Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sobukhosi Bukahulumeni Asifinyeleli

Imfundiso yokuvikela uhulumeni ekuzilawuleni isisekelo sayo kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, lapho uMbuso ungenakumangalelwa khona ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. E-United States, lesi simiso safakwa emfunweni we-solitism ukuze sivikele isithunzi nenkululeko yezifundazwe. ISiphakamiso seSiphakamiso , esigunyazwe ngo1795, esivinjelwe ngokuqondile izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zivinjelwe isambatho noma zimangalelwe izakhamuzi zase-United States zezwe elinye, noma izakhamuzi noma izihloko zanoma iliphi iZwe Lamazwe angaphandle, ” uma kumiswa izinhlangano ezingokonakaliswa kwezempilo, noma ukuvikelwa kwezentengo yomphakathi.

Phakathi nendawo, ukuvikela kombuso ngokusemthethweni kubonisa ukulinganisela phakathi kobukhosi bombuso nesidingo sokulandisa. Lemfundiso isekelwe embonweni owezwe ukuthi, njengababusi abalinganayo esimisweni sikahulumeni, akufanele ibekwe ngaphansi kwamandla ahlangeneyo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni angekho imvume yazo noma ukuhlahlela okucacile. Nokho, njengoba ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile okuya ngokuqhubekayo kudlula imigqa yombuso futhi kulula ukuvala imingcele, lokhu kulinganisela kusuke kuyinto ecacile ekuhlaseleni. Abasekeli bendawo ezungezile baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela isibopho sobukhosi bangabamba isibopho sokuziphatha okuhloniphekile, kuyilapho bethi ukuvinjelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba kungaveza ukuvinjelwa okunzima okubangela ukuba babhuntshiswe imisebenzi yabo yomphakathi.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nencazelo Yaso

ISichibiyelo se-Elventh sichazwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT] ngochungechunge lwezinqumo zephawu oluchaza indawo yayo. Nakuba umbhalo kuphela ukhuluma ngesudi ngezakhamuzi zangaphandle, iNkantolo yabamba [ i-Hans v. Louisiana [1890] [inguquko] [i-i-90] isho isimiso ebanzi sombuso esibopha konke ukubopha imvume yokubusa ngaphandle kwemvume, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-imvume ye-inkantolo ye-Protoff. Lokhu kufunda ngokomthetho ngokomthetho osemthethweni wemfundiso evamile. Kamuva, [FLT:] [FLT] kuHunrss States State & v Hoskaroundse] [5] [F] [F]

Okubalulekile, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye asibambele ukujeziswa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yokukhululeka okungathandeki ngaphansi Ex ngxenyee Young imfundiso. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kudluliswe abaphathi bezwe ekhonweni lokulawula ukujeziswa komthetho kahulumeni. Abameli bendawo ngokuvamile bathembela kulemfundiso ukufuna iziyalezo zenkantolo ezifuna izifundazwe ezivumelana noMthetho Wamanzi Ahlanzekile noma ukulahla izindawo eziyingozi. Nokho, ingxenye esobala ye-odrouthobosss jources ayivumeli ukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni. Abameli bendawo yokusizwa kwemvelo banciphisela inzuzo yayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuwusizo kuyinqubo esebenzayo yokulungisa inqubo.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Imelene Namazwe

Icala lendawo ezungezile liqubuka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinselele zokuvumela izinqumo, izenzo zokuphoqelela, iziyalezo zokuhlanza, kanye nezikhangiso zomphakathi. Ama-Plaintiff angahlanganisa amaqembu ezakhamuzi, abanikazi bempahla, noma izizwe eziqashelwayo embusweni wezwe ezifuna ukuvikela imithombo yemvelo. Izithiyo eziyinhloko yiSiphendulo seshumi nanye nemfundiso ehlangene yokuvikela uhulumeni. Ukunqoba lemingcele, i-ligibraldaltal, i-wabroughter, i-oceverse, i-station, i-mouse, noma isutive egunyazwelwe ngaphansi kwe

Izimiso ezinkulu zendawo ezungezile ziqukethe amalungiselelo okuvikela imvelo ngokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] iGalisa i-Act yamanzi (CWAP]) ihlanganisa ilungiselelo lezakhamuzi, 33.S.C. 7665, elivumela "noma isiphi isakhamuzi" ukukhokha noma isiphi isifunda" (izifundazwe) okuthiwa uyaphulwa izindinganiso ze-effluent noma uhlelo. [[FLT:] EPA v. California Rel. State Booress Control [FL:][FT] [3], izifunda zezwe ezihlukene ezihlukene, kanye nezinqulumo eziqinile ze-RC.[3], i-RC] ezithiwashicile izibo eziqinile ze-C.[F][3][4]

Bayintandokazi Embusweni Wobukhosi

Ukutholakala kwesimiso sokuvikela ukubusa kwecala lendawo ezungezile kunquma ukuthi ukumangalelwa kwecala lendawo ezungezile kungaqhubeka yini. Kunezinhlangothi ezintathu eziyinhloko eziqashelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhambi elicacile futhi elilinganayo. Izishayabhuqe zemithetho yezobukhoma zingaba ukuzivikela kobukhosi obubodwa kuhulumeni lapho imisa umthetho ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 5 seSichibiyelo se 145, uma inikeza ikhambi lichazwe ngokucacile futhi ikhambi licacile futhi liphethe i-Broommentation i-Gradiation. [[FLT] Imithetho yendawo ebekwe ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano Clausle, iNkantolo yeNkanto ePhakameleyo e [[FLT]] Florida[FLT][12] [12] [96] i-196] ikholelwa ukuthi i-Commotetion active ingeyment isebenzisa iSiphakathi sayo. Lokhu kulinganisela amandla okuthikalela ukulimaza ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-CWA, nakuba kulokhu kuhlala i-RC.[FF]
  • Isifundazwe: Izwe lingase liwususe ngokuzithandela ukuzivikela kwalo kobuso bendawo ngokuyibeka obala ngomthetho noma ngokuziphatha kwalo. Amanye amazwe aye enza izivumelwano zokuvuma izenzo ezivumela amasuti ukulimaza indawo ezungezile, ngokuvamile ngezikhonkwane ezilimazayo. I-waivers ichazwa ngokusemthethweni, futhi umbuso ugcina ilungelo lokuzilahla noma ukuzilinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Tort Acts avumela amanye amasutut ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zokungalawuleki, kodwa isijeziso se-parct sivingx ngokuvamile. Kumongomongo yendawo ezungezile, i-waveveveve ingenzeka futhi uma uhulumeni ukwamukela imali ngaphansi kohlelo oluthathayo noma imibandela enciphiswayo, njengoba kubhekwa kwezinye izinhlelo ze-EPA.
  • Iziphakamiso ze-constitualialial: Ascheme asho ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho wase-U.S. (umz., ukuthatha u-Claus, Inqubo Elinganisiweyo, Isivikelo) kungaqhubekeka kubaphathi bezwe ngaphansi isigaba [ noma ngokuqondile ngokumelene nombuso uma ingqungqungquthela ifakelwe ukuzivikela kwesimiso ngengxenye yemithetho 5. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-Proviations aphakamisa umthetho-mganiso lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zibaphuca amalungelo empahla noma inkululeko eyisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, umninindlu ompahla yayo ingcoliswe yisakhiwo sombuso enziwa imfutho. Nokho, isimo ngokwaso singase siphinde silethe ukukhiqiniswa kwemithetho enciphekelwe ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho.

Icala ngalinye linemingcele yalo futhi liyinkimbinkimbi. Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ulimi lokugobisa ngokucophelela; imithetho edidayo ayithathwa njenge-athod. Ngokufanayo, isikhohlisi kumelwe sibe "sicacile futhi sicace." lezi zigodlo eziphakeme zisho ukuthi izishosho zendawo ezungezile eziningi ngokumelene nemibuso ziyalahlwa ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele izinzuzo.

Iziphambeko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanikeza uchungechunge lwezinqumo eziwuthinta ngokuqondile ukwakheka kokuzivikela kombuso ekuzimela endaweni ezungezile.

  • FATPARIC v. BITY[[FLT]] [6]: INkantolo yathi iNkantolo ingavikela isigaba sikahulumeni lapho yenza i-pulsutute ku-Ingxenye 5 yeSigqi seSigqi se-14. Lelicala lihilela ukunqatshelwa kweNkathi Yeminyaka eMsebenzini, kodwa ukucabanga kwayo kusebenza emithethweni yendawo esekelwe eMthethweni we-Grandli ye-Prefection (umz., labo abavikela amalungelo empahla noma impilo yomphakathi).
  • I-FOLTLE Fribe of Florida v. Florida (1996]): Isinqumo esibalulekile sokuthi uMkhandlu awunakukwazi ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I (umz., Commerce Clause). Lesi sinqumo sathinta ngokuqondile imithetho yendawo ezungezile ebekwe ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano Claus, njenge-CWA ne-RCRA, sinciphisa umonakalo olinganayo namazwe. Nokho, iNkantolo yashiya kuvulwa ukuvinjwa kwemithetho ngaphansi kwesigaba 5 sesigaba sikahulumeni kanye nokwenzeka kwemithetho emelene nezikhulu.
  • Florida Prefterseary Education Infective Board v. College Savings Bank [1999]: yamisa isimiso sokuthi uMkhandlu kumelwe ube nesimiso "amazwi acacile" ngenhloso yawo yokuhlanganisa. Lendaba ihilela i-Crectormark Remedification Relassiation Act, kodwa isimiso sisebenza kabanzi. Izimiso zendawo yendawo ezungezile kumelwe zibe nolimi oluqinileyo ekuvimbeleni i-brobose.
  • [FLT Virginia Community College v. Katz[FLT] [2006] [[200]]: Isibonelo esiyivelakancane lapho iNkantolo yathola khona ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela, uma kuwukuthi iphule imali. Lendaba iphawuleka ngoba isikisela ukuthi isithakazelo esithile sikahulumeni singaphazamisa isimiso sokuzivikela ngaphandle kolimi olucacile, nakuba ukusebenza kwayo emthethweni wendawo ezungezile kuhlala kucatshangelwa.
  • Imfundiso yeVirginia Office yesivikelo ne-Advocacy v. Stewart (2011]: INkantolo yaphinda yaqinisekisa [[] imfundiso yesigaba sentsha [, ivumela amasuti amelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba athole ukukhululeka okulindelekile ngisho nalapho uhulumeni ngokwawo ukuzivikela. Lena yimoto eyinhloko yezemvelo efuna imiyalo emelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Lamacala abonisa ukuhlaziywa okucophelela kweNkantolo kwamandla kahulumeni. Ama-ligige asendaweni ezungezile kumelwe ahambe endaweni lapho umonakalo omelene nezwe uvalelwe khona kakhulu, kodwa usizo olulindelekile lusalokhu lukhona.

Indima Yomthetho Wamanzi Ahlanzekile Ne - RCRA

Imithetho emibili efunwa kakhulu kahulumeni yendawo ezungezile emelene nezifundazwe i-Celean Water Act (CWA) kanye ne-Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RRRA). Zombili zinemithetho yezakhamuzi echazwe ngokweziluleko ukuze kuvunyelwe izintambo zokukhululeka ezisezifundeni, nakuba intengo yomonakalo ivinjelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye ngemva [FLT]

Ngaphansi kwe-CWA, isakhamuzi singahlasela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngenxa yokwephula imvume yokudedelwa noma ngenxa yokuhluleka ukwenza ngokuvumela izinqumo. Ku-Natural Resources Defense Council v. California Department of Transport (1996], i-Priestry yasekela ukuthi i-CWABroetsteroids yesimiso sokuvikela ukukhululeka okulindelekile ngenxa yokuthi ulimi lomthetho "noma imuphi umuntu" uhlanganisa izifundazwe, futhi iSishaya - ngqungquthela esihloswe ngokucacile ukuba izihloko zezimiso ze-swctived. Nokho, inkantolo yalinganisela imingcele nesijeziso somphakathi se-U.S. U.Imboni, hhayi kumanxusa. Lendlela yamukelelwe ezinye izindawo.

I-RCRA ngokufanayo ivumela ukuphikisa kokuphatha udoti oyingozi ngendlela enikeza ukungenwa engozini okukhulu. Incazelo ebanzi yomthetho ka "person" ihlanganisa "noma isiphi isifundazwe. Magrig v. KFC, Inc., [[FLT]], iNkantolo ePhakathi yeNkantolo esho ukuthi i-RCRA ayigunyazi isibopho sokuzibamba, kodwa ishiye ivuliwe ukuthi isivikelo se-brobicks. Izinkantolo ezisezantsi ngokuvamile zivumele amasudumu osizo ngaphansi [[FLT:][FFLT:][FFFFF:3], [3] ngisho noma i-RRA ngokwayo ayigunyazi lutho lokuvikela izingozi. [ft:], [f6] eUnited States.[5]

Isifundazwe SaseWivers Nesivumelwano

Ngaphandle kokuzifunela uhulumeni, izingosi zingavuma ngokuzithandela. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa umthetho wokuthi ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezimo ezifunwayo, kuhlanganise nokugogeka kwendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, uHulumeni u-Forvian Acties Act uvumela ukuvuma iziphakamiso ezimelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kodwa ngezimpawu zezinyanga eziyisithupha kanye nokulimala. INkantolo yaseNew York ngokufana ivumela amanye amasudi emvelo amelene nombuso, kodwa kuphela ngenxa yemali elimaza imikhawulo ethile. Laba baxhaphazi ngokuvamile bancane futhi badinga ukuvunyelwa okuqinile ngemibandela ye-procedialal reversect. Kwezinye izimo, isho ukuthi bahlanganyela ezimisweni zikahulumeni, njengokufaka isicelo sokunikeza i-EPA noma ngokufaka izicelo ze-CWA. Nokho, izinkantolo ziye zathina ukuthi ukuthatha i-ovravernerthis.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo ingase ivume ukuvuna ngokususa icala kuzwelonke liye enkantolo kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukususwa kwalesi silwelo kungumhlukumezi wezokuzivikela kuphela ngenxa yezinjongo zalesosenzo. Lokhu kudala amathuba ahlelile enkantolo ye-partiff: ngokufaka enkantolo yombuso (lapho ukuvikeleka kungakhishwa noma kungasetshenziswanga), umbuso omangalelwe ungasusa icala enkantolo kahulumeni, ngaleyondlela uzichaye ekufuneni izikhulu zikahulumeni. Nokho, uma uhulumeni ungawasusi, ummangalelwa angase ashiywe enkantolo, okungase kungabi namthetho wokulawula iziphakamiso zikahulumeni. Prictitiones kufanele ahlole ngokucophelela ukususwa kwezingozi.

Izingcindezi Zobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Ukudlala phakathi komthetho wokuvikela ubukhosi nomthetho wendawo ezungezile kunemiphumela emikhulu ekwahluleleni indawo ezungezile. Imiphakathi yemibala nezindawo ezitholakele eziphansi ngokungenakulinganiswa ithwala umthwalo wokungcola ezitsheni zikahulumeni, njengezindawo zokuchitha amanzi, izitshalo, nemisebenzi yezezimboni. Inkundla yokuvikela izikhali ingavikela imibandela yokususa izingozi, ukuhlehlisa nokuncisha inxeba izakhamuzi. Izentengo ezithintekayo zinqande ukukhokhwa [[FL:0] Johnson v. Izentelezi zindawo zokuvikela imvelo zasemanzini, i-FLT], inkantolo yalahla isamba seshe isamba sokufuna umonakalo obangelwa yimfucumfucu ezindaweni eziyingozi zikahulumeni, iphethe ukuthi intethelelo yezelele ngaphandle kwekhambiso ngaphandle kwendlela engenzekayo yezikhulu zesikhathi esizayo, intethelelani eyingozi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ex ex Young ehlukene, nakuba iwusizo, ilinganiselwe ekutholeni usizo olulindelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imiphakathi ayinakukwazi ukubuyisa umonakalo wemali ngenxa yomonakalo odlule, njengezindleko zezokwelapha noma inani lempahla. Leligebe lingagcwaliswa kuphela ngezenzo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezinikeza izingozi ezilinganiselwe eziqinile noma ezingaphansi kokulinganiselwa okuqinile. Abasekeli bezentengiselwano zezemvelo baphikisa ukuthi ukulondoloza imvelo kuthuthukisa ubuhlanga ngokukwenza kube nzima ukubeka imithetho ebophelele yezenzweni. Imithetho yama-Sihlokwana VI yemithetho ye-Ovini Act i-Ovilet ingasetshenziswa ekubekeleni izenzo zezwe ezinokusetshenziswa kwemithetho eveza ubugebengu, kodwa isivikelo sobukhokhazi futhi singalimaza.

Uma ibheka yonke indawo, imfundiso ebangela ukuthatheka isho ukuzifaka futhi ifake imali evumayo, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi usongo lokuqiniswa komthetho womthetho womthetho womuntu siqu luyisithiyo esinamandla kakhulu. Uma ukugonyelwa komzimba kuphelele, imibiko ingaba nesisusa esincane sokuvimbela ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile, ngoba azinakusolwa ngokulimaza. Umphumela yindawo ebekelwe imingcele lapho abantu abasengozini kakhulu bebhekana khona nezindleko zikahulumeni zokungathathi hlangothi.

Intuthuko Yamuva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zaqala ukuphinde zihlole imingcele yokuvikela kobukhosi endaweni ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, inani elandayo lamacala lihlanganisa izenzakalo ezikhona ngaphansi kwelungiselelo lesakhamuzi iComprehensive Environmentation Resolution, Compensation, neLisation Act[FLL:1] (I-CERCLA), elilawula ukususwa kwezindawo eziyingozi. I-CERCLA ayiqukethe ilungiselelo elicacile lesakhamuzi, kodwa izinkantolo zivumele iminikelo emelene nemithetho engaphansi kwe-CECALC, futhi zingavumela ukukhokha iminikelo engokomthetho. [[FLT:] Ku-Pennsyliniantia Department of Environment vitection. Actives.[FL3] [FULP]] [200], inkantolo iphethe ukuthi i-CENUM, i-ARM, iyavuma esizimele, iyaqhubeka ngokumelene nokugweba i-Ethelela i-Ethelela i-Ethe.

Omunye umngcele yinguquko yesimo sezulu. Imithetho ifuna umonakalo ezizweni ezikhipha igesi efudumezayo noma ngenxa yokuhluleka ukujwayela ukuphakama kwesilinganiso solwandle iye yafakwa ezweni lonke. Lamasudi avame ukuthembela emfundweni womthetho ovamile, njengesihluku noma isiphambeko somphakathi. Ukuvikela okuvamile kuneziphakamiso ezinjalo ngaphandle kokuba umbuso uvimbele ukuvinjelwa. Amanye amazwe awenakele ukuvinjelwa kwegesi ebangela ukushisa, avule umnyango wokuvulela isimo sezulu. [FT:] Rhode v. Chevron Corp.[FL:] [2001], isifundazwe ngokwaso sinezinkampani zamandla aso, kodwa uma kusekhona isigaba sokuzivikela. [FT] [FT] [FLT]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso Ex Young iyasetshenziswa kakhulu ekuvimbeleni izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula imithetho yendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, Wild Mondellation Guardians v. National Park [2022]), inkantolo ivumela isuti emelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yokuhluleka ukuvumelana nemithetho yesifunda ye-ecmouse Air Act, isebenzisa [[[FLT: 4.] ingxenye ye-Young ukuvimbela ukuvikela. Njengoba imithetho yendawo ezungezile, i-ligiggzagza iqhubeke ihlola imikhawulo yalokhu kuveza.

Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa umthetho wokulinganisela ukuvikela komthetho ozimele ezimweni zendawo ezungezile, noma izinyathelo zombuso zokwandisa abaphambuki. I-biden isekela ngokuphawulekayo ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezinamandla, kodwa intando yezombangazwe yokunqanda ukuvikeleka kombuso kuhlala kungaqinisekile. Ngokungekho kwesenzo sikahulumeni, amaphekula emvelo kumelwe athembele ekushiyweni okungahlangani okukhona kanye nokungahleleki okukhona.

Izinqubo Zokuhlalisana Ngendawo Ezungezile

Njengoba bebhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezibangelwa ukugonywa kokuzivikela komzimba okuzimele, abameli bendawo ezungezile basebenzisa amasu amaningana okuthuthukisa izinkulumo ezimelene nezifundazwe:

  • Focus nge-Prospective Relation: ukumangalela njengezicelo zokukhululeka noma ukukhipha isigwebo kubaphathi bombuso abasebusweni babo, ukunxusa [ ekukhulekeni [. Lokhu kugwema umonakalo owengeziwe futhi kungafinyelela izinguquko ezinengqondo ekuziphatheni kombuso.
  • Lungisa ukukhishwa kwemithetho okuqondile: Ukucwaninga ukuthi umthetho wendawo ezungezile okhona uqukethe ulimi olucacile oluvimbela ukunqanda ukunqanda. Sebenzisa umlando wemithetho ukusekela impikiswano yokuthi uKhomishane ihlose ukugunyaza amasutu ngokumelene nezifundazwe.
  • Funani iZwe Waiver: Inquma ukuthi umbuso unesenzo setort noma omunye umphakamisi omboza umonakalo oshiwo. Ngokuvumelana nokuqaphela izimfuneko nezimiso zokulinganiselwa.
  • Icala likaPair Federal noHulumeni: Ihele enkantolo yesifundazwe uma umbuso unesiphequluli sokuvikela uhulumeni ekufuneni umthetho. Khona - ke, uma umbuso ususa icala enkantolo kahulumeni, ummangalelwa angacela inkantolo yezwe ukuba isebenzise igunya lokunezela ezimfunweni zikahulumeni, ugweme izimpikiswano zokuvikela izifo.
  • i-United States uyithathe njenge-Plaintiff: i-United States ngokwayo ayivinjelwe yiSichibiyelo seshumi nanye esivela ezizweni zokumangalela. Amaqembu ezakhamuzi zendawo acela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba azise izenzo zokuqinisekisa, noma angangenela esutini zikahulumeni ezikhona.
  • Ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho we-Accostitual: Uma isenzo sikahulumeni sifaka inzalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo yempahla, phakamisa ukuzisho komthetho-sisekelo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Lokhu kungavumela ukukhishwa kwemithetho eyingxenye 5 futhi kuvule umnyango ukuba umonakalo.

Lamacebo adinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela nokuqonda umthetho okhethekile wesifunda. Ukucwaninga kwangaphambi konyaka kuhlanganisa ukubukezwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yokuvimbela ukunqanda ukulwa nemithetho yomthetho kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlangana kwezindawo ezizimele zokuvikela uhulumeni nokumelana nendawo ezungezile kuseyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nephikiswana kakhulu nomthetho waseMelika. Imfundiso yokuvikela ukuvikela kobukhosi, esekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye namakhulu eminyaka eyisandulela, idala izithiyo eziphawulekayo kubantu abafuna ukuba nemithetho eboshelwe ukungcolisa, ukuphatha kabi izinto, nokungabi nabulungisa kwendawo ezungezile. Nakuba ikhona futhi ikhona i-"negavd", ukuvikelwa kwe-mouserverate, kanye nemfundiso engaphandle ye-Young imfundiso ngayinye ebekwa icala ngokuhlola okuqinile kokwahlulela. i-figggggggggg ngokunelisayo.

Njengoba izinselele zendawo ezungezile zikhula − kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekungcoleni okusakazekile, − ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi bombuso nesidingo sokulandisa kuyokhula. Abameleli, abamisi zimiso, nezinkantolo kumelwe baqhubeke behlolisisa ukulinganisela, beqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo sokuzivikela kobukhosi asisona isihlaseli sokulimaza imvelo. Okwamanje, odokotela kumelwe bazihlome ngokuqonda okujulile kwesiqalo, indlela ehleliwe yokunxusa, nokuzimisela ukusunduza imingcele yomthetho okhona.