Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nezinqumo zikahulumeni buyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela ukugunyaza kukahulumeni okuthonya ngayo izenzo zikahulumeni kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nanoma ubani olandela isimiso somphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka okuwusizo kulezibonelo eziyinhloko, ezihlolayo, izinqubo, kanye nezihlonze ekwenzeni izinqumo zikahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Uhulumeni WaseMelika

Umbuso wombuso uhlukanisa uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe. Uvumela imibuso ukuba isebenzise igunya ezindabeni zendawo kuyilapho inamathela emithethweni kahulumeni. Lokhu kulinganisela kungaholela ekucindezelekeni okunenzuzo, ikakhulukazi uma izimiso zikahulumeni zingqubuzana nezithakazelo zikahulumeni noma amasiko ezombangazwe.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unika uhulumeni othile amandla akhethekile, njengokuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle kanye nokuqhuba isimiso sakwamanye amazwe. ISichibiyelo seTenth sigcine wonke amanye amagunya ezwe noma abantu.

I-Federalism ayiminyene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukulinganisela kwamandla kuye kwashintsha ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izenzo zobungqungquthela, nezenzo zokuphatha. I-constitution yanamuhla ivame ukuhlanganisa ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi lapho izimali zikahulumeni zihlangana khona nezintambo, ifuna ukuba amazwe ahlangabezane nezimo ezithile ukuze athole imali.

Isimiso Esiyinhloko Sokuziphatha Esiwumphumela Ezinqumweni ZoMbuso

Izimiso zikahulumeni eziningana ziye zathonya kakhulu izinqumo zikahulumeni ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene. Nazi izibonelo eziphawulekayo:

  • I-Affordble Care Act (ACA): Lomthetho ophawulayo wandisa ukungenela kwempilo futhi wadinga izifundazwe ukuze zandise iMedicaid noma izimali ezihambisana nobuso. INkantolo Ephakeme yenza iMedicaid yanwetshwa ngokuzithandela ngezifundazwe ngo-2012, okwaholela ekusabeleni okuhlukahlukene ezweni lonke. Ezinye izifunda zamukela ukunwetshwa, ukuvezela imiphumela engcono yempilo nezinzuzo zezomnotho. Ezinye zenqaba, zaphikisana ngezindleko nangentengo yombuso.
  • Wonke umFundi Wempumelelo Act (ESSA): Lomthetho wemfundo washintsha ukulandisa kusuka kuhulumeni kuya emazingeni ombuso, uvumela amazwe ukuba athuthukise izindinganiso zawo siqu zemfundo nezimiso zokuhlola. Amazwe athola ukuvumelana nezimo ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kwesikole kuyilapho elondoloza izimfuneko zikahulumeni zokuhlola nokubika.
  • Creat Air Act ne Clean Water Act: Lemithetho kahulumeni iyala ukuba ivumelane nezindinganiso ezithile zendawo ezungezile, ithinte izimiso zendawo zokulawula ukungcola, ukukhishwa kwamanzi, nezinga lamanzi. Amazwe kumelwe athumele amasu okusetshenziswa kwemigomo e-Agency yeSikhungo Sendawo Ezungezile ukuze athole imvume.
  • Ukuhlanganisa i-Policies: imithetho ye-Federal yokufuduka ivame ukubeka izifundazwe ngokwezimo eziyinselele. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukubambisana nokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kukahulumeni, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamukela izimiso zendlu engcwele ezilinganisela ukuhileleka kwendawo. Lokhu kuveza ukuhlukana kwemibono ehlukene ngeziza kuqala zikahulumeni.
  • Umthetho wezwe i-Highwal System Desication Act: Lomthetho wawuhlanganisa ukuxhasa kwemali esemthethweni wemigwaqo emikhulu ephethe izimfuneko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nesilinganiso sejubane nemithetho yokushayela edakiwe. Lapho i-Congress iphinde yalawula ijubane lesizwe ngo-1995, ezinye izifunda zaphakamisa imingcele ngokushesha kuyilapho ezinye zawagcina ephansi.

Ithonya Lezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Izinqumo zenkantolo kahulumeni zibuye zilolonge isimiso sikahulumeni. Isinqumo esingakholeki sihlanganisa:

  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202): Ukwenza i-Medicaid inwetshwe ngokwentando yezwe, kwakha umsebenzi wamanje wokuhlanganisa izifundazwe.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ifuna ukuba zonke izifundazwe ziqaphele umshado oxhunyiwe, imithetho kahulumeni elawulayo kanye nezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • South Dakota v. Wayfair (2088): Izifunda ezivunyelwe ukucela ukuthengiselwa ngaphandle kwesifunda ukuze kuqoqwe intela yokuthengisa, kukhiqizwe inzuzo entsha ngaphandle komthetho kahulumeni omusha.

Indima Yeminikelo Nezimali

Imali yesihlengo yenza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso zikahulumeni. Izwe lithembele ekusekeleni izinhlelo eziningi zezwe, yenza i-Frace ethonya ukwenza isinqumo sikahulumeni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zeminikelo kahulumeni:

  • [ Iminikelo e-Orticles: Izimali zezinjongo ezithile ezinezimo eziqinile. I-United States kumelwe isebenzise imali njengeqondiswayo futhi ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Medicaid, i-Het I xhasa imfundo, kanye nenkokhelo yokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu.
  • Sima amaGrant: Izimali zezindawo ezibanzi zezimiso ezinemingcele enciphile, zinikeza ukuvumelana. Uhlelo lwesikhashana lwe-Istance for Needy Families (TANF) luyisibonelo esiphawulekayo.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko Zethonya Lokusekela Izimali

  • Ukuthutha: Ukuxhasa ngemali yemigwaqo emikhulu nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi kuhlela isisekelo sesisekelo sesisekelo sesisekelo. Izwe kumelwe livumelane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni zomklamo, ukuphepha, nokubukezwa kwendawo ukuze lithole imali. I- Interstate Highway System iyisibonelo esibonakalayo kakhulu sokubambisana kwesimiso sezwe nesisekelo sezesisekelo sezesisekelo.
  • Imfundo: Isiqu semali enikezwa izikole ezithola imali ephansi siqhubela phambili izinqumo zikahulumeni ezinqunyweni zempahla nangezimiso zokulandisa. Izwe kumelwe lisebenzise ukuhlolwa okuvamile nemiphumela ukuze lithole izimali zemfundo kahulumeni. I-IDEA (Abantu abanomthetho wokuphazamiseka kwezemfundo) ihambisana nezimfuneko zokukhonza abafundi abakhubazekile.
  • Imali eqinile: I-Medicaid iwuhlelo olukhulu kakhulu olunikezayo lukahulumeni, inikeza i-parensi yempilo kumaMelika afike kancinci. Uhulumeni wezwe ukhokha izinga elihambelanayo (FMAP) elihluka ngokwezwe, kusukela ku-50% kuya ku-80%. Lokhu kufaka ukuhlanganyela kwezwe kodwa futhi kwakha ukucindezela kwemali lapho izimali zikahulumeni ziqinile.
  • Impilo ye-Public: Ukuxhasa ngemali nge CDC nezinye izinhlangano zihlela ukusabela kwezwe ezinkingeni zempilo yomphakathi, kusukela ekuhloleni izifo kuya emikhankasweni yokugoma. I-United States kumelwe ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni ukuze ithole imali elungiselelwe ukuxhasa.
  • I-Erthornment: Uhlelo lwe-Byrne Justice Arce Grant lunikeza izimali zikahulumeni zokugcinwa kwemithetho yezwe neyomthetho yendawo, kanye nezimo ezihlobene nokulahlekelwa inzuzo yomphakathi kanye neminye imikhuba.

Imishini Yethonya Lomphakathi

Ngaphandle kweziphano, uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokuthonya izinqumo zikahulumeni:

  • Intethelelo: Umthetho we-Federal ungawunqoba umthetho kahulumeni ezindaweni lapho uMkhandlu unegunya khona. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezwe owehlulekayo wemali uvimbela ukusungula izimiso zawo siqu zokuwiswa kwemali.
  • Izivumelwano zokuhlanganisa: Izinhlangano ze-Federal zingena ezivumelwaneni nezifundazwe ukuze zisebenzise izinhlelo zikahulumeni, njengokuvumela indawo ezungezile noma ukugcinwa kokuphepha emsebenzini.
  • AmaManda angenamkhethe: Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungafuna ukuba amazwe athathe izenzo ngaphandle kokunikeza izimali. IMandaters Reform Act e-1995 ehloselwe ukulinganisela lomkhuba, kodwa ubika izindleko ezinkulu zezimfuneko zikahulumeni.
  • Imali esetshenziswayo [: Uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenzisa amandla akhe okusebenzisa imali ukuze afake izimo ekunikezeni imvume, uthonya ukuziphatha kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokuphepha emgwaqweni omkhulu (umz., idinga imithetho yesihlalo esiphezulu ukuze uthole imali exhasayo).

Ukuhlola Icala: Imibono Kahulumeni Nokusabela KukaHulumeni

Ukuhlola amacala akhethekile kubonisa indlela izimiso zikahulumeni eziveza ngayo ukusabela okuhlukahlukene kwesimo.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Ukwanda Kwezibhedlela Ngaphansi Kwe - ACA

Ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-ACA, izifundazwe zabhekana nokukhetha ukwanda kweMedicaid kubantu abadala abathola isilinganiso esifinyelela ku-88% sobumpofu obuphakathi kukahulumeni. Uhulumeni wamazwe wathembisa ukukhokha izindleko zokwanda zokuqala, ukukhokha ku 90% ngo-202020 nangaphezulu. Amazwe enza ukukhetha okuhlukile okusekelwe ezicini zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, nezemibono.

Izimo ezandisa zikhonjiwe izinzuzo ezinjengokwehla kwezinga elingcono, imiphumela engcono yempilo, nezinzuzo ezingokomnotho ezivela ekuxhaseni kwezimali zikahulumeni. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi amazwe akhuliswe esibhedlela athole intuthuko yezimali nokunciphiswa kwezindleko zokunakekela ezingakhokhwa.

Izimo ezinganwebanga zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezindleko zesikhathi eside, ukuphambana kukahulumeni, nohlelo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukwanda kungasusa ezinye izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni noma ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni unganciphisa izinga elilinganayo lesikhathi esizayo. Njengango-2024, cishe amazwe angu-40 ne-Folity of Columbia iye yanwebeka, kanti amazwe ayishumi awazange anwebe.

Le ndaba ibonisa indlela isimiso sikahulumeni esingakha ngayo indawo yokuhlukahluka kukahulumeni kuyilapho sisafinyelela imigomo ebanzi yokuhlanganisa.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 2: Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nomholi KaHulumeni

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile ziphoqelela amazwe ukuba athathe izinyathelo zokulwa nokungcola, kodwa izifundazwe ziholela nasekuthuthukiseni izindinganiso eziqinile.

Umholi weCalifornia uyisibonelo esivelele kakhulu. I-Ceac Air Act ivumela iCalifornia ukuba ibeke isilinganiso sayo siqu semoto ngoba yayinezinhlelo ezikhona ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni uthathe isinyathelo. Amanye amazwe angakhetha ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zeCalifornia kune zikahulumeni. Okwamanje, amazwe ayi 17 athathe imithetho yemoto yaseCalifornia, adala isilinganiso esikhulu sezezezezentengiselwano zezimoto zase-U.S.

ICalifornia iye yasebenzisa leligunya ukusunduza ukuncishiswa kwegesi eshisayo, imishini kagesi, kanye nezimfuneko zemoto ezingekho ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Lezimiso zikahulumeni ziye zathonya isimiso sikahulumeni ngisho nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, njengoba abenzi bezimoto bezivumelanisa nentengo kahulumeni enkulu.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukene[. Ezinye ziye zajoyina izinhlelo zendawo ezihlanganisa i-cap-trade zokukhipha ikhabhoni, njenge-Regional Greenhouse Gas Initive (RGI) eNyakatho-mpumalanga. Ezinye ziye zamelana nemithetho yezemvelo esemthethweni, inselele enkantolo nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Umphumela uwumsebenzi oyindinyana wezimiso zendawo ezungezile ezibonisa izimfuneko zombuso nezimiso zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 3: Izindinganiso Zemfundo Nokulandisa

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesimiso semfundo kahulumeni kubonisa ukushintshashintsha kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni nokulawula kukahulumeni.

[ Akukho Child Sick Behind (2002)] ebeke izimfuneko eziqinile zikahulumeni zokulandisa, kuhlanganise nokuhlola kwaminyaka yonke, izilinganiso zesikole, nemiphumela yezikole ezingasebenzi kahle. Izigodlo eziningi zakhononda ngokuthi umthetho wawubhalwe phansi kakhulu.

Wonke umFundi Wempumelelo Act (2015) waguqula lendlela, wabuyisela igunya elibalulekile ezindaweni ezithile. Amazwe manje ahlela izimiso zawo siqu zokulandisa, ahlela imigomo yawo siqu yokuphumelela komfundi, futhi anqume ukungenela ezikoleni ezithatha izinyathelo eziphansi. Nokho, kumelwe asahambisa ukuhlolwa nombiko wemininingwane kahulumeni osuswe yiqembu elingaphansi kwabafundi.

Lendaba ibonisa indlela isimiso sikahulumeni esingajikeleza ngayo phakathi kokuzinza nokuthotshiswa, sisabela ezinkathazweni zikahulumeni kuyilapho silondoloza izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela nokulandisa.

Izinselele Nezingxabano Ezizweni Ezihlangene

Nakuba izimiso zikahulumeni zinikeza isiqondiso, zingaholela nasezingxabanweni, i - United States ingase iphikise iziqondiso zokuthi ikholelwa ukuthi iphula amalungelo ayo noma ayivumelani nezindinganiso zendawo.

  • Impikiswano ze-Legal: Amazwe avame ukubekela imithetho kahulumeni enkantolo inselele, iholele ezimpini ezingokomthetho ezithathe isikhathi eside. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa izinselele ezinqubeni zokufuduka zikahulumeni, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezimfuneko zokunakekela impilo. Lamacala ngokuvamile afinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme, ekugcineni echaza imingcele yegunya likahulumeni.
  • Political Resistance: Abaholi boMbuso bangaphikisa izinqubo zikahulumeni ngezizathu zemibono, ukufezeka. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho ababusi benqaba ukuphoqelela iziqondiso zikahulumeni bacabanga ukuthi baphazanyisiwe.
  • Imithombo yentethelelo: Amazwe angazama ukuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni ngenxa yokungahleleki kohlelo noma amandla okulawula alinganiselwe. Lokhu kuyinselele ikakhulukazi kumazwe amancane anemithombo emincane ukunikezela ngemisebenzi yokulalela.
  • Ukwenelisa ukuguquguquka: Ngisho noma amazwe evumelana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni, asebenzisa izimiso ezihlukile. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlukahluka kohlelo emiphumeni yohlelo ezifundazweni, kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulingana nokuphumelela.
  • Ama-waver nokungaguquguquki: Uhulumeni wezwe unganika abahlehli abavumela amazwe ukuba azame izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokufinyelela imigomo kahulumeni. Nakuba abaphangi benikeza ukuvumelana nezimo, badala ukungaqiniseki futhi bangahoxiswa uma ukuqondisa kushintsha.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zabenzi Bomthetho Kahulumeni

Abenzi bezimiso zikahulumeni basebenzisa amasu amaningana:

  • Intuthuko kahulumeni : Amazwe alandela imithetho kahulumeni, imithetho, nezenzo zokwahlulela ezithinta izithakazelo zawo. Izifunda eziningi zinehhovisi elisekela izinto eziza kuqala.
  • Ukwakha isikhundla sokuphatha [: amazwe atshala ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni nokufaka izicelo zeziphakamiso zokuncintisana. Izifunda ezinkulu ngokuvamile zinezisebenzi ezinikezelwe zobuhlobo nohulumeni futhi zinikeze izicelo.
  • ifaka uhulumeni wokubambisana : izifunda zezwe zihlanganyela kumakomiti okuqondisa kahulumeni, zikhulume ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, futhi zixoxisane nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze zihlele ukumiswa kwemininingwane.
  • Ihlela ukuvumelana nokuvumelana nezimo ngendlela ehlelekile: i- States isebenzisa ngokunenzuzo izinhloli zikahulumeni, imisebenzi yokubonisa, kanye nokuhlela kwezwe izindlela zokuhlela izindlela zokuklama izinhlelo ezifanelana nezimo zendawo.
  • Ukufuna ukungaqiniseki: Inkambiso ye-Federal ingashintsha ngokhetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nokushintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala. Amazwe kumelwe akhe izimiso ezingazivumelanisa nezimfuneko zikahulumeni ezishintshayo noma amazinga okuxhasa imali.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda lobuhlobo kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi njengoba kuthonya isimo sesimiso somphakathi esithinta impilo, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, izakhiwo, nezinye.

Izimiso zomphakathi zimisa izisekelo futhi zinikeze imali, kodwa izifundazwe ziyakwazi ukuthatha amasu ngokuqondisisa ekusetshenzisweni kwazo. Lokhu kudala amathuba nezinselele. Izwe lingavumelanisa izinhlelo nezidingo zendawo nokuzama izindlela ezintsha. Nokho, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni kanye nokukwazi ukulwa kwezombangazwe kudinga ukuthatha uhambo olucophelelayo.

Njengoba amazwe egunyaza uhulumeni, kumelwe alinganisele izidingo zendawo nezinjongo zesizwe. Umphumela uyisimiso sikahulumeni esinamandla esizivelela ngokuxoxa, ngokuqamba, nangokuhlola izimiso. Kulabo abafunda ngenkambiso yomphakathi, ukuqonda ubuhlobo besifundazwe sikahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela i-America ezibusa ngayo.

Ikusasa lombuso lizoqhubeka lilolongwa yizinqumo zenkantolo, ukushintsha kwezombangazwe, nezimiso ezisavela. Izinkinga ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, umthetho wobuchwepheshe, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi ziyovivinya imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yombuso. Labo abaqonda amandla asebenzayo obudlelwane bezwe nohulumeni bayoba bahlomele kangcono ukuba bahlanganyele kulezimpikiswano ezibalulekile.

Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha

  • Iphepha lomphakathi[[FTL:1] (Kakhulukazi uNo. 45 noNo. 51): Imibhalo eyisisekelo ngezimiso zombuso, ebhalwe nguJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay.
  • Isimo noHulumeni wendawo kuModel System nguDaniel R. Mandelker et al.: Ukuhlaziywa kwezindima ezingokomthetho nezisebenzayo zohulumeni bezwe nezindawo uma kuqhathaniswa negunya likahulumeni.
  • Isifektha sase Melika: A Concise Introduction nguJohn Kincaid: Ukucatshukiswa okufundekayo komlando we-socialism, izimiso, kanye nezindaba zamanje.
  • IGoverning States nezindawo zomphakathi nguKevin B. Smith no-Alan Greenblatt: incwadi yemfundo ehlanganisa izinhlangano zezombangazwe zikahulumeni, izinqubo, kanye nobudlelwane bobuhulumeni.
  • Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeMiyalo yoMbuso (ncsl.org): Ikhokha lezimiso zikahulumeni ezilandela imithetho ethinta amazwe kanye neziphetho zikahulumeni.
  • U.S.Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: Imibiko engokomlando emayelana nobudlelwane besifunda sezwe sikahulumeni etholakala nge-University of North Texas Library.