Isizinda Esingokomlando Sovivinyo LukaJury

Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liyisivikelo sokulawula kwentando yeningi. Umsuka walo uhlehlela emuva eGreece yasendulo, lapho izakhamuzi zakhonza khona njengejaji ezimpikiswaneni zobugebengu nezingokwemiphakathi ngaphansi kwesimiso se disterosia. IRiphabliki lamaRoma nalo lasebenzisa uhlobo lwejaji, i-quastio [[FLT], , ngokwezimo zobugebengu. Nokho, ukhokhokhokho wejala-jaji lanamuhla utholakala enkathini ephakathi yekhulu leminyaka ye-106, ukulandela umhlanelo ka-1960. Unyaka wokuqala wawungasebenzisi ukucasha kweqiniso kodwa ofakazi bendawo abafunga iqiniso lolwazi lwabo siqu.[FLT] [12:3], kodwa izidumbu ezikhulwini zekhulu zekhulu leminyaka eziguqulwayo, ezinziwa kancane kancane ngemva kobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi ufakazi abanecala.

uMagna Carta (1215) ivame ukugujwa ngokubekwa kwesisekelo sokuqulwa kwecala yijaji. U-Claus 39 umemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ozoboshwa noma asuswe “ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe.” Nakuba ekuqaleni izimemezelo zasetshenziswa kuphela ebhandeni, ukuchazwa kwazo kamuva kwaba iqophelo lokuqinisekisa amalungelo abanzi. Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa leminyaka, umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wamisa ijaji njengesehlo egunyeni lobukhosini. Lapho amakoloni aseMelika ephumile eBrithani, iSivumelo sokuvikelwa kwemicala icala njengesihluthulelo sezelo. U. U.S. uMthetho-kashatom walandela waba i-Siphakamende ye-IS, i-Extranste, i-Expediction ye-“Indextemple, i-Exption, i-erreverdiction, i-Est, i-Est, i-Est, i-Ust

Injongo Nemisebenzi Yokuvivinywa KukaJury

Ukuqulwa kwecala kusebenza izinjongo ezihambelanayo: kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kuqinisekisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, futhi kukhuthaza ukuthembela komphakathi ekuqondiseni ubulungisa. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwecala, lapho umahluleli oyedwa enquma icala, ijaji liletha ukuhlakanipha komphakathi nombono ohlukene. Lokhu kukhishwa kwamandla kusiza ekuqapheni uhulumeni ophambanayo, okhethayo, noma oshaya imithetho ewubushiqela. Izenzo zabahluleli njenge “isayensi yomphakathi,” ukuthatha umqondo ovamile ekwahluleleni okungase kube yize ngokomthetho.

Ngokuqondile, ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli kufeza imisebenzi emine ebalulekile:

  • FOCT - Abavuni bahlola ubufakazi, bahlola ukwethenjelwa, futhi banqume okwenzekayo. Bayalwa ukuba basekele isinqumo sabo emaqinisweni anikezwa enkantolo kuphela.
  • Isicelo somthetho - Yize umahluleli efundisa ngomthetho ohlobene, amajaji asebenzisa lowomthetho emaqinisweni awatholile. Lengxenye yomsebenzi ilondoloza ukuvumelana komahluleli nombono obekwe abahluleli.
  • Icala - Isinqumo esikhishwa yizakhamuzi ezivamile sinegunya lokuziphatha. Umphakathi uthambekele kakhulu ekwamukeleni isiqinisekiso noma ukulahlwa uma kuvela eqenjini lontanga kunokuba kuthathwe isikhulu sikahulumeni.
  • [ Imfundo ye-pivic – inkonzo kaJury ichaya izakhamuzi emsebenzini wesimiso sobulungisa, ithuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile kwamalungelo, inqubo efanelekile, kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yobuzwe.

Inqubo Yokukhetha IJury (I - voir Dire)

Ukukhetha i-avaludi elungile nengakhethi kuyinqubo enzima eyaziwa ngokuthi i - lat jad [kusukela ku-French yakudala, “ukukhuluma iqiniso”). Iqala ngeqembu labahluleli elithathwe kumarekhodi okubhalisa, izisethi zelayisense zomshayeli, noma ezinye izinhlu zomphakathi. Amakhulu ezakhamuzi angabizelwa ukuqulwa komthetho owodwa. Uma esenkantolo, umahluleli nommeli ungabangabaza abahluleli abangase bavubukule izigwebo ezingavimbela ukunquma icala lobufakazi kuphela.

Le nqubo iqala kancane kancane:

  1. Ukuveza i-Venire - Impikiswano yenkantolo ithumela esiphambanweni esivamile esithatha indawo ehlukene yomphakathi.
  2. [ Ukuhlola [ - Abagcini bejaji abathi ukwahlulela kufaka umbuzo futhi bayangatshazwa njengeqembu ngesimo sengqondo esivamile ngomthetho, amaphoyisa, noma uhlobo lobugebengu.
  3. [ Umbuzo owenziwe kubantu - Ama-Atttorney angabuza imibuzo elandela imibuzo enkethwini, ngokuvamile ephepheni lentambo noma emagumbini, ukuze ahlole ubandlululo oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, ijaji elingase libe isisulu sobugebengu obufanayo lingase lingakwazi ukuhlala lingacaluli.
  4. Iqophelo lembangela [[[FT:1] - Ama-Attorney angacela umahluleli ukuba axoshe ijaji ngesizathu esithile, njengokuvuma ubandlululo noma ubuhlobo nedili.
  5. Izinselele - Izinhlangothi zonke zingagadla inani elilinganiselwe labaphathi bejaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Nokho, izinselele zesihlengo azinakusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ohlwini, ebulilini, noma ebuzweni (njengoba zigcinwe ku Batson v. Kentucky, 1986]).
  6. Idla ijaji - Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi zibonise izinselele zazo, iqembu elisele le 12 (noma elimbalwa kwezinye izifunda) lifungela njengejaji lokuqulwa kwecala.

Isosha elibi libalulekile ngoba iqhawe elilodwa elinobandlululo lingasilimaza sonke icebo. Ezimweni eziphakeme, lenqubo ingathatha izinsuku noma amasonto, njengoba abameli bezama ukubona ubandlululo olufihlekile, ikakhulukazi olubangelwa ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba.

Indima Yabavikeli Phakathi Nokuqulwa Kwecala

Lapho sebefungile, abasizi bejaji baba abatholi beqiniso kuphela. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, kumelwe bahlale bengabutholi ubufakazi obuzimele.

Abavuni benza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile:

  • Ukulalela nokuqaphela[ - Kumelwe baqaphele ubufakazi, imibukiso, nezimpikiswano. Kwezinye izinkantolo, bavunyelwe ukuthatha amaphuzu, nakuba lokhu kuhluka ngokwezimiso.
  • [ Intengiselwano - Abaqondisi bahlola ukuthi ofakazi bathembekile, banembile, futhi abaguquguquki. Bangase bacabangele isimo, izisusa, futhi basekele ubufakazi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa iqoqo - Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano neziqondiso zomahluleli, amajaji athatha umhlala-khaya wangasese ukuze aphikisane nobufakazi. Izifungo zingathatha amahora amade noma izinsuku. Amajaji kumelwe alalelena, aphinde acabangele imibono yokuqala, futhi asebenzele esinqumweni esivumelanayo (noma ukuma okukhulu kwezinye izifunda zezindaba zomphakathi).
  • ukhipha isinqumo [ - Isinqumo sokugcina sejaji kumelwe sisekelwe ebufakazini nasemthethoni njengoba kufundiswa. Uma bengenakuvuma(a] “abahluleli abahluli”" uma umahluleli angakhipha isigwebo esingafanele, futhi abashushisi banganquma ukuthi bangalizama yini icala.

Abagcini baleli qembu bavame ukubika ukuthi lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kuyasangulukisa futhi kuyashintsha.

Umphumela Wovivinyo Lwejuli Esimisweni Esingokomthetho

Ukuqulwa kwecala leJury akulomphumela womuntu ngamunye kuphela kodwa futhi kuhlanganisa nobubanzi bezwe lomthetho.

Ukumisa Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

Nakuba izigebengu zingakhiqizi umthetho, izinqumo zazo zingathonya amacala aqulwayo, futhi izinkantolo ezidlulisa icala ngezinye izikhathi zithembele ekuziphatheni kokwahlulela ukuze zichaze izindinganiso zomthetho-mthetho. Isinqumo Apprendi v. New Jersey [2000], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ibambelele ekutheni noma iliphi iphuzu elikhuphukayo elingaphezu kwesigwebo kumelwe liqinisekiswe ejajini ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqulwa Kwamacala

AmaJuries aye asebenza ngokomlando njengesithiyo sokumelana nokushushiswa ngokweqile. Uma ubufakazi bubuthakathaka, noma lapho umthetho ungathandeki kakhulu, amajaji angakhipha ngisho nobunzima bobufakazi obuvela “ngokwephulwa kwecala” qha qha, amandla okubuyisela isinqumo esinganciphisi nakuba ekholelwa ukuthi ummangalelwa wephula umthetho. Izibonelo ezidumile zihlanganisa amajaji awenqaba ukubeka isigwebo sikaJohn Peter Zengenger ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso (1735), kanye nenkulungwane yenkulungwane yecala ekhipha izigqila zababaleki noma abahlengi bawo.

Ukuthonya Umphakathi Okucekela Phansi

Icala lamajaji eliphezulu leprofile libusa ukuqulwa kwezindaba futhi libangele ukuphikisana komphakathi ngohlanga, isigaba, nobulungisa. Izinqumo ezimweni ezinjenge Abantu v.O.J. Simpson (1995] noma Isiteshi saseFlorida v. George Zimmerman[[FLT] [202013]) yaba izikhombo ezicatshaza zezingxoxo zobandlululo esimisweni sobulungisa. Lokhu kuhlola kungabangela izinguquko ze-Grooctical / ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko ezinhlelweni zokubona ngawafakazi bokuzibonela noma izingeniso ze-mizimba.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Ngokulwela Ukubulala

Ukuhlanganyela enkantolo yamajaji kuveza izakhamuzi emsebenzini wangaphakathi wenkantolo. Ngokokuhlola kuka-2019 okwenziwa yiNational Center for State Courts, abangaphezu kuka-85% balabo ababeyijaji babika ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwandisa inhlonipho yabo ngesimiso sokwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajaji ahlukahlukene athuthukisa ukumelelwa kwezinqumo, njengoba ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izigi zokwamukelwa kwemidanti yenkolo kuthatha isikhathi eside, kucabangela ubufakazi obuningi, futhi kwenza amaphutha angaphezulu kunawo wonke amajaji amhlophe angu-76.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Novivinyo Lwamajukusha

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo okuhlala njalo, ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli kubhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ezingase ziqede ukungakhethi nokuphumelela kwazo.

I - juor Bias Nemibono Evamile

Wonke umuntu uletha ubandlululo olucacile ebhokisini labahluleli ("lobuhlanga), ubulili, isimo sezenhlalo, noma ukuphila. Ngisho noma kunobandlululo olunesizo segazi, olunemiqondo ejulile lungahlala lufihlekile. Abamangalelwa abamnyama basengozini kakhulu yokulahlwa futhi bathole izigwebo eziqinile kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe, futhi lokhu kucwasa ngokwengxenye kubangelwa ukucwaswa. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukusingatha lokhu ngokuqeqeshwa okucacile ngo-prelibbias, iziyalezo ezibukeziwe zejaji, kanye nokulungisa izaba khona, kodwa inkinga iyaqhubeka.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bokukhuluma Ngezimfihlakalo Kwanamuhla

Amacala amaningi obugebengu manje ahlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, uzungu olude, noma ubugebengu obuyinkimbinkimbi bezimali. Icala elivamile manje lithatha amasonto ambalwa, futhi amanye angathatha izinyanga. Abakhohlisi, ngokuvamile abangajwayelene nezindlela ezingokomthetho noma imiqondo engokwesayensi, bangase balwele ukuthatha futhi bagcine ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe. Lokhu “ukucupha” kungaholela ekudidekeni nasekunyuseni ingozi yezinqumo eziyiphutha. Ezinye izinkantolo manje zivumela abakhombisi ukuba banikeze imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi, noma babanikeze ama-Greans, kodwa kusale kunezinyathelo ezinjalo eziphikisanayo.

Isikhathi Nemithombo Yezinto Esilinganiselwe

Ukuqulwa kwecala lika Jury kuyabiza. Icala elilodwa lingabiza izinkulungwane zamaRandi ngesikhathi senkantolo, izindleko zomthetho namahora abameli. Izigwebo eziqhubeka zidinga ukuqulwa izinyanga eziningi ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe inkantolo, futhi ukuqulwa kwamacala ngokwako akuvamile. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, amacala obugebengu angaphansi kwamaphesenti amabili aqulwayo manje; angaphezu kuka-95% axazululwa ngokukhokhwa kwezicelo. Ukuwa kwecala kusho ukuthi umsebenzi wengqopha - mlando wabahluleli kuyabulala, futhi abamangaleli abaphikelelayo elungelweni labo abamele ijaji bangabhekana “nesigwebo sokwahlulela” esinzima kunaleso ababengasithola ngokummangalela ngecala.

Ithonya Lemithombo Yezindaba Nokusakaza Umphakathi

Izibalo ezibonisa ukuphakama kwamabhokisi e-profile zingagcwalisa umphakathi ngokwaziswa okucwasanayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi abasizi bejaji sebenemibono eqinile ngaphambi kokuba babizwe. Ngokweqile, amajaji kumelwe athathe ijaji ukuze alwe lonke icala, awahlukanise emithonjeni yezindaba nasemithonjeni yezezenhlalo, noma ngisho adlulisele icala endaweni ehlukile. Ukufika kocingo nokuthola ukwaziswa ngokushesha kukwenze cishe kungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abagcini bejaji ngeke bahlangane nento engenakulahlwa.

Ukuba Ummeleli Nokuhlukahluka

Ukuze abahluleli bangabi nakhethe ngempela, kumelwe babonise ukuhlukaniswa okulungile komphakathi. Nokho amazwe amaningi asalwa nokubekwa kwezindawo zesizwe esiphansi kwezakhamuzi ezisezincane, ezentsha, neziphansi ezithola imali. Lokhu kungabangelwa ubandlululo olusemthonjeni, ukusetshenziswa kwezinselele zokukhipha amaqembu athile, noma ubunzima obuthethelela inani elikhulu lezisebenzi nabanakekeli. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinhlu eziningi zemithombo, ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda izinselele ezilula, nokuvumela inkonzo yejaji ukuba isetshenziswe ngokufanelekile (umz., ivumela inkonzo eyodwa yezinsuku ezingu-6, ukunikeza ukunakekelwa kwabantwana).

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Ukulingwa Kwamajukusha Emhlabeni Wonke

IUnited States ivelele njengenesimiso sokuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli esiqinile, kodwa ikude nezwe okuwukuphela kwalo elithembele kumanxusa ezakhamuzi.

  • England neWales – Isiqalo sejaji lesimanje sisayisebenzisa emacaleni obugebengu angathi sína eNkantolo yoMkhandlu. Nokho, amajaji aye aqedwa emacaleni amaningi ezakhamuzi, futhi ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala labahluleli linciphile kunase-U.S. izinselele zokukhulula zaqedwa ngo-1988 ukunciphisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga.
  • - Ukuqulwa kwecala lesigebengu kusetshenziselwa amacala angathi sína. AmaJuries akhiwa amalungu angu-12 futhi kumelwe afinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo. I-Voir inkulu kune-U.S., futhi izinselele zesizathu zisetshenziswa ngokuncishisiwe.
  • Australia- Juries inquma icala kuwo wonke amacala obugebengu amacala ajeziswa ngesigwebo sezinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-12 ukuboshwa. Ukungalingani kuyadingeka ezizweni eziningi, nakuba abanye bevumela izinqumo eziningi ngemva kokucabangisisa okwengeziwe. Indima yamajaji emacaleni omphakathi iye yancitshiswa kancane kancane.
  • I-Centainment Europe - Amazwe amaningi esizwe athathe indawo yamajaji angokwesiko ngezinkantolo ezixubene noma amajaji avamile. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane isebenzisa isimiso ‘ sokuhlola izibalo” ( Schöffen) abahlala eduze kwamajaji angochwepheshe ezigebengwini ezingathi sína. IFrance isebenzisa iqembu labahluleli abathathu nabaphathi bejaji abayisithupha becala lezempi. Lezi zimiso zihlose ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho nokuhlanganyela ngokuhlanganyela ngokungena kwemithetho kuyilapho zigwema ubunkimbi bejaji obuvamile be-6.
  • yaseJapan - ngo-2009, iJapane yasungula i-saiban àin [umahluleli] wesimiso sobugebengu obungathi sína. Amaqoqo ezakhamuzi eziyisithupha nabahluleli abathathu abangochwepheshe banquma kokubili icala nesigwebo. Inguquko yafuna ukwandisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi nempumelelo ngemva kochungechunge lwezinkolelo ezingalungile eziphezulu [1] Ukuhlolwa kwakuqala kubonisa ukuthi abahluleli abahilelekile bahlanganyela ngenkuthalo futhi leyomfanelo yekhono selithuthukile.

Isimiso ngasinye silinganisela isidingo sokuhileleka kwezakhamuzi ekuhilelekeni ezinkingeni eziphathelene nezindleko, ikhono, nokulunga.

Izinguquko Nekusasa Lovivinyo Lwamajukujwayezi

Uma kucatshangelwa izinselele ezichazwe ngenhla, abashisekeli abaningi benguquko abangokomthetho baye bahlongoza izinguquko zokulondoloza nokuqinisa icala labahluleli.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukukhetha I - “jury ”

  • Ukwandisa uhlu lomthombo ukuze kuhlanganiswe amarekhodi, ama-ID ombuso, nezinye izitatimende zokwaziswa ukuze kwande ukuhlukahluka.
  • Ukuqeda noma ukuqeda izinselele eziqeda imingcele ukuze kuncishiswe ubandlululo lobuhlanga.
  • Ukuvumela ummeli u - Áuter wasebenzisa i - voir ehlasimulisayo noma esebenzisa abaxoxi - ndlebe abangochwepheshe ukuze kuvulwe ubandlululo olufihlekile.

Ukuvivinya Izinqubo Zovivinyo Zanamuhla

  • Ivumela abasizi bejaji ukuba babhale amaphuzu futhi babuze imibuzo ebhaliwe (engaphansi kokwahlulelwa).
  • Ukunikeza “imininingwane efushanisiwe yomthetho” yobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, obufana nezincwadi zezincwadi zabahluleli ezisetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwamacala athile okukhwabanisa.
  • Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obunjengobufakazi obusemshinini kanye nokubhala ngezikhathi ezingokoqobo ukuze kusizwe ukuba siqonde izinto ezishiwo abasizi.

Ukukhuluma “Isigwebo Esiboshiwe”

  • Ukuthatha iziqondiso zemithetho ezinciphisa ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokunxusa. Ezinye izifundazwe kakade zigunyaze ukuthi ukuqiniseka ngemva kokulingwa akunakuphumela emshweni ongaphezu kuka 20-30% kunesinxephezelo esifanayo.
  • Ukwanda kwezimali zokuvikela ukuze abavikeli bomphakathi bathathe amacala amaningi baquliswe icala.

Ukusekela Ukusekela I - juror

  • Ukukhuphula iholo (ngokuvamile elingaphansi kuka - R250 - 120 ngosuku) ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo ongokwezimali ezakhamuzini ezihola imali encane.
  • Ukunikeza abasizi bejaji ukunakekelwa kwezingane ngenkululeko noma ngokusemthethweni.
  • Ukwamukela “usuku olulodwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala elilodwa” izinqubo zokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka.

Isenzo Somthetho Nesokwahlulela

  • Ukugunyaza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enqubweni yomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni (osekusele kubo bonke abangu - 50) futhi kukwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izishaya - mthetho zikuchaze lokho ngokunciphisa izijeziso ezingaphansi komnyango wejaji.
  • Ukukhuthaza izinguquko eziwucwaningo ‘ njengeziqu zamacala ejaji ’ noma iziqu zokwahlulela ezihlolwayo (ezisiza amajaji ukuba anqume amacala ayinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kwesinqumo esibophayo) ukuqoqa ukwaziswa.

Ikusasa lecala labahluleli liyoxhomeka ekutheni izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho zingasivumelanisa yini lesi simiso sasendulo nezwe lanamuhla. Naphezu kwamaphutha aso, ijaji lilokhu liwukubonakaliswa okusobala kwesimiso sokuthi ubulungisa bungumzamo ohlanganyelwe, hhayi umsebenzi wobushiqela. Njengoba uMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme uThur Good Marshall abhala, “Ijaji liletha enqubweni yokwahlulela umoya wokuhlanganyela okuthandwayo nenhlonipho ngalokho okuqukethwe umthetho. Umsebenzi walo ukulondoloza amandla endikimba.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kovivinyo Lobujukupheku

Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Jury akuyona nje indlela yokuzikhethela; kuyilungelo lobuzibulo elingokomthetho elibopha izakhamuzi esisekelweni somthetho osemthethweni wesimiso sazo sobulungisa. Ziphoqelela umbuso ukuba ufakazele icala lawo phambi kweqembu labantu abavamile, uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyaqhubeka ulandisa ngezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Uhambo olungokomlando ukusuka e-Arec Greece ukuya egumbini labahluleli banamuhla lwembula intambo eqhubekayo: inkolelo yokuthi labo abaphethwe umthetho kufanele babe nezwi elisebenzayo.

Kubafundisi abafundisa isimiso somthetho sokwahlulela, ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza ukuhlola okunamandla kwecala ngendlela umthetho, ezombangazwe, kanye nendlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abaphikisana ngayo. Abafundi bathola ukuthi izinqumo aziyona imiphumela ezenzekelayo yemithetho engokomthetho kodwa zakhiwa ngokucabangela nangokwahlulela. Izinselele ezibhekene nokuqulwa kwejaji (-bias, ukuyinkimbinkimbi, izindleko), akumelwe zinganakwa, kodwa kufanele zikhululwe ngokulungisa ngokucabangela. Ikhambi eliphelele (a) elibekwe phakathi kwesimiso somthetho (ukuzinye) liyonciphisa ukwethemba komphakathi nokuncishiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Njengoba singena juqu ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka, ukusinda kwecala lejaji kuzoxhomeka ekuzimiseleni komphakathi ukulitshala. Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza, kodwa ubuchwepheshe abunakuthatha indawo yesenzo somuntu sokulalela, ukucabanga, nokunquma ndawonye. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlonipha indima yamajaji iwukukhonza, ukufundisa, nokusekela isimiso esinikeza wonke ummangalelwa ithuba langempela lokulizwa. Izigxobo ziphakeme, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kube khona ukubusa ngokulunga nokukhomba ngentando yeningi. Ukuze kufundwe ngokubaluleka kwemali, bheka [[FL:] U.S. [FFOL] [FOL:[5], [5],[5], [FF]