuphostoli. Sigunyaza umongameli ukuba asebenze ngaphakathi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esimiswe amanye amagatsha.

Izibonelo zanamuhla zihlanganisa izimpikiswano ngokugcinwa kwezindawo zokufuduka nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Uma umongameli eqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe ukuba zingayinaki imithetho ecacile, leso senzo singabekelwa inselele njengokwephulwa kwesinqumo kanye nokunakekela u-Claus [. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziye zakhomba isifungo ngezikhathi ezithile ezinqumweni zazo, ziphawula ukuthi izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe kumelwe zilalele umthetho njengoba uchazwa yijadiciary.

Ukuqhathaniswa Neziqu Zabanye Izikhulu Zesizwe

Isifungo sikamongameli siyingxenye yesimiso esibanzi somthetho-sisekelo nesivumelwano sezivumelwano ezibopha zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni. Article VI, Claus 3 ifuna ukuba bonke abamisi-mthetho bezwe nabaphethe, abaphathi bezwe, nabahluleli baboshwe ngesivumelwano noma ngesiqinisekiso sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo esiqondile sababambisi sihlanganiswe ku-U.S.C. . . . . . . 453: [[FLT.:], I, [gama], yenza isifungo esihloniphekile (noma isiqinisekiso) sokusebenzisa ubulungisa ngaphandle kokwenza isibopho kubantu, futhi ngiyokwenza okulungile kwabampofu, nakuyo futhi ngizokwenza zonke izinkonzo ezisemithethweni yemithetho ye-United States.[3]

Amalungu e-Congress athatha isifungo esifanayo. Lezi zifungo zihlangene ziqinisa umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izisebenzi zomphakathi ziyavuma ukuphakama koMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, isifungo somongameli sinesisindo esiyingqayizivele ngenxa yemibuso emikhulu − ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zempi nezokuhlala kwamanye amazwe . Siwukuzinikela okubonakalayo kakhulu nokungathi sína kumthetho owenziwa yinoma yimuphi umuntu kuhulumeni wombuso.

Ababusi bezwe namajaji kahulumeni bafunga futhi ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., badala isimiso esihlangene sokwethembeka komthetho-sisekelo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Lokhu kuthembeka kombuso kuhulumeni kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukululaza amazwe, njengoba kubonakala phakathi [ Crisition[ nenkathi yamaLungelo kahulumeni, lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni ezazimela umthetho kahulumeni zazibambelele ezivumelwaneni zazo.

Isigodlo Ezikhathini Zenhlekelele: 1789 Kuze Kube Manje

Izifungo zikaMongameli ezithathwa phakathi nezinkinga zikhulisa ukuqina komthetho. Lapho uFranklin D. Roosevelt ethatha isifungo ngo 1933, isizwe sasisekujuleni kokuwohloka okukhulu komnotho. Ikheli lakhe lokumisa lihlobanisa ngokuqondile isifungo sakhe nesidingo somthetho-mthethweni sezimiso eziqinile: " ngizocela iSishaya-Mkhandlu sethuluzi elisele lokubhekana nenkinga", isikhulu sokulwa nempi ephuthumayo, enkulu njengamandla ayeyonginika wona uma eqinisweni sihlaselwa isitha sangaphandle. [[FLT] Isivumelwano sokuhlela umthetho wombuso ukuba ulwe nohulumeni ngesilinganiso esingakaze sibonwe.

Ngokufanayo, ngemva kokuhlasela ngo-September 11, 2001, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wafunga ngo-2005 phakathi kwezimpi eziqhubekayo e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Isifungo sasebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nangesikhathi sempi, imibuso yempi kamongameli kumelwe isetshenziswe phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo ne-statory. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme [ku- . I-Rumsfeld ne-[FLT] [FLT] Boumediene v. Bush zakhiwa nge-" ukuthi isifungo sikamongameli asihlanganiseki igunya elingenamkhawulo.

Isifungo futhi sagxila kakhulu phakathi noshintsho lukamongameli lwama 2020. Ummeli uJoe Biden wagcizelela i-preserve, isivikelo, futhi ivikele" kumazwi akhe okuvula kabusha, ukukuveza njengesibopho sokubuyisela ukuhleleka komthetho-sisekelo ngemva kwezinselele zesimiso esandulelayo. Umkhosi ngokwawo, owenziwa ngokulondeka okukhulu ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-January 6 Capitol, wawuyisibonakaliso esicacile sokuthi isifungo sinikeza ukuqhubekeka kukahulumeni negunya elingokomthetho ngisho naphakathi kwesiphithiphithiphithi sezombangazwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa Ngokomthetho: Ingabe IOath Ingakhishwa Ngokuqondile?

Umbuzo ophindaphindwayo emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo ukuthi isifungo sobumongameli sidala umsebenzi ongokomthetho ophoqelelwe ngokomuntu siqu, okusho ukuthi, isakhamuzi singammangalela umongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo esithile esidingwa yisifungo? Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zakholelwa ukuthi isifungo asilona ilungelo lomuntu siqu lokuthatha isinyathelo. Isifungo siyimfuneko yomthetho-mthetho, kodwa ukuphula kwaso kubhekiswa ngokwenqubo yezombangazwe ikakhulukazi ngokungagunyazi (*) kunokuvumelana nesimiso sokuhlukanisa kwemibuso: i-jadicariary ayinqabanga ukusebenzisa umongameli ukusebenzisa kwakhe ukuqonda ngokukhipha imithetho.

Noma kunjalo, isifungo sinamandla angokomthetho. Kungakhonjwa enkantolo ukuqinisa umsebenzi kamongameli wokulalela imithetho. Ezintsha zase-Town Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), uMahluleli Hugo Black ukhomba ngokucacile isifungo embonweni wakhe sokuhlasela uMongameli Truman ngemibhoshongo yensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea. Mnyama wabhala ukuthi amandla kamongameli kumelwe aphume eMthethweni weSivumelwano-sisekelo noma esenzweni soMkhandlu, futhi isifungo “ukunakekela ukuthi imithetho iqediwe ngokwethembeka” siphikisa ukuthi umongameli uthola amandla angokwesimo esiphuthuma. Ngakho, isifungo sisebenza njengempikiswano engokomthetho phakathi nokucabangela, ngisho noma singekho isizathu somthetho.

Ukufinyelela Njengekhambi Eliyinhloko

Ngenxa yokuthi isifungo sizenzakalela ngokuzijezisa kuphela ngokulandisa kwezombangazwe, amandla okuzijezisa ayisihlolo somthetho-sisekelo sokugcina. Abafulethi benza kwaba nzima ngamabomu ukususa umongameli (ukucela amavoti amabili-ntathu eSigqeni) ukuvimbela ukususwa okungadingekile, kodwa futhi benza kwacaca ukuthi umongameli olahla isifungo sakhe angakhishwa esikhundleni. Isifungo sisebenza njengesivumelwano [ sobukhomantene [ nesizwe, ukugcinwa kwaso okukhona ngeSishaya - ngqungquthela njengendikimba emelelayo.

Uma kusetshenziswa isifungo, kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuchaza ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi kukamongameli kuyini. Izihloko zokungagunyazi komongameli uAndrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump bonke babhekisela esifungo njengendinganiso umongameli ayeyephule. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lokho kuholela ekuvumeni kuyisinqumo sezombangazwe, kodwa isifungo sinikeza amagama asemthethweni okugcina umongameli enecala.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla Ezizungeze Isigodlo

KuMelika wamanje, isifungo sikamongameli siye saba indaba yempikiswano yabaphikisi. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amongameli baye bandisa amandla okulawula ngaphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho, bacaphuna ukuthembela eziyalweni zesikhulu esisodwa, izimemezelo eziphuthumayo, nokuchazwa kabusha kwemithetho njengephulwayo “kwesifungo sokuthembeka”. Abavikeli baphendula ngokuthi isifungo sivumela ukungavumelani kwezinkolo ezinhle ngokuphathelene namandla esikhulu nokuthi umongameli unesibopho sokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle komthetho.

Enye inselele yanamuhla imikhosi eyandayo yesifungo nesabezindaba. Umkhosi wokuvula isifungo uye waba umkhiqizo omkhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ufihla isisekelo esingokomthetho. Izazi ezinjengo iProfessor Sanford Levinson zibuza ukuthi umphakathi ukuqonda ngempela yini ukubopheka kwesifungo noma ukusiphatha njengesiqubulo nje. Kodwa ukubaluleka okungokomthetho kuyasala: isithembiso siwukuma kokugcina ngaphambi kokuba umongameli athole igunya lehhovisi. Akukho mongameli ongasebenzisa amandla ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokusithatha, njengoba kushiwo eSigabeni II, isigaba 1.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpikiswano ngezindawo ezingokwenkolo [ ziyaqhubeka. Nakuba inkulumo ethi “ngakho ngisiza uNkulunkulu” ingokwesiko, ukubekwa komthetho-sisekelo wayo kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngaphansi kokumiswa kuka-Claus. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziwusekela njengezemikhosi, kodwa indaba ingaphinde ivele. Umthetho-sisekelo uvumela, ngakho umongameli angakhetha ukushiya umugqa wenkolo ngaphandle komthetho.

Indima Yesicathulo Ekubuseni KoMthetho: Isiphetho

Isifungo sikamongameli siyinhlangano ephilayo evala igebe phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingaqondakali nokwezimo ezingokoqobo zokubusa. Kuwukuzinikela komuntu siqu okuguqula umbhalisa abe isikhulu somthetho-sisekelo esiboshwe umthetho. Ukubusa komthetho akuwona umqondo ongaqondakali; unikezwa inyama isikhathi ngasinye lapho umongameli omusha ephakamisa isandla futhi asho incazelo yama-35. Isifungo siqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli uqala ukuvuma okucacile ukuthi amandla abo agunyaziwe, hhayi ngefa.

Ngokufuna ukuba umongameli athole ulondolozo, uvikele, futhi uvikele" uMthetho-sisekelo, isifungo sivikela usongo oluyingozi kakhulu eriphabliki: inkolelo yokuthi umuntu oyedwa ungaphezu komthetho. Iseye yavivinywa yimpi yombango, ukuwa kwezomnotho, ukuhlasela kwezizwe, nokuvukela kwezindawo zasekhaya. Enhlekeleleni ngayinye, isifungo siye salungiselela i-ankile yomthetho-mzi - sisekelo. Nakuba kungekho sifungo singaqinisekisa ukuhola okuhle, simisa indinganiso yokuziphatha eqinile. Uma nje i-Facusidecima ihhovisi elinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, isifungo siyohlala siyisivikelo esibalulekile sokubusa komthetho eUnited States.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-[[FLT: 0] Constitution Anestative: uMongameli Oath; Izinqolobane zesizwe: umthetho-sisekelo we-United States[; Inhlangano yolwazi olusemthethweni: I-Accepticment [[]