Uhambo Lokuphathwa Kwecala Ngesimiso Sobulungisa Sesigebengu

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu siwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluklanyelwe ukuphoqelela imithetho, ukulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi, nokunikeza ubulungisa. Kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nabafundisi, ukuqonda uhambo olugcwele lwecala lobugebengu kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho zisebenza kanjani ekuphenyeni ngokudlulisa icala. Isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa izinqubo eziqondile, izindinganiso ezingokomthetho, nabadlali abayinhloko, kusukela ekubekeni umthetho nakubashushisi ukuya ekuvikeleni abameli nabahluleli.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Esimisweni Sokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Ngaphambi kokuba ungene ezigabeni, kuwusizo ukuqonda abadlali abayinhloko abakha isikhwama:

  • Izikhulu zezokuphoqelela umthetho - – amaphoyisa, abaseshi, kanye namanxusa kahulumeni ahlola ubugebengu futhi aqoqe ubufakazi.
  • Abagwebi - - abameli bakahulumeni abanquma ukuthi bangabhala phansi yini amacala futhi bamele inkantolo.
  • [ Abameli abaqinile[ - abameli abamelela ummangalelwa, kungaba ngasese noma njengabavikeli bomphakathi.
  • [ Izahluleli - izikhulu ezingathathi hlangothi eziqondisa imicimbi, zibusa ngezenzo, futhi zibeke imidanti.
  • I-'ujusi [ - amaqembu ezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi futhi zikhiphe izinqumo ezicini ezithile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izimpawu kanye nofakazi [ – abantu abanikeza ubufakazi noma izinkulumo ezithinta inhliziyo.

Umbambi qhaza ngamunye ulandela [[[QL:0] imithetho engokomthetho ehluka-hlukene ngokwesimiso sombuso, kodwa isakhiwo sonke sihlala sivumelana phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho ezivamile, kuhlanganise naleyo ese-United States nase-United Kingdom. Izigaba ezilandelayo ziveza indlela ejwayelekile yecala lobugebengu.

Isicaba 1: Ukuhlola

Izikhulu zomthetho — amaphoyisa endawo, amaphoyisa, noma izindikimba zikahulumeni ezinjenge-FBI — zisabela ngemibiko yezenzo zobugebengu noma zithathe iziphakamiso ezisheshayo zokuveza icala elingase livele.

  • Ukuxoxa nezisulu, ofakazi, nabanikazi
  • Ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo obunjengobuthi iminwe, i - DNA, izikhali noma amarekhodi e - computer
  • Ukukhipha usesho kugunyazwa ukungena kwempahla engasese
  • Ukuhlola ubugebengu ngamabhulabhu obugebengu
  • Ukuhlola ukuphakama kwezinyawo noma imishini yama - computer

Phakathi nale nkathi, ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho kumelwe kusebenze phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sehora sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeliyo nokuquleka; ubufakazi obutholaka ngokungemthetho bungavinjelwa enkantolo ngaphansi komthetho [ (bona [[FLT:]] ubulungisa.: ukuphenya kobufakazi). Uphendlo lwecala lungathatha izinsuku, amasonto, noma ngisho nezinyanga kuxhomeke ebunkimbikweni becala.

Uma abacwaningi bethola imbangela okungenzeka ibangelwe — inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi umuntu othile wenza ubugebengu — bangaqhubeka kuze kube seqophelweni elilandelayo.

Isicathulo 2: Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kwenzeka lapho abaphoqeleli bomthetho bethatha umuntu osolwayo ukuba abophelwe ejele. Lokhu kungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

  • [ enophawu lokubopha [ - umahluleli unikeza isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwi-affidavit efumbezelwe ebonisa imbangela okungenzeka.
  • Ngaphandle kogunyazo - - izikhulu zingabopha uma zibona ubugebengu noma zinezimo eziyingozi (umk., ukuphishekela ukushisa).

Phakathi nokuboshwa, izikhulu kumelwe zazise abasolwa ngamalungelo azo amaMaranda [ [e-U.S.]: ilungelo lokuthula nelungelo kummeli. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kunganikeza izinkulumo ezilandelayo ezingakholeki. Osolwayo uvele abhalwe incwadi: uthwetshulwe iminwe, athwetshulwe, abekwe engqamuzaneni. UBail angabekwa kuleliqophelo noma ezindlebeni zamuva.

Emazweni amaningi, umuntu akanakubanjwa kuze kube phakade ngaphandle kokubekwa umthetho ongokomthetho. Umthetho wamahora angu-48 (ububanzi bohlangothi loMfula v. McLaughlin, 1991) udinga ukuzwa okungenzekayo phakathi namahora angu-48 ejele. Ngemva kokuboshwa, icala lihamba liye esitejini sokumangalela.

Isitezi 3: Ukuklebhula

Uma umshushisi eseboshiwe, icala liya ehhovisi lomshushisi. umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi kufanele abhale phansi yini amacala angokomthetho. Lesi isinqumo esibucayi ngoba abashushisi banolwazi olubanzi.

  • Amandla obufakazi
  • Ubukhulu bobugebengu okuthiwa buwubugebengu
  • Umlando wobugebengu womsolwa
  • Izithakazelo zobulungisa nezisulu
  • Imithombo etholakalayo nokucindezela okungasetshenziswa

Ukujezisa kungahluka kusuka ku [[FLT: 0] okkwehliswayo (umz., amatikiti ezimoto) ukuya ku- (umz., ukweba okuncane) [[FLT:]] amaphutha [[FLT]] [umkl.] [umk., ukubulala]. [FLT]] [FLT] [FF: FT] [FF:] [10] noma umbiko wezwilayelelo]

Ingxenye 4: Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nezindlebe

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa uyavela phambi komahluleli ukuze kuvele iqhawe.

  • Yazisa ummangalelwa ngamacala
  • Banikeze amalungelo
  • Misa ibheyili noma izimo zokukhululwa

Bail uyisiqinisekiso sezimali sokuthi ummangalelwa uzobuya esikhathini senkantolo sesikhathi esizayo. Umahluleli angabeka isilinganiso esithile, akhiphe ummangalelwa ngokwawo (ayikho imali edingekayo), noma aphike ibheyili uma ummangalelwa eyingozi yendiza noma ingozi emphakathini. Isichibiyeli esiqondile [ sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme, kodwa izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezifana nerekhodi lobugebengu, ukubopha umphakathi, kanye nohlobo lobugebengu.

Kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokha, inhlangano yenguquko ye- iye yabangela izinguquko ezizweni eziningi, igcizelela ukuhlolwa kwengozi ezimweni zezimali (bona Prison Policy Inniction: Bail Reformation[).

Isiteji 5: Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili

Ezimweni eziyingozi, ukuqulwa kwecala kwasekuqaleni kuvame ukuthathwa ukuze kubonwe ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele ( imbangela engaxazululwayo ) ukuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu akulona icala elinecala; kunalokho, inqubo yokuhlola. Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi nofakazi, futhi ukuzivikela kunganqamuleka i-examine. Uma icala liqhubekela phambili.

Uma kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela itholakele, icala liyaqhubekeka. Uma kungenjalo, amacala ayaxoshwa, nakuba abashushisi bengase baphinde balungise uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha. Kwezinye izindawo, ukuzwa kokwandulela kungakhishwa yisivikelo, ikakhulukazi uma umgomo ukuxoxa ngesicelo.

Isigaba 6: Ukubekwa Ngomthetho

Icala liyimvume efundeka kahle yamacala enkantolo esobala. Ummangalelwa uyavela angene esicelweni:

  • ukulutha - - ukuvuma ubugebengu, ngokuvamile obuholela ngokuqondile ekugwebeni.
  • ungabi necala [ - - ukwenqaba amacala, ukumisa iqophelo lokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [ Akukho mncintiswano (nolo imantinere) -awuvumi icala kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso, ngokuvamile osetshenziselwa ukugwema ukubekeka icala lomphakathi.

Umahluleli uqinisekisa ummangalelwa futhi ukuthi umelelwe ngokomthetho. Uma bengakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, umvikeli umisiwe. Izimo ze-bail zingashintshwa kuleliqophelo. Ngemva kokuqulwa, icala lingena eqenjini langaphambi kokuhlolwa.

Isiteji 7: Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kwesenzakalo Nokutholakala Kwaso

Phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala, zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekwahluleleni ukuphenya — ukuguqula ubufakazi nokwaziswa. Isivikelo kumelwe sembule izinto ezithile (umz., ofakazi be-alibi), futhi abashushisi kumelwe baphendule ubufakazi bokuququzelela ngaphansi [kokuka Brady v. Maryland[ [1963]).

  • Motion ukuvimbela ubufakazi[ – cela umahluleli ukuba akhiphe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho.
  • Motion ukuxosha – iphikisa ngokuthi amacala awanele noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo aphulwa.
  • i-Motion yoshintsho lwendawo[ – ukudluliswa kwesicelo kwenye indawo ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezomboni.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ukuvubukula – kuphoqelela olunye uhlangothi ukuba luhlanganyele ubufakazi.

Amacala amaningi aphelela lapha ngokuthengiselana. Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 e-U.S. anqunywa ngokufaka isicelo, lapho ummangalelwa evuma ukumangalela icala ngokushintshana ngamacala ancishisiwe noma isigwebo esilula. Izingxoxo ze-Plea zihilela umshushisi, ummeli, futhi ngokuvamile umahluleli, kodwa ummangalelwa kumelwe avume ngokuzithandela.

Uma kungekho kunxusa okufinyelelwayo, icala liphokophele ekuqulweni kwecala.

Isicathulo 8: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala lobugebengu liyisigaba esibonakala kakhulu nesiphawulekayo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi ngejaji elingakhethi (ISiphendulo se-Sixth). Nokho, ummangalelwa angakulahla ukuqulwa kwecala futhi akhethe icala le-'FLT:2] lezentengo yezentengiselwano [[ lapho ijaji linquma khona kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ihlanganisa nezigaba eziningana:

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Icala nabameli abamelene nezomthetho bangabaza abahluleli abangathola ubandlululo. Ingxenye ngayinye ingagadla inani elilinganiselwe lejaji ngesizathu (umz., ukuvuma ubandlululo) noma isebenzise izinselele zokuzikhulula (azikho izizathu ezidingekayo, kodwa azinakusekelwa ngokohlanga noma ubulili). Umgomo uyiqembu elingakhethi nelingakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ohlangothini ngalunye luchaza kuqala ukuthi yini abahlose ukuyifakazela, kulandele izikhalo. la mazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa ayindlela yabasizi bejaji.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe eliyinhloko, ubiza ofakazi nokwethula imibukiso. Ufakazi wokuvikela isiphambano sama-examine. Ngemva kokuthatha imvume, ulwelwelo lunganikeza ubufakazi balo nofakazi. Ummangalelwa akadingekile ukuba afakazele; isiMithelela sesihlanu sivikela ekuzichaseni.

Ubufakazi bulawula lokho okungavunywa. I-lavesay (izinkulumo ezithenjiwe zeqiniso) ngokuvamile azinakufinyelelwa, ngaphandle kweminingi. Ofakazi abaqaphile bangafakaza ngesayensi yokuzimela, ukusebenza kwengqondo, noma ezinye izihloko ezikhethekile.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Inhlangothi ngayinye ifingqa ubufakazi futhi iphikisa ukuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele bafinyelele isinqumo esithile. Umshushisi unomthwalo wobufakazi: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [ — indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu emthethweni. Isivikelo asidingi ukufakazela ubumsulwa kodwa sidala ukungabaza okunengqondo.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ovumelanayo. Khona - ke abahluleli bavele banqume ngasese, behlose ukuvumelana emacaleni obugebengu. Uma bengenakuvumelana, bayijaji elibophayo , futhi umahluleli angase amemezele icala elingalungile. Umshushisi anganquma ukuthi angalilungisa yini icala.

Isithethi somyalo

Uma abahluleli bethola ummangalelwa engenacala, bayakhululwa futhi abanakubekwa icala elifanayo ( ingozi ephindwe kabili[ inqabela lokhu). Uma unecala, icala liqhubeka nokugweba.

Isicathulo 9: Ukugwetshwa

Isigwebo singase senzeke ngokushesha ngemva kwesinqumo esinecala noma kuhlelwe usuku olulandelayo. umahluleli ucabangela izici ezihlukahlukene:

  • Iziqondiso zokugweba inqubo noma izinto ezingaphansi kwesibopho
  • Isimo nobukhulu bobugebengu
  • Umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa
  • Amazwi okuhlukunyezwa
  • Izimo ezibangela ukugadla noma ezikhuphulayo

Imisho engenzeka ihlanganisa:

  • Inzuzo Nokubuyiselwa
  • Ukukhishwa kwenqubo (kuye kwakhishwa emphakathini)
  • Inkonzo yomphakathi noma izimiso zokwelapha
  • Ukukhishwa kwezigwegwe (ijail yephutha, ukuboshwa ngenxa yamaphutha)
  • Isijeziso sokufa (ngemithetho esisivumelayo)

[[FLT: 0] ISichibiyelo se-Eghth [ sivimbela isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zasekela izigwebo ezinde emacala amakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ku-Graham v. Florida[ (2010) ukuvimbela ukuphila ngaphandle kwentsha emacaleni angewona angenayo. [FLT:]

Isiteji 10: Ukudluliswa Nokudluliswa Kwecala Nokukhanga

Ngemva kokwahlulelwa, ummangalelwa angaphishekela i-apple. Isikhalo asisona ikhambi elisha; ukubukeza amaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka ukuthi awuthinte umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi
  • Iziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji
  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko
  • Ukuziphatha Okubi Kwamacala

Inkantolo ethatha icala ihlola irekhodi lecala kanye nezinsika ezicushwe zombili. Ingasekela ukuqiniseka, iguqule (ngezinye izikhathi ifuna ukuqulwa kwecala elisha), noma ilungise umusho. E-U.S., abamangalelwa banelungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo esisodwa esiqondile; ukudluliswa okuqhubekayo ezinkantolo eziphakeme kuyaqashelwa.

Ngalé kokudlulisa isikhalo esiqondile, abamangalelwa bangahlasela ngokuhlasela njengezicelo ze-habeas corpus, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuboshwa kwabo kuphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile kuhilela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezibukeza ukuthembeka kombuso.

Ezinye Imiphumela: Ukuphikiswa Nokuncishwa

Akuzona zonke izimo ezilandela uhambo olugcwele. Izikhundla eziningi zinikeza izinhlelo ze- zezokuqala noma zezephula-mthetho zezehhhhlo. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela abamangalelwa ukuba baqede inkonzo yomphakathi, ukuphathwa kwezidakamizwa, noma imfundo eshintshanisa ukunqanyulwa kwamacala. Ukuqedelwa okuphumelelayo kuholela ekubophekeni , lapho ukuboshwa namacala kubekwa khona embhalweni womphakathi. Lokhu kungavimbela imiphumela emide yomsebenzi nezindlu (bona [[FLT:]]] NCS: i-Submentalment nolwandle lwe-Creversalder ]).

Izici Eziyingqayizivele Zesimiso SikaHulumeni

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu siyahluka phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni nombuso. Amacala e-Federal ahilela ukwephulwa komthetho we-U.S. (isinye isik., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezimeleni zikahulumeni, ukuphanga ebhange, i-inthanethi ye-inthanethi) futhi aqulwa ama-Attorney ase-U.S. Amacala oMbuso ahilela ukwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni futhi aqulwa abameli besifunda. Isigwebo sombuso ngokuvamile sithathelwa iziqondiso ezingokomthetho neziqondiso zemithetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo nezinqubo nazo ziyahluka kancane, kodwa uhambo oluvamile luyefana.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwa Kuyo Yonke Lenqubo

Isigaba ngasinye senqubo yobugebengu silolongwa yisivikelo somthetho - sisekelo. Amalungelo ayinhloko ahlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sesine [ – isivikelo ekufuneni ngokungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni.
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th -ilungelo lokuthula, ukuvikela engozini ephindwe kabili, nenqubo efanele.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xtix -aye kuqulo lwecala lomphakathi olusheshayo nolungakhethi, isaziso samacala, ukuphikisana kofakazi nosizo lweseluleko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi – isivikelo ekusebenziseni ibheyili ephakeme nesijeziso esinesihluku.

Uma ephulwa, imiphumela ingahlanganisa ukucindezelwa kobufakazi, ukuxoshwa kwamacala, noma ukuhoxiswa kwecala.

Imibono Evamile Ngezohambo Lokwahlulela Kwesigebengu

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi amacala amaningi ayaqulwa, kodwa eqinisweni, iningi lixazululwa ngokukhokhwa kwezicelo. Okunye okungamanga ukuthi ukuboshwa kumane kuholele ekukholelweni; eqinisweni, amacala amaningi ancishiswa ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima yesisulu ngokuvamile ayiqondwa ngokungeyikho: izisulu azihilelekile ecaleni, kodwa zinganikeza ithonya ngokusho izisulu futhi zingaba namalungelo okuthola ukwaziswa nokulungiswa ngaphansi komthetho wezwe.

Isiphetho

Uhambo lwecala ngesimiso somthetho wokwahlulela ngamagebengu luyinqubo ethatha izinyathelo eziningi eklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi ngamalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Kusukela ekuhlolweni nasekuboshweni ngokuqulwa, ekugwetshweni, nasekudlulisweni, isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezicophelelayo nokwenza izinqumo ngabadlali abaningi. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda umthetho, esebenza esimisweni, noma ukufuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Nakuba isimiso sikude kakhulu — izindaba zokuhlukana kwezinhlanga, ukuthatheka komthetho, ukuthatha imingcele yecala, kanye nempahla ekhona iyaqhubeka — isisekelo saso sisekelwe ezimisweni zenqubo efanelekile nokungathembekile. Ukuhlola okujulile, imithombo ephuma eMthethwenisweni weze-Active [[FLT] [FLD:0]